溴莫尼定治疗大鼠视神经夹挫伤机制探讨

目的观察0.2%酒石酸溴莫尼定对视神经夹挫伤大鼠视网膜形态及bcl-2/bax表达的影响,探讨其作用机制。方法雌性SD大鼠90只随机分为正常组、模型组、治疗组,每组30只。60只大鼠用视神经钳夹法制作SD大鼠视神经夹挫伤模型,治疗组30只鼠给予0.2%酒石酸溴莫尼定点眼,于实验的l、3、5、7、14、21d处死大鼠,用苏木精-伊红染色计数各组鼠视网膜神经节细胞（RGCs）的数量,用透射电镜观察和比较各组鼠视网膜的超微结构改变,免疫组织化学染色检测鼠视网膜中bcl-2及bax的表达。结果正常组视网膜结构正常,治疗组较模型组视网膜形态损伤减轻。造模后3～21d,模型组和治疗组较正常对照组RGCs数量明显减少（P〈0.05）,但治疗组较模型组RGCs数量明显增加（P〈0.01）。造模后5～7d,治疗组bcl-2在鼠视网膜中的表达量较模型组明显增加（P〈0.01）,但bax表达量明显减少（P〈0.01）。模型组和治疗组的bcl-2在鼠视网膜中的表达量较正常组增加但bax表达量明显减少（P〈0.05）。结论0.2%酒石酸溴莫尼定对大鼠视神经夹挫伤有一定的治疗作用,其机制与抑制凋亡有关。     

酸性成纤维细胞生长因子及其改构体对培养大鼠RGCs存活与生长的影响

目的 观察不同质量浓度aFGF、MaFGF对培养的大鼠视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)生长的影响,及aFGF的神经保护活性是否依赖促有丝分裂活性.方法 用不同质量浓度的aFGF和MaFGF培养RGCs.免疫细胞化学染色,计数免疫阳性细胞,计算轴突生长细胞百分率,MTT法进行检测.结果 培养第3 d,大部分存活细胞为Thy-1免疫细胞化学反应阳性,5 d、7 d后逐渐减少.实验组存活时间3～4 d;培养第3 d,MTT法见各组A值与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),培养第5 d、7 d,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);培养相同天数不同质量浓度的aFGF及MaFGF比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);相同质量浓度的aFGF各组与MaFGF各组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 aFGF、MaFGF均能促进培养大鼠RGCs的存活,并延长其存活时间;aFGF保护及促进RGCs存活的作用不依赖其有丝分裂活性.     

银杏叶提取物对大鼠视神经挫伤后视网膜形态及视神经GAP-43表达的影响

目的观察银杏叶提取物（EGb761）对大鼠视神经夹挫伤后视网膜形态学及视神经GAP-43表达的影响。方法SD大鼠60只随机分为正常组12只、对照组24只、治疗组24只。后两组建立视神经不完全损伤模型,从伤后1 h开始,隔日1次,对照组给予生理盐水球后注射,治疗组给予EGb761球后注射。在伤后3 d、7 d、14 d、28 d取材,HE染色观察两组视网膜形态学改变;RT-PCR检测两组视神经中GAP-43 mRNA的表达水平。结果各时间点视网膜病理学改变治疗组轻于对照组,GAP-43 mRNA的表达治疗组较对照组高（P〈0.05）。结论EGb761可以抑制神经节细胞的损伤,使视神经组织中GAP-43 mRNA表达增加,促进视神经夹挫伤后视神经的再生。     

