甲状旁腺自体移植术发展历程及展望

正甲状旁腺功能减退是甲状腺与甲状旁腺术后常见并发症,其引起的顽固性低钙血症不仅影响病人生活质量,严重者甚至危及生命。全甲状腺切除术后,有14%~60%病人出现暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退,而1%~4%的病人出现永久性甲状旁腺功能减退~([1]);需要清扫双侧中央区淋巴结脂肪组织或再次手术病人更易出现甲状旁腺功能减退~([2])。甲状旁腺全切除或次全切除术后亦会出现暂时性或永久性甲状旁腺功能减退。钙剂与维生素D制剂只能暂时缓解     

甲状腺癌中央区淋巴结清扫和术后甲状旁腺功能减退

目的:研究不同甲状腺手术方式,尤其是中央区淋巴结清扫的作用以及术后甲状旁腺功能减退的发生。方法:连续收集同组医师操作的100例甲状腺手术病例。按手术方式分为6组:单侧甲状腺切除组12例,单侧甲状腺切除加单侧中央区颈淋巴结清扫组13例,双侧甲状腺切除组7例,双侧甲状腺切除加单侧中央区颈淋巴结清扫组32例,双侧甲状腺切除加双侧中央区颈淋巴结清扫组24例,双侧甲状腺切除加双侧中央区及患侧颈侧区颈淋巴结清扫组12例。分析其治疗结果及并发症发生率,尤其是对甲状旁腺功能的影响。结果:100例中单纯甲状腺乳头状癌74例,其中p N136例(48.6%)。除单侧甲状腺切除术外,其他手术方式术后第1天甲状旁腺激素水平均明显下降,但多可在术后1个月恢复至正常范围。75例共出现41例暂时性和4例永久性甲状旁腺功能减退(甲旁减),其发生率分别为54.7%和5.3%。行双侧甲状腺切除术病例暂时性甲旁减发生率显著高于单侧术式组,但各组间永久性甲旁减发生率无统计学差异,通过适当口服钙剂和维生素D,病人均无明显低钙症状。结论:对甲状腺乳头状癌病人行中央区淋巴结清扫,有积极而肯定的意义。对甲状旁腺功能影响多为暂时。     

甲状腺不同手术方式对甲状旁腺功能的影响

目的:探讨甲状腺不同手术方式术后甲状旁腺素(PTH)、血钙的变化,总结预防甲状腺术后甲状旁腺功能减退发生的方法及并发症的处理。方法:检测2012年1—5月191例甲状腺手术患者术前及术后血清PTH、血钙,比较术前、术后的变化,并按照手术范围分7组,比较各组之间术后PTH、血钙的变化。结果:各组术后较术前比较,血钙、血PTH均明显下降(P0.05)。同组术后1 d与4 d血PTH、血钙之间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。各组低血PTH、症状性低钙血症的发生率以及术后PTH下降幅度的比较:全甲状腺切除+双侧颈中央区淋巴清除组、全甲状腺切除+一侧改良颈清+对侧颈中央区淋巴清除组甲状腺双叶切除组甲状腺单叶切除组,其差异有统计学意义(P0.05﹚,而在全甲状腺切除,以及同样范围的颈中央区淋巴清除的基础上,是否行改良颈清,对于术后低PTH血症及症状性低钙血症的发生率以及PTH下降的幅度,差异无统计学意义(P0.05﹚。低血钙的发生率比较:甲状腺单侧腺叶切除与其他6种手术方式比较、甲状腺双侧腺叶切除与全甲状腺切除+一侧改良颈清+对侧颈中央区淋巴清除比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05﹚。结论:各种甲状腺术式对甲状旁腺功能均有不同程度的影响,手术范围越大,术后并发甲状旁腺功能减退的可能性越大。预防术后甲状旁腺功能减退的根本,就在于术中甲状旁腺的保护。     

机器人经双侧腋窝和乳晕入路甲状腺手术的初步经验(附40例报告)

