联合应用腹腔镜胆囊切除术和十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术治疗胆囊、胆总管结石

目的:总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术+十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(LC+EST)治疗胆囊、胆总管结石的体会。方法:为6例患者行LC+EST。结果:本组病例均在术前行B超检查及MRCP检查,诊断为胆囊结石及胆总管结石,行LC+EST均获成功。手术顺利,无胆管并发症。结论:与传统的胆囊切除,胆道探查、取石,T管引流,或术中经胆囊管造影后探查胆总管以及行腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术(LCBDE)比较,经T管窦道行胆道镜取石,患者创伤小,痛苦轻,康复快。     

EST联合LC治疗胆囊结石胆总管结石

目的：探讨EST联合LC联合治疗胆囊、胆总管结石的可行性及优越性。方法：先行EST（经内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术）取出胆总管结石,再行LC（腹腔镜胆囊切除术）,EST失败或不宜行EST者置ENBD（鼻胆管）再行LC+腹腔镜下胆道探查、胆道镜取石,或开腹行胆道探查术。结果：全组99例,91例LC术前EST取石成功,3例LC术后EST取石成功,3例EST取石失败。2例年龄小于15岁者未行EST改行LC+腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆道镜胆道探查取石。3例EST取石失败,改行腹腔镜下胆道探查胆道镜取石、胆总管一期缝合或T管引流+LC,或开腹胆道探查一期缝合胆总管未置T管（已置ENBD）。无严重并发症,患者均治愈出院。结论：EST联合LC联合治疗胆囊结石胆总管结石是安全、可靠的方法,软硬镜联合充分体现了“微创”治疗的优势。     

胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管行胆道探查取石术的探讨

为探讨胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管行胆道探查取石术的可行性及其应用价值。笔者回顾性分析开腹经胆囊管行胆道探查取石术的47例肝外胆管结石患者的临床资料。47例中，9例单纯应用胆道镜经胆囊管取石，32例联合应用液电碎石仪碎石，4例改行胆总管切开探查，均取净结石，2例探查阴性，所有患者无严重并发症，平均住院日9．2d。提示，对肝外胆管结石且有胆道探查指征的患者，选择胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管行胆道探查取石是可行的。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管诊治胆总管结石适应证探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜经胆囊管胆总管探查取石术的手术适应证及临床疗效。方法总结分析2004年4月至2009年6月间行腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管胆道探查取石术116例的临床资料。结果 116例中完成腹腔镜经胆囊管胆道探查取石术109例,中转开腹手术3例,改腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石4例。平均手术时间86 min。术后2～4 d拔腹腔引流管,4～11 d出院,术后平均住院7.2 d。无术后胆漏、胆管炎、胰腺炎、出血、胃肠道损伤及胆管狭窄的发生,无胆道残余结石的发生,无手术死亡,均痊愈。结论腹腔镜经胆囊管胆道探查取石术适用于继发性胆总管结石患者,对直径1 cm结石疗效更佳,更能体现出微创的优势,是该手术的最佳适应证。     

术中胆囊管气囊扩张纤维胆道镜取石治疗胆总管结石

目的：总结术中胆囊管气囊扩张,经胆囊管行纤维胆道镜胆总管检查、取石的临床应用价值。方法：胆囊切除时明确或高度怀疑有胆总管结石时,不切开胆总管行胆囊管气囊扩张,经胆囊管行纤维胆道镜胆总管探查或取石。结果：术中胆囊管气囊扩张,经扩张的胆囊管行纤维胆道镜胆总管探查成功26例。其中行纤维胆道镜取石或液电碎石取石20例,胆总管内无结石6例。术后无胆总管结石残留,无与手术有关的并发症。结论：本术式有与胆总管切开取石相同的疗效,具有微创、恢复快、手术安全等特点,对胆总管无结石患者避免了行胆总管探查T管引流,在胆道外科中具有一定临床应用价值。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中隐匿性胆总管结石的微创治疗