樟柳碱联合地塞米松治疗对大鼠视神经挫伤后F-VEP和ERG的影响

目的:观察SD大鼠视神经挫伤后樟柳碱(anisodine,AT3)联合地塞米松(dexamethasone,Dex)治疗对闪光视觉诱发电位(flash visual evoked potential,F-VEP)和视网膜电图(electroretinogram,ERG)的影响。方法:成年雌性SD大鼠30只,均以左眼为实验眼,采用随机数字法分为A,B,C共3组,利用压力恒定的无创反向镊夹持大鼠视神经6s建立视神经挫伤模型,A组建立模型前1d开始每日给予尾静脉注射0.25mL(0.5mg)Dex,同时左眼球后注射0.25mLAT-3;B组尾静脉注射同A组,但球后注射生理盐水;C组静脉及球后均给予生理盐水。记录并比较3组大鼠建模前及建模后0.5,1,7,14d的F-VEP的P1波和ERG的b波振幅和峰潜时变化。结果:C组视神经损伤0.5d后,F-VEP振幅值降低与正常相比有显著性差异,峰潜时在1d后与正常相比有统计学意义,并且在观察时间内随时间其峰潜时和波幅呈进行性下降。B组在7d后F-VEP振幅值明显高于与对照组(P=0.031),峰潜时短于对照组(P=0.012),C组在7d后F-VEP振幅值明显高于对照组(P=0.042),峰潜时短于对照组(P=0.019)。结论:AT3联合Dex对大鼠视神经挫伤后神经传导功能的恢复较单纯应用Dex明显。     

美满霉素对损伤后大鼠视神经的保护作用

目的探讨美满霉素（minocycline）对大鼠视神经损伤后的保护作用。方法观察美满霉素对凋亡诱导因子（AIF）、胶质纤酸性蛋白（GFAP）表达的影响。取成年SD大鼠60只（右眼60只）,随机分为正常组、实验组、对照组,每组各20只（右眼20只）。后两组均制备右眼视神经钳夹伤模型,伤后1h分别给予45mg／kg美满霉素和等量生理盐水腹腔注射,此后1次／d。于伤后1、3、7、14d取材,观察视网膜组织形态学变化,利用计算机图像分析技术对经免疫组织化学染色后视网膜组织中AIF、GFAP表达的平均光密度值进行半定量检测。结果1d、3d、7d及14d实验组AIF表达水平较对照组降低（F1d=17．343、F3d=61．928、B7d=104．586、F14d=25．169,均P〈0．05）。3d、7d实验组GFAP表达水平较对照组明显降低（F3d=42．678、F7d=147．012,均P〈0．05）;14d实验组GFAP表达水平较对照组明显升高（F14d=11．773,P〈0．05）。结论美满霉素可能通过抑制视神经钳夹伤后视网膜组织中AIF的表达、GFAP的过度表达,而对损伤视神经起到抗凋亡和促修复作用。     

灯盏细辛对大鼠视神经压榨伤后视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用

目的　探讨中草药灯盏细辛对大鼠标定性视神经压榨伤所致的视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)损伤的防护和修复作用。方法　 4 2只健康SD大鼠随机均分为A组和B组。两组均用特制微型视神经夹直接夹持视神经 ,制作成单眼视神经部分压榨伤模型后 ,A组不予任何治疗 ,B组予以灯盏细辛治疗 ,直至处死动物。以上两组按致伤日至处死日动物的存活时间又分为 :A1组和B1组 (损伤后 4d) ,A2 组和B2 组 (损伤后 14d) ,A3 组和B3 组 (损伤后 2 1d) ,每组各 7只大鼠。于处死前 3d双上丘直接注射 3%快蓝标记双眼RGC。处死日行眼球摘除术后 ,将双眼全视网膜组织铺片置于荧光显微镜下 ,在距视乳头 1mm处的颞上、颞下、鼻下及鼻上 4处作荧光摄影 ,并输入计算机经图像分析仪计数RGC。计算RGC标识率 ,即 (损伤眼RGC数 /未损伤眼RGC数 )× 10 0 % ,并进行统计学分析。结果　A组大鼠中 ,A1、A2 及A3 组的RGC标识率分别为 (77 79± 7 11) %、(6 3 76± 3 79) %、(5 4 6 6±4 75 ) % ;B组大鼠中 ,B1、B2 及B3 组的RGC标识率分别为 (80 13± 12 0 3) %、(78 17± 9 19) %及(83 5 9± 12 6 1) %。A2 和A3 组分别与B2 和B3 组比较 ,差异均有非常显著意义 (t=14 10 8,36 2 0 3;P<0 0 1)。结论　大鼠标定性视神经压榨伤后用灯盏细辛治疗 ,     