目的:探讨达芬奇机器人经双侧乳晕和腋窝途径(bilateral axillo-breast approach,BABA)入路甲状腺手术的安全性与可行性。方法:2015年5月至2016年7月我院运用达芬奇机器人手术系统完成机器人BABA入路甲状腺手术共40例。分析病人手术情况、术后并发症发生及美容满意度。结果:40例均顺利完成机器人BABA入路甲状腺手术,包括甲状腺大部切除术5例,单侧甲状腺腺叶切除7例;单侧甲状腺腺叶+峡部及锥体叶切除+中央区淋巴结清扫24例,单侧甲状腺腺叶+峡部及锥体叶切除+中央区淋巴结清扫+对侧甲状腺大部切除4例。平均手术时间(124.1±34.6)(70~225)min,平均术中出血(7.4±6.5)(2~40)m L,术后平均住院时间(2.3±0.7)(1~4)d。术后病理提示甲状腺乳头状癌28例,结节性甲状腺肿9例,甲状腺腺瘤3例。无术后出血。术后暂时性喉返神经损伤1例,甲状旁腺功能减退3例,所有病人均未出现永久性喉返神经损伤及永久性甲状旁腺功能减退。术后中位随访时间7(1~14)个月,无甲状腺术区、淋巴结、皮下隧道复发或转移。40例对手术美容效果非常满意。结论:达芬奇机器人BABA入路甲状腺手术安全可行,手术美容效果好。     

甲状旁腺的术中观察及术后甲状旁腺功能减退的探讨

目的在甲状腺手术中认识甲状旁腺的局部解剖及甲状腺手术切除范围和甲状旁腺功能减退的关系，探讨术后甲状旁腺功能减退的原因及预防治疗措施。方法回顾2582例甲状腺手术患者的临床资料并术后随访。结果其中对721例双侧甲状腺侧叶全切者行术中探察，发现甲状腺病理状态下甲状旁腺的局部解剖位置及数量变异大，探察到的每种情况术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退发生率各不相同，其中上下甲状旁腺双侧均不明显组永久性甲状旁腺功能减退发生1例。2453例手术中行甲状腺部分切除、单侧叶次全切除、单侧叶全切除、双侧叶全切除、双侧叶全切及颈淋巴结清扫者（即甲状腺癌根治）暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退发生率依次增高，其中以双侧叶次全切除暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退发生率最高。且又因甲状腺疾病病种各不相同，甲状旁腺功能减退发生率亦各不相同。结论术后甲状旁腺功能减退的发生与手术操作、甲状旁腺的局部解剖及其变异、甲状腺手术切除范围、巨大甲状腺及其内巨大包块对双侧甲状腺后被膜深面组织的压迫，甲状腺疾病病种不同而手术难度各异等皆有关系。     

甲状腺手术不同术式对甲状旁腺功能影响的临床观察

背景与目的：手术是治疗甲状腺疾病的一种极为重要的方式,而甲状旁腺功能减退是甲状腺手术的常见并发症之一。由于各类甲状腺疾病采取的手术方式不同,对甲状旁腺功能的影响也可能不同。本研究探讨甲状腺不同术式对甲状旁腺功能影响的差异并分析原因。 方法：回顾性分析2017年8月—2019年3月收治的319例甲状腺手术患者的临床资料,其中,行甲状腺单侧腺叶切除111例（单侧切除组）、行甲状腺双侧腺叶切除107例（双侧切除组）、行甲状腺双侧腺叶切除+中央区淋巴清扫术71例（双侧切除+VI区清扫组）、行甲状腺双侧腺叶切除+中央区淋巴清扫术+侧颈区淋巴清扫术30例（双侧切除+II~VI区清扫组）。术中在患侧近峡部周围被膜选择1~2点,每点注射0.1~0.2 mL纳米炭混悬注射液,所有患者均采取精细被膜解剖法原位保留甲状旁腺,若术中发现甲状旁腺无法原位保留则立即将该甲状旁腺剪成薄片或匀浆移植包埋于胸锁乳突肌中。观察并比较各组手术前后甲状旁腺激素（PTH）与血钙水平的变化以及术后甲状旁腺功能减退与低钙血症发生率。 结果：各组术前一般资料及PTH与血钙水平均无统计学差异（均P>0.05）。各组术后PTH和血钙浓度均较术前明显降低（均P<0.01）,但两者的下降幅度在术后相同时间点随着手术范围扩大而明显增大,即单侧切除组<双侧切除组<双侧切除+VI区清扫组<双侧切除+II~VI区清扫组,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。甲状旁腺功能减退与低钙血症的发生率同样随着手术范围扩大而升高,单侧切除组、双侧切除组、双侧切除+VI区清扫组、双侧切除+II~VI区清扫组甲状旁腺功能减退发生率分别为9.9%、32.7%、56.3%、73.3%,低钙血症发生率分别为0、1.9%、19.7%、50.0%,组间差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。所有患者随访至24周,无永久性甲状旁腺功能减退发生。 结论：各种甲状腺手术均对甲状旁腺功能有一定的影响,且手术范围越大,甲状旁腺受损的几率越大,发生甲状旁腺功能减退的风险越高。因此,无论何种术式术中均应对甲状旁腺实施保护,术中精细操作,减少对甲状旁腺血运影响,从而尽可能地降低甲状旁腺功能减退的发生率。     