目的：探讨对腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ laparoscopic cholecystectomy ,LC）中隐匿性胆总管结石行微创治疗的可行性。方法2007年7月-2012年5月对27例LC术中发现的隐匿性胆总管结石采用微创治疗。胆囊管内径＞5 mm者经胆囊管胆道镜取石;胆总管内径＞6 mm者行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开后胆道镜取石,一期缝合或留置造影管;胆囊管内径≤5 mm、胆总管内径≤6 mm者直接留置造影管,术后再次造影,必要时行十二指肠镜乳头括约肌切开（ endoscopic sphincterotomy ,EST）取石。结果手术均获成功。8例直接经胆囊管胆道镜取石;11例行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开后胆道镜取石,一期缝合7例,留置造影管4例,1周后造影均阴性;8例直接留置造影管,1例术后36 h滑出,1周后ERCP造影胆囊管残端无渗漏,EST取石,术后1周再次造影3例结石消失,4例仍有结石,均经EST取出。无出血、胆漏、腹腔感染等并发症。24例随访6-24个月,平均16个月,无结石残留、胆管狭窄及胆管炎发生。结论熟练运用腹腔镜、胆道镜、十二指肠镜技术,对LC术中发现的隐匿性胆总管结石实施微创治疗是安全、可行的。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管胆道探查体会

目的总结经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道取石临床经验。方法80例胆囊结石可疑胆总管结石采用经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道探查术。腹腔镜下分离胆囊管至胆总管汇合处,剪开胆囊管前壁,扩张器适当扩张胆囊管,行胆道造影明确胆道结石分布,胆道镜经胆囊管行胆道探查取石后再造影确认结石取净,夹闭胆囊管并切除胆囊。术后不常规放T管。结果6例胆道探查阴性。术中证实74例胆道有结石,0.6~1.0cm18例,<0.5cm56例。31例胆道内1枚结石,43例有2枚以上。18例需用等离子碎石器碎石。67例行胆囊管扩张。胆囊管开口变异6例。胆囊管损伤2例,处理后无术后胆漏。5例可疑肝内胆道结石行胆总管切开T管引流,术后行T管造影和胆道镜检查证实2例左肝管结石行胆道镜取石治愈,3例未发现结石。本组手术时间(168±34)min,出血量(50±8)ml,术后腹腔引流量(30±17)ml。62例术后3个月B超检查,未发现胆管残余结石。结论经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜取石是治疗继发性胆道结石的一种有效微创方法。     

腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管治疗胆总管巨大结石的临床分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管治疗胆道巨大结石的疗效。方法:回顾分析2005年1月至2013年11月84例因梗阻性黄疸、胆总管巨大结石行腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管取石患者的临床资料。结果:80例成功完成手术。1例因胆道出血中转开腹行胆总管切开止血、取石+T管引流术;1例患者怀疑胆道下段肿瘤中转开腹探查并行胰十二指肠切除术,术中冰冻病理证实为胆管癌;1例患者经胆囊管取石毕发现乳头下端狭窄,术中行内镜逆行胰胆管造影及乳头肌切开后胆汁流出通畅;1例患者因Mirizzi综合征导致胆囊三角区粘连紧密从而中转开腹行胆总管切开取石、T管引流术。术后均无出血、胆漏、胆总管损伤等并发症发生,术后住院7~11 d。结论:腹腔镜下胆道镜联合液电碎石经胆囊管取石术治疗胆总管巨大结石安全、可靠,手术微创,结石清除率高,并发症少;对于胆囊管粗短直、入口较大的患者,可直接置入胆道镜探查取石,损伤小,优点突出,值得临床应用。     

肝外胆管残余结石的发生、诊断和治疗

目的 探讨肝外胆道残余结石。方法 分析100例肝外胆道残余结石的情况。结果 胆囊切除后胆总管残余结石27例,胆总管探查后残余结石73例。经T管窦道取石25例,内镜下经Oddi括约肌切开取石10例。出院65例中,33例胆总管切开取石后再置T管,18例作胆肠吻合术,10例作Oddi括约肌切开成形术。结论 常规T管造影、B超、ERCP、MRCP是诊断的有效措施;根据不同情况,作相应的治疗。     

二镜联合经胆囊管治疗继发性胆总管结石20例分析

目的 探讨联合腹腔镜与纤维胆道镜经胆囊管治疗继发性胆总管结石的安全性和可行性.方法 对2006年10月至2011年12月我院收治的20例胆囊结石合并有胆总管继发性结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.术前经B超和MRCP检查确诊,采用腹腔镜下经胆囊管置入纤维胆道镜胆总管探查取石术.结果 20例胆总管结石均经腹腔镜下纤维胆道镜经胆囊管取石成功并证实胆道下端通畅,均未留置T管,无严重并发症.结论 腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜经胆囊管治疗继发性胆总管结石安全、有效,值得推广.     