NGF对视神经挫伤患者视力和VEP的影响及安全性分析

目的：探讨鼠神经生长因子(NGF)对视神经挫伤患者视力、视觉诱发电位(VEP)的影响。

方法：选取2013-01/2016-06视神经挫伤患者78例78眼,根据随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各39例39眼,两组均给予醋酸泼尼松片、维生素及甲钴胺片治疗,观察组同时给予NGF治疗,连续治疗2个疗程(21d为一个疗程)。

结果：治疗前两组患者的视野缺损度、视野光敏感度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05); 治疗后,观察组的视野缺损度范围小于对照组(P<0.05),观察组的视野光敏感度显著高于对照组(P<0.05); 治疗前,两组患者的P100波潜伏期、P100波振幅差异无统计学意义(P>0.05); 治疗后,观察组患者的P100波潜伏期小于对照组(P<0.05)、观察组的P100波振幅显著高于对照组(P<0.05); 治疗后,观察组的视力显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。

结论：NGF治疗视神经挫伤能显著地改善患者视力、VEP指标,减小视野缺损、提升视野光敏感度。     

人酸性成纤维细胞生长因子对过氧化氢诱导的人视网膜色素上皮细胞坏死的保护作用

目的 研究人酸性成纤维细胞生长因子(human acidic fibroblast growth factor,haFGF)对人视网膜色素上皮(humanretinal pigment epithelium,hRPE)细胞的保护作用.方法 用0.2 mmol·L-1过氧化氢培养hRPE细胞36 h制作hRPE细胞坏死模型为模型组,用1 mg·L-1haFGF预培养hRPE细胞12 h、24 h、48 h,并设置空白对照组,用台盼蓝染色在倒置显微镜下观察细胞坏死情况,用MTT法检测haFGF预作用hRPE细胞不同时间细胞的死亡率,并用8 g·L-1琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测haFGF不同时间对hRPE细胞完整性的影响.结果 模型组细胞死亡率为(36.97±2.81)%,空白对照组细胞死亡率为(1.05±0.04)%,haFGF预作用细胞12 h、24 h、48 h细胞死亡率分别为(32.50±4.06)%、(19.77±3.68)%、(26.45±3.19)%.其中,模型组与空白对照组细胞死亡率相比、haFGF预作用24 h与模型组相比差异均有显著统计学意义(均为P<0.01),而haFGF预作用12 h、48 h细胞死亡率与模型组相比差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05).台盼蓝染色结果显示haFGF预作用细胞24 h,hRPE蓝染细胞核数明显减少,而预作用12 h染色细胞核数减少不显著,预作用48 h蓝染细胞核数显著增加.琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示:模型组细胞DNA呈现"涂布"状,说明细胞坏死明显,haFGF预作用细胞24 h"涂布"状基体消失,提示hRPE细胞DNA完整性尚好,而预作用12 h和48 h DNA"涂布"状仍明显存在.结论 1 mg·L-1的haFGF可以显著拮抗过氧化氢对hRPE细胞的损伤,预作用24 h时haFGF对hRPE细胞的保护作用最佳.     