102例甲状腺癌中央区淋巴清除术中甲状旁腺保护体会

目的:总结甲状腺切除+中央区淋巴清除中甲状旁腺保护的体会。方法:回顾性分析102例于我院行甲状腺切除+中央区淋巴清除的患者,统计术后患者出现低甲状旁腺激素血症、低钙血症、症状性低钙血症的发生率。结果:术后暂时性低甲状旁腺激素血症发生率35.29%(36/102);低钙血症发生率69.61%(71/102);症状性低钙血症发生率36.27%(37/102);无一例出现永久性低钙血症。结论:各种甲状腺术式对甲状旁腺功能均有不同程度的影响,手术范围越大,术后并发甲状旁腺功能减退的可能性越大。术后甲状旁腺功能减退的预防,就在于术者必须秉承高度负责的态度,术中仔细识别甲状旁腺,精细化操作,注意对甲状旁腺动脉及回流静脉的保护,采取以原位保留为主,自体移植为辅的原则。     

甲状腺系膜切除术在中央区淋巴结清扫的临床研究

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)患者行甲状腺系膜切除术的中央区淋巴结清扫的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2017年10月至2019年4月173例PTC患者临床资料。根据术式不同分为两组,常规组98例,术中行常规中央区淋巴结清扫;系膜组75例,术中行甲状腺系膜切除术清扫中央区淋巴结。使用统计软件SPSS 24.0分析,围术期指标、甲状旁腺素(PTH)、血钙等计量资料采用(±s)表示,独立样本t检验;术后并发症、复发转移率等计数资料采用χ²检验。以P<0.05差异有统计学意义。结果两组患者在手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间及中央区淋巴结清扫数目中差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者术后3 d PTH及血钙水平均较术前明显下降,且常规组较系膜组均更低(P<0.05);常规组术后并发症发生率为20.4%明显高于系膜组9.3%(P<0.05);术后平均随访12.7个月,术后3个月内,所有患者PTH均恢复正常,无永久性喉返神经损伤及永久性甲状旁腺功能低下发生。随访期内常规组复发转移率为5.1%,系膜组为2.7%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在PTC手术中,通过甲状腺系膜切除术清扫中央区淋巴结,具有手术并发症发生率低,更好地保护甲状旁腺功能,避免血钙水平过度下降的优势。     

甲状腺全切除术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退危险因素分析

目的 探讨甲状腺全切除术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退发生的危险因素及术后常规补钙的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析2017年1-10月于北京大学深圳医院行甲状腺全切除术的237例病人资料,所有病人术后当天给予预防性补钙,且于术后第1天均复查甲状腺素（PTH）、血钙,术后1、3、6个月随访PTH及血钙水平。统计所有病人的临床数据并进行数据分析。结果 （1）237例中出现术后甲状旁腺功能减退的病人139例（58.6%）,其中暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退的病人136例（57.3%）,永久性甲状旁腺功能减退3例（1.3%）。（2）不同年龄、性别、手术路径与术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。（3）淋巴结清扫范围、是否再次手术及是否误切甲状旁腺与术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退发生率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 （1）术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退与年龄、性别、手术路径无关,淋巴结清扫范围大、再次手术及甲状旁腺误切更容易导致甲状旁腺功能减退。（2）术后第1天检测PTH能较血钙更好地预测术后甲状旁腺功能减退的发生情况。（3）术后预防性使用钙剂及维生素D3可有效预防低钙血症的发生。     