NMR cholangiography in the diagnostic algorithm of candidates to video laparocholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: High resolution magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a non invasive imaging modality for depicting the pancreatobiliary tree. It can demonstrate dilation, stenosis and intraductal filling defects of both the biliary and the pancreatic duct. The imaging quality of high resolution MRCP is excellent. MRCP appears to be more effective and less invasive than endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to evaluate many pancreatic and biliary diseases as choledocholithiasis, malignant obstruction, incomplete or failed ERCP, postsurgical alterations of the biliary tract (as biliary-enteric anastomoses), sclerosing cholangitis, chronic pancreatitis, and congenital anomalies of the biliary and pancreatic duct. METHODS: MRCP was performed in 21 non selected patients with suspected choledocholithiasis and demonstrated the presence of stones in the biliary tract in 5 of them. In these 5 patients sequential endoscopic-laparoscopic treatment was performed and confirmed in all cases the presence of stones in the biliary tree. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (VLC) and transcystic cholangiography was attempted in the restant 16 patients. RESULTS: Laparoscopic transcystic cholangiography confirmed in all cases the response of MRCP. CONCLUSIONS: MRCP has the potential to replace ERCP in the management of patients candidate to VLC with suspected choledocholithiasis.     

B超、磁共振胆胰管成像、内镜逆行胰胆管造影术在诊断胆总管结石中的价值

目的 探讨B超、磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)、内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在胆总管结石诊断中的价值.方法 收集2005年8月至2007年10月怀疑为胆总管结石且同时行B超、MRCP、ERCP的患者384例,对3种检查方法 进行比较分析.结果 384例患者中,最后经ERCP确诊胆总管结石者370例;B超诊断胆总管结石者268例,其中8例为假阳性,诊断准确率为70.3%(260/370);MRCP诊断362例,其中6例为假阳性,诊断准确率96.2%(356/370).有7例患者MRCP发现有胆总管结石和胆总管扩张,ERCP造影仅发现胆总管扩张,但在用取石网篮和取石气囊清理胆道时取出小结石.结论 B超对于胆总管结石的诊断具有一定的准确率,可作为最基本的检查手段,MRCP和ERCP对于胆总管结石的诊断具有较高的一致性,MRCP可部分替代诊断性ERCP,联合应用MRCP和ERCP可提高胆管结石诊断准确率.     

肝胆管结石并发复发性胆管炎时择期手术处理的关键

目的 探讨提高肝胆管结石并发复发性胆管炎病人治疗水平的方法。方法 报告3例肝胆管结石并发复发性胆管炎病人的手术中发现及胆树的主要梗阻部位。结果 例1是右后肝管与右前肝管汇入左肝管横部的胆管变异致右肝管狭窄继以结石形成、右肝叶萎缩；例2胆树的主要梗阻部位是肝尾叶结石及右肝动脉对肝总管的压迫性狭窄；例3总肝管狭窄及嵌顿结石是主要的梗阻部位，并采用了相应的手术方式治疗。结论 掌握影像诊断如BUS、CT、ERCP、MRCP提供的资料，术中仔细探查胆道，加上术中胆道镜运用，消除与胆管炎密切相关的主要梗阻是手术处理肝胆管结石并发复发性胆管炎病人的关键。     

MRCP和ERCP在腹腔镜胆囊切除术前检测胆总管结石的诊断价值

目的评价磁共振成像胆胰管造影(MRCP)和内窥镜逆行胆胰管造影(ERCP)在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)前检测胆总管结石的诊断价值。方法2000年3月至2003年4月腹腔镜胆囊切除病例396例,术前对可疑胆总管结石患者均行MRCP和ERCP检查,术后随访6~12个月,结果应用统计学方法分析。结果MRCP、ERCP对胆总管结石敏感性均为100%,特异性分别为97.5%、100%。结论非胆总管结石患者直接接受LC,胆总管结石可疑患者先行MRCP检查,阳性者进一步ERCP检查。     

Common bile duct pressure in patients with common bile duct stones with or without acute suppurative cholangitis

Resting common bile duct pressure was measured in three groups of patients: group 1, 53 patients with gallstones but without common duct stones; group 2, 35 patients with common bile duct stones unaccompanied by cholangitis; and group 3, 36 patients with common duct stones and acute suppurative cholangitis. A significantly higher pressure in the common bile duct was documented in patients with cholangitis when compared with the other two groups. Twenty-four patients with cholangitis had common duct pressure values above 20 cm H2O, the maximal values of normal. Additionally, patients with cholangitis with pressure values over 30 cm H2O (nine patients) showed absence of green bile in the extrahepatic biliary tract, suggesting cessation of bile excretion into biliary duct. In all these cases, an impacted stone at the distal end of the common bile duct was documented.     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with jaundice and suspected biliary obstruction