碱性成纤维生长因子对大鼠视神经损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨碱性成纤维生长因子（ｂＦＧＦ）对视神经损伤的保护作用。方法 用精确校准方法在成年鼠造成部分视神经损伤模型,球后注射生理盐水,ＶＢ１２,ｂＦＧＦ。伤后１ｈ和４ｗｋ测量闪光视神经诱发电位（Ｆ－ＶＥＰ）。结果 伤后１ｈ,Ｆ－ＶＥＰ潜伏期延长且电位幅值降低,与正常比较有明显差异,伤后４ｗｋ时生理盐水和ＶＢ１２组对刺激没有应答,ｂＦＧＦ组Ｆ－ＶＥＰ接近正常。结论 ｂＦＧＦ对视神经损伤后视神经节细胞     

蛇毒神经生长因子对大鼠视神经夹伤保护的电镜观察

目的研究蛇毒神经生长因子在视神经损伤后对视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用。方法将Wistar大鼠40只随机分为实验对照组和实验治疗组。制作实验性视神经夹伤模型,用头部宽1mm的微型血管夹夹伤大鼠右眼视神经后,实验治疗组向伤眼玻璃体腔内注入蛇毒神经生长因子100BU(0.025mL)。实验对照组向伤眼玻璃体腔内注入0.025mL平衡盐液。于损伤后第3d、7d、14d、30d、60d取材,用透射电镜观察不同时间段各组视网膜形态学变化。结果电镜下大鼠视网膜改变:实验治疗组和对照组电镜下均可见坏死和凋亡。伤后14d,实验治疗组视网膜微管数目比实验对照组较多,排列比较整齐。结论在视神经损伤早期,蛇毒神经生长因子能减轻视神经夹伤后微管的损坏,提高视网膜神经节细胞的存活数量,对视网膜神经节细胞有明显的保护作用。     

Activation of autophagy in the retina after optic nerve crush injury in rats

AIM: To investigate the activation of autophagy in rat retina after optic nerve crush (ONC) and evaluate its relationship with apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). METHODS: The ONC model was established. Western blots were performed to investigate expression of p62, LC3 and Beclin-1. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to discover the autophagosomes in the retina after ONC. Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm the distribution of LC3. TUNEL was performed to confirm the relationship between autophagy and RGC apoptosis. RESULTS: p62/Beclin-1 ratio was declined shortly after ONC until to day 7 after ONC and then restored to a normal level at day 21. There was an opposite change in the LC3-II/LC3I ratio in the retina compared to the p62/Beclin-1 ratio. Increased autophagosomes were found after ONC using transmission electron microscopy, and most of the LC3-stained cells were colocalized with RGCs and Müller cells. More LC3-immunoreactive cells and apoptotic RGCs were found on day 7 following ONC. CONCLUSION: Possible activation of autophagy in RGCs after ONC; autophagy mainly occurred in RGCs and Müller cells, and the apoptosis of RGCs after ONC may be partly associated with autophagic activation.     

银杏叶制剂EGb 761对外伤后视网膜神经节细胞的保护作用

目的 探讨银杏叶提取物制剂EGb 761对大鼠视神经损伤后视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)存活的影响.方法 大鼠48只经荧光金逆行标记后制备视神经损伤的动物模型,随机分为治疗组和对照组,两组分别给予EGb 761 150 mg/kg·d和生理盐水灌胃.在视神经损伤后4d、7d及14d观察视网膜铺片,进行RGC计数.结果 大鼠视神经损伤后4d、7d及14d,RGC数量持续减少,但治疗组均高于对照组,各时间点的差异均有统计学意义(依次为P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.01).结论 EGb761可促进视神经损伤后RGC的存活,对RGC有保护作用.     

Neuroprotective effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in neurodegeneration after optic nerve crush in rats