双侧甲状腺切除术后甲状旁腺功能减退临床因素分析及防治

目的:探讨双侧甲状腺切除术后患者甲状旁腺功能减退与各临床因素的关系,总结术后甲状旁腺功能减退的预防和治疗。方法:2011年1—12月行双侧甲状腺手术患者193例,所有患者于术后第1、2天检测血钙及甲状旁腺素(PTH),术后1、3、6个月随访血钙和PTH。术后PTH低于正常值患者予口服碳酸钙和维生素D。结果:193例患者中25例(13.0%)出现甲状旁腺功能减退,其中19例(9.8%)为暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退,6例(3.1%)为永久性甲状旁腺功能减退。不同年龄、性别患者术后甲状旁腺功能减退发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。甲状腺恶性肿瘤、术中行淋巴结清除患者术后甲状旁腺功能减退发生率(24.7%、20.9%)高于良性肿瘤、未行淋巴结清除患者(5.2%、8.7%,P<0.01、P<0.05)。术中有甲状旁腺误切患者与无误切患者术后甲状旁腺功能减退发生率差异无统计学意义(24.0%vs 11.3%,P=0.08)。永久性甲状旁腺功能减退患者中行颈淋巴结清除者100%(6/6)、甲状旁腺误切者83.3%(5/6),两者比例均高于暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退患者(P<0.05、P<0.01)。25例甲状旁腺功能减退患者补充碳酸钙和维生素D后1例出现低钙血症。结论:甲状旁腺功能减退与患者的年龄、性别无关,与患者手术范围有关,颈淋巴结清除和甲状旁腺误切更易导致永久性甲状旁腺功能减退。术后选择性补充碳酸钙和维生素D可以有效减少低钙血症的发生。     

Parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroidectomy. Results of long-term follow-up.

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Permanent hypoparathyroidism is a recognized complication of thyroidectomy. Operative strategies to prevent this complication include preservation of parathyroid glands in situ and autotransplantation of parathyroid glands resected or devascularized during thyroidectomy. METHODS: An analysis of 194 patients having thyroidectomy and simultaneous parathyroid autotransplantation at Barnes Hospital from 1990 to 1994 was performed. Data were collected regarding patient demographics, indication for thyroidectomy, operative procedure, pathologic diagnoses, and postoperative course, including biochemical assessment of parathyroid autograft function. RESULTS: Of 194 patients having either total, subtotal, or completion thyroidectomy, 104 (54%) experienced a [Ca(+2)]nadir less than or equal to 8.0 mg/dL and had symptoms and signs of hypocalcemia. Parathyroid autotransplantation was successful in 103 (99%) of these 104 cases and resulted in a 1.0% incidence of hypoparathyroidism in this series. CONCLUSIONS: Although preservation of parathyroid glands in situ is desirable, routine parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroidectomy virtually eliminates postoperative hypoparathyroidism. Normal parathyroid glands resected or devascularized during thyroidectomy for well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma or benign disease should be transplanted in the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2A should have parathyroid glands resected at the time of thyroidectomy for medullary thyroid carcinoma and transplanted in the nondominant forearm. Postoperative management in most patients after thyroidectomy and parathyroid autotransplantation involves temporary calcium and vitamin D replacement and close biochemical evaluation. This precautionary measure of parathyroid autotransplantation markedly reduces the incidence of permanent postoperative hypoparathyroidism.     