During a 4-year period (1978-1982), 206 patients were examined with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) because of jaundice with suspected biliary obstruction. The total of examinations was 223. Duodenoscopy with ERCP gave a positive primary diagnosis in 160 cases (78%), six (4%) of which later proved to be incorrect. Extrahepatic obstruction could be excluded in 16 patients with normal cholangiogram (8%). Clinically relevant information thus was obtained in 176 cases (85%). The main cause of extrahepatic obstruction was common bile duct stone(s), which were found in 73 patients. Immediate endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed in 64 of them and cleared the duct of stones in 54 (84%). Benign stenosis of the ampulla of Vater was relieved with endoscopic sphincterotomy in six patients. Malignant bile duct obstruction was diagnosed in 56 patients, and in three of them an endoprosthesis for internal drainage of the biliary tract was endoscopically inserted. Immediate complications after ERCP without endoscopic sphincterotomy occurred in 5 of 136 patients (4%), one of whom died. The authors conclude that ERCP is a rapid, reliable and safe diagnostic method in patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction.     

胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石三种手术方式疗效分析

目的:根据胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石的不同特征,选择开腹胆囊切除+胆总管探查取石术(OC+OCBDE)、内镜下逆行胰胆管造影+腹腔镜胆囊切除(ERCP+LC组)、腹腔镜联合胆道镜(LC+LCBDE)三种术式,评价治疗胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石的疗效、安全性及应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2015年5月—2018年5月皖北煤电集团总医院肝胆外科收治的125例胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石患者临床资料,根据结石的特征如数量、大小、位置等选择不同的手术方式:OC+OCBDE组43例,ERCP+LC组43例,LC+LCBDE组39例。比较三种术式手术时间、成功率、术后肛门排气时间、住院天数、住院费用、结石残留率及并发症发生率等指标的差异。结果:三组患者在性别、年龄、临床表现、结石残留率等指标上均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。在手术时间、手术成功率、术后肛门排气时间、住院天数、住院总费、术后胆漏等方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05):在结石残留率方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:OC+OCBDE、ERCP+LC、LC+LCBDE三种术式均是治疗胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石安全有效的方式,OC+OCBDE组是经典的传统术式,虽创伤大但可以作为后两种术式失败的有效补救方式;ERCP+LC组保持了胆管的完整性,LC+LCBDE组保护了Oiddis括约肌的功能;因此术者应根据患者个体情况及自身技术和医院设备条件作合理选择。     

Penetrating chest gunshot wounds

Common bile duct stones and tumors constitute the leading cause of acute biliary tract obstruction and cholangitis. Septic complications after diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are very unusual in unobstructed bile ducts. There are only three reported cases of patients without evidence of biliary tract disease who developed cholangitis and liver abscesses due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biliary endoscopists believe that the inadvertent submucosal injection of contrast into the papilla of Vater is an innocent accident that has no serious consequences other than increasing the percentage of unsuccessful catheterizations of the common bile duct. Herein we describe a patient with drug-induced cholestatic hepatitis who developed pyogenic cholangitis after the inadvertent injection of submucosal contrast in the papilla of Vater.     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胆总管结石复发的相关因素研究进展

胆总管结石是消化系统常见病,内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)是目前治疗胆总管结石的重要手段,但常存在术后结石复发的问题。胆总管结石从清除到复发涉及到复杂的因素,主要包括既往胆道手术史、胆管扩张、壶腹周围憩室、胆道感染等。笔者就ERCP术后胆总管结石复发的相关因素作一综述,以期为临床预防及治疗提供帮助。     

胆总管结石行内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术治疗后结石复发的相关危险因素分析

目的对影响胆总管结石（CBDS）患者行内镜下逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）术治疗后结石复发的相关危险因素进行研究并分析。 方法选取2014年3月至2017年3月在上海第六人民医院行ERCP术治疗的患者200例,将术后CBDS复发86例患者作为观察组,术后CBDS未复发114例作为对照组,结合两组患者资料进行单因素分析,对筛选出的危险因素进一步行多因素Logistic回归分析。 结果观察组患者年龄、病程、胆总管直径、有胆道手术史、胆道狭窄、有乳头旁憩室、结石大小（≥10 mm）、结石数量（≥2枚）的例数均显著多于对照组,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;多因素分析显示,年龄、有胆道手术史、乳头旁憩室、结石数量≥2枚、胆总管直径、结石大小（直径≥10 mm）为患者术后复发的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。 结论患者年龄、有既往胆道手术史、合并乳头旁憩室、结石数量≥2枚、胆总管直径≥10 mm是CBDS胰胆管造影术后复发独立危险因素。