Routine parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroidectomy

BACKGROUND: Parathyroid autotransplantation (PTHAT) during thyroidectomy has been shown to reduce the incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism. Although selective PTHAT is most commonly adopted, the value of routine PTHAT has not been well documented. METHODS: From January, 1998 to March, 1999, an operative strategy incorporating routine autotransplantation of at least 1 parathyroid gland was used during thyroidectomy. The postoperative outcome of patients (n = 118) was evaluated and compared with patients (n = 271) operated during a policy of selective PTHAT (January, 1995 to October, 1997). RESULTS: Two or more parathyroid glands were autotransplanted in 26 patients (22%) while 92 patients (78%) received autotransplantation of 1 parathyroid gland. Postoperative hypocalcemia occurred in 29 patients (25%) and 2 patients (1.7%) had permanent hypocalcemia develop. When a policy of selective PTHAT was adopted, 98 patients (36%) underwent PTHAT, and 5 patients developed permanent hypocalcemia (1.8%). The incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia was higher in patients who underwent routine PTHAT (25%) compared with that in patients who underwent selective PTHAT (15%) (P =.014). In addition, the operating time was significantly longer when routine PTHAT was adopted (153 minutes vs 130 minutes; P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: A low incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism can be achieved by either routine or selective PTHAT during thyroidectomy but routine PTHAT is associated with a high incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia.     

Parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroidectomy

Permanent hypoparathyroidism is a debilitating morbidity following thyroidectomy, with a reported incidence of up to 43%. Apart from meticulous dissection to preserve parathyroid glands and their blood supply, parathyroid autotransplantation (PA) has been increasingly employed to preserve parathyroid function. The adoption of PA during thyroidectomy has been reported to be associated with a low incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism. Biochemical function of parathyroid autografts can be demonstrated objectively by forearm reimplantation or during long-term follow up. The clearest indication for PA is for inadvertently removed or devascularized parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery. Other strategies, including routine autotransplantation of at least one parathyroid gland, can be considered, but is associated with a high incidence of transient hypocalcaemia. Apart from refinement in technique to facilitate graft success, a reliable way to assess overall parathyroid function or viability of individual parathyroid gland may assist in monitoring parathyroid function and selecting patients requiring this procedure to prevent permanent hypoparathyroidism.     

Parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroidectomy: is frozen section necessary?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of parathyroid gland identification and the need for routine frozen section examination before parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroidectomy. DESIGN: A prospective case series. SETTING: An endocrine surgical unit. PATIENTS: From January 1, 1995, to December 31, 1997, parathyroid autotransplantation was attempted for devascularized or inadvertently removed glands in 152 (33.7%) of 450 patients during thyroidectomy. Before autotransplantation, a biopsy specimen of the transplanted tissue was sent for histological examination without frozen section confirmation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Positive identification of parathyroid tissue in microscopic examination. RESULTS: Of 179 attempted autotransplantations of parathyroid glands, parathyroid tissue was confirmed in 167 biopsy specimens (93.3%). Incorrect identification of parathyroid gland occurred in 12 instances. The tissue mistaken as parathyroid gland included fat in 6 cases, thyroid tissue in 4 cases, lymph node in 1 case, and thymus in 1 case. Transplantation of at least 1 parathyroid gland (range, 1-3) was confirmed in 144 patients. For patients with confirmed parathyroid autotransplantation at risk of hypoparathyroidism (n = 112), postoperative transient hypocalcemia occurred in 22 (19.6%), while no patient developed any permanent hypocalcemia during a median follow-up of 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Devascularized or inadvertently removed parathyroid glands can be identified expeditiously without routine frozen section during thyroid surgery. Immediate autotransplantation should be performed and permanent hypoparathyroidism can be avoided with this measure.     

Autotransplantation of at least one parathyroid gland during thyroidectomy in benign thyroid disease minimizes the risk of permanent hypoparathyroidism

OBJECTIVE:Permanent hypoparathyroidism is a distressing complication of thyroid surgery. The reported incidence varies between 0.4 and 13.8 % and is directly correlated to the extent of thyroidectomy. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze whether simultaneous autotransplantation of at least one parathyroid gland during total thyroidectomy for benign thyroid disease could reduce the risk of permanent hypoparathyroidism. METHODS: Since 01/1999 all thyroid operations are prospectively recorded. Beside daily postoperative measurement of serum calcium level, iPTH is routinely determined on the third post op day. Patients with complications are followed closely. Postoperative hypoparathyroidism persisting for more than 6 months is defined permanent. RESULTS: Between 01/1999 and 02/2001 146 total thyroidectomies for benign thyroid disease have been performed (81 pat. with Graves disease, 62 with nodular goiter, 3 with thyroiditis de Quervain/Hashimoto). In 37 pat. (25 %) at least one parathyroid gland was simultaneously autotransplanted into the ipsilateral sternocleidomastoid muscle. Group I (no parathyroid autotransplantation, n = 109) and group II (parathyroid autotransplantation, n = 37) were comparable concerning patient age, thyroid disease and lowest post op calcium level (2.07 versus 2.05 mmol/l). The incidence of postoperative symptomatic hypocalcemia (14.7 % versus 21.6 %) and temporary hypoparathyroidism (15.6 % versus 18.9 %) was higher in group II patients (n. s.). Conversely, permanent hypoparathyroidism occurred exclusively in group I patients (2.75 %), patients with parathyroid autotransplantation (group II) did not develop this complication. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous autotransplantation of at least one parathyroid gland during total thyroidectomy for benign thyroid disease seems to minimize the risk of permanent hypoparathyroidism. The potential of routine autotransplantation in this setting has to be evaluated. The incidence of postoperative temporary hypocalcemia may be elevated with this policy.     

The impact of single parathyroid gland autotransplantation during thyroid surgery on postoperative hypoparathyroidism: a multicenter study

BACKGROUND: We compared the surgical outcomes in patients undergoing bilateral thyroid surgery with or without parathyroid gland autotransplantation (PTAT). METHODS: One thousand three hundred nine patients underwent surgery for treatment of various thyroid diseases at three Academic Departments of General Surgery and one Endocrine-Surgical Unit throughout Italy. A nonviable gland or difficulties in dissection of the parathyroid glands were encountered in 160 (13.7%) patients. The subjects were divided into two groups: (1) patients undergoing PTAT during thyroidectomy (n = 79) versus (2) control group (n = 81), patients not undergoing PTAT. RESULTS: Clinical manifestations occurred in 5.0% of PTAT patients and in 13.6% of control patients (P = NS). Total postoperative hypocalcemia was less among PTAT than control patients (17.7% and 48.1%, respectively; P = .0001). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of definitive hypocalcemia (0% vs 2.5% in PTAT and control, respectively). Transient postoperative hypocalcemia was less among PTAT than controls (17.7% vs 45.7%; P = .0002). PTAT was associated with decreased occurrence of hypocalcemia in the two subgroups of patients operated for benign euthyroid disease (P < .0001), as compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: PTAT is an effective procedure to reduce the incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism. Transient hypoparathyroidism appears to not be influenced by PTAT. Moreover, we observed that damage to one parathyroid gland has more side effects (ie, transient hypocalcemia) among patients who were preoperatively at low rather than at high risk of postoperative hypocalcemia.     

Parathyroid autotransplantation with total thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma: long-term follow-up of grafted parathyroid function.

BACKGROUND: Permanent hypoparathyroidism is a major complication of thyroidectomy. Autotransplantation of parathyroid glands has been attempted to prevent this complication. However, no direct data have been available to assess grafted parathyroid function after long-term follow-up in terms of the serum intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration. METHODS: Eighty-four consecutive patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma who underwent total thyroidectomy and bilateral modified neck dissection from 1992 to 1996 were enrolled. They concomitantly underwent total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation of all parathyroid glands to the pectoralis major muscle. The serum intact PTH concentration was periodically measured as an index of grafted parathyroid function. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 34 months. In all autotransplanted patients serum intact PTH concentrations fell below detectable limits immediately after surgery. They were restored to the normal range within 1 month postoperatively and were maintained during observation in 80 (95%) of 84 patients. Seventy-eight of 80 patients with normal intact PTH values were normocalcemic without any treatment and the remainder were normocalcemic with 1 microgram of 1 alpha-vitamin D3. Four hypoparathyroid patients were normocalcemic with 2 micrograms of 1 alpha-vitamin D3. The postoperative average serum intact PTH concentration of patients having more than 2 autotransplanted parathyroid glands was almost equal to that of patients with preservation of the parathyroid glands in situ. The incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism was inversely correlated with the number of autotransplanted parathyroid glands. CONCLUSIONS: The recovery patterns of the intact PTH concentration indicate that the glands were grafted successfully and functioned for a long period. This feasible method of parathyroid autotransplantation bears comparison with the previous reports in terms of the incidence of permanent postoperative hypoparathyroidism, and it can be performed simply and is reproducible.     

Recovery of parathyroid function after total thyroidectomy: long-term follow-up study

BACKGROUND: To prevent postoperative hypoparathyroidism following total thyroidectomy, the parathyroid glands are preserved in situ and/or resected or devascularized parathyroid glands are autotransplanted. A retrospective investigation was conducted utilizing biochemical and specific endocrine assessments to evaluate the difference in recovery of parathyroid function in the long term. METHODS: A total of 103 patients underwent total thyroidectomy at Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kagawa University between 1990 and 1998. These patients were divided into a preservation group (n = 17), with only preserved glands in situ; a combination group (n = 72), consisting of patients with one or more parathyroid glands preserved in situ and one or more autotransplanted parathyroid glands; and an autotransplantation group (n = 14), with only transplanted glands. RESULTS: The overall incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism in the preservation group, the combination group, and the autotransplantation group was 0%, 1.4%, and 21.4%, respectively. The mean levels of intact parathyroid hormone in the preservation group, the combination group, and the autotransplantation group recovered to 102%, 107%, and 50% of the preoperative levels at 5-year follow up. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that parathyroid glands should be preserved in situ whenever possible, to promote better recovery of postoperative function, and that only autotransplantation produces inadequate recovery of long-term function.     

Dysfunction of calcium metabolism following resection of the thyroid gland. An analysis of important risk factors

PURPOSE: Dysfunction of the parathyroid glands is a typical complication following thyroid surgery. Risk factors for the development of postoperative symptomatic hypocalcemia were retrospectively analyzed. METHODS: 308 consecutive thyroid resections (women n = 236, men n = 72, mean age 53 years) performed in 1996 and 1997 were evaluated. Main diagnosis was non-toxic nodular goiter (n = 234, 76 %), 28 patients (9 %) had thyroid carcinoma. The most common operation performed was bilateral functional thyroid resection (n = 116, 38 %), the proportion of thyroidectomies was 14 % (n = 44). The patients with postoperative symptomatic hypocalcemia were followed for a median of 32 months. RESULTS: Clinical symptoms of hypocalcemia were observed in 18 patients (6 %) postoperatively. Three patients developed transient (n = 1) or permanent hypothyroidism (n = 2). In univariate analysis, the underlying thyroid disease, the method of operative therapy, removal, identification and autotransplantation of parathyroid glands, in multivariate analysis, thyroidectomy (relative risk 6.9) and removal of parathyroid glands (relative risk 23.9) were proved to be significant risk factors for the development of postoperative symptomatic hypocalcemia (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with thyroidectomy, operation for thyroid carcinoma and intraoperative removal of parathyroid glands should be closely followed for postoperative hypocalcemia. Exact surgical technique provided, permanent hypoparathyroidism is rare, particularly if several parathyroid glands were identified intraoperatively and autotransplanted, if necessary.     

改良Miccoli术式下甲状腺全切除病人甲状旁腺功能保护的研究

目的:探讨甲状腺全切除术后病人甲状旁腺功能减退的影响因素及改良Miccoli术式对于甲状旁腺功能保护的作用。方法:回顾性分析2012年8月至2013年7月在我科行甲状腺全切除的206例病人临床病理资料,根据手术范围分为甲状腺全切除组、全切除+单侧中央区清扫组、全切除+双侧中央区清扫组,对术后甲状旁腺功能减退的可能因素进行分析。结果:206例病人中33例出现甲状旁腺功能减退(16.0%),其中1例为永久性甲状旁腺功能减退(0.5%)。不同年龄、性别、原发灶手术范围的病人术后甲状旁腺功能减退的发生无统计学差异(P0.05)。甲状腺恶性肿瘤(P=0.048)、原位保留甲状旁腺数量减少(P=0.003)、中央区淋巴结转移7枚(P=0.036)的病人,易发生甲状旁腺功能减退。结论:术后甲状旁腺功能减退与原发灶性质、原位保留甲状旁腺数量、中央区淋巴结转移数量有关,改良Miccoli术式在一定程度有利于术中更好地发现和保护甲状旁腺。