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on neurodegeneration of optic nerve (ON) and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a rat model of ON crush. The ONs of adult male Wistar rats (150-180 g) were crushed by a standardized method. The control eyes received a sham operation. G-CSF (100 μg/kg/day in 0.2 ml phosphate-buffered saline) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS control) was immediately administered after ON crush for 5 days by subcutaneous injection. Rats were euthanized at 1 or 2 weeks after the crush injury. RGC density was counted by retrograde labeling with FluoroGold application to the superior colliculus, and visual function was assessed by flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP). TUNEL assay, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry of p-AKT in the retina and ED1 (marker of macrophage/microglia) in the ON were conducted. 2 weeks after the insult, the RGC densities in the central and mid-peripheral retinas in ON-crushed, G-CSF-treated rats were significantly higher than that of the corresponding ON-crushed, PBS-treated rats (survival rate was 60% vs. 19.6% in the central retina; 46.5% vs. 23.9% in mid-peripheral retina, respectively; p < 0.001). FVEP measurements showed a significantly better preserved latency of the p1 wave in the ON-crushed, G-CSF-treated rats than the ON-crushed, PBS-treated rats (78 ± 9 ms in the sham operation group, 98 ± 16 ms in the G-CSF-treated group, and 174 ± 16 ms in the PBS-treated group; p < 0.001). TUNEL assays showed fewer apoptotic cells in the retinal sections in the ON-crushed, G-CSF-treated rats. p-AKT immunoreactivity was up-regulated in the retinas of the ON-crushed, G-CSF-treated rats at 1 and 2 weeks. In addition, the number of ED1-positive cells was attenuated at the lesion site of the optic nerve in the ON-crushed, G-CSF-treated group. From these results, we gather that administration of G-CSF is neuroprotective in the rat model of optic nerve crush, as demonstrated both structurally by RGC density and functionally by FVEP. G-CSF may work by being anti-apoptotic involving the p-AKT signaling pathway as well as by attenuation of the inflammatory responses at the injury site, as evidenced by less ED1-positive cell infiltration in the optic nerve.     

神经营养因子促进视神经夹伤后视网膜生长相关蛋白-43表达

目的：观察大鼠视神经夹伤后视网膜的神经生长相关蛋白－43（growth associated protein-43,GAP-43)的表达变化及胰状神经营养因子（ciliary neurotrophic factor CNTF)和腺病毒介导脑源性神经营养因子（adenovirally delivered brain-derived neurotrophic factor,Ad-BDNF)对视神经夹伤的保护作用。方法：在眼球后2mm处作视神经夹伤，制作SD大鼠视神经夹伤模型，通过巩膜进行玻璃体微量注射神经营养因子（neurotraphic factors,NFs)，应用免疫印迹法观察视网膜的GAP－43表达量的变化。结果：正常SD大鼠视网膜上GAP－43呈现低表达，分子量约为46．7ku；玻璃体注射CNTF，大鼠视神经夹伤后2周，GAP－43的表达增强（P＜0．05），玻璃体注射Ad-BDNF，在视神经夹伤后4周内GAP－43的表达增强（P＜0．05），但这种作用以视神经损伤后1周时最为明显。结论：玻璃体注射NFs能够在一定时间范围内促进神经夹伤的SD大鼠视网膜上GAP－43表达，其中Ad-BDNF的促进作用能够维持相对较长的时间。     

大鼠视神经挫伤视网膜形态功能变化的动态研究

目的观察视神经夹挫伤后视网膜形态学和视功能动态变化,为视功能评价和视神经保护研究提供依据。方法大鼠视神经夹挫伤后1d、3d、5d7、d、9d、2周4、周8、周1、2周,光镜观察视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)改变,闪光视觉诱发电位(F-VEP)检测视功能状况。结果视神经部分损伤后3d到1周内视网膜神经节细胞快速减少,2周以后缓慢减少,4周几乎无明显变化;视神经损伤1d,F-VEP波形变得低而宽,前2周呈进行性下降期,4周后变化平稳,并显示恢复迹象。结论神经节细胞继发性损伤是视功能进行性下降的重要原因,一定数量存活的视网膜节细胞是视功能恢复的基础;神经损伤变化和视功能变化与时间具有一定的相关性,这些对于正确评价视功能状况和预后有极重要的意义。     

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯对大鼠视神经钳夹伤后胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达的影响

背景先前的研究已证实,绿茶提取物表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（EGCG）能提高大鼠视神经钳夹伤后视网膜神经节细胞（RGCs）的生存率。星形胶质细胞（AS）在神经系统损伤中对神经元的修复起重要作用,而EGCG对视神经钳夹伤后AS反应活性的影响尚有待证实。胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）是AS的特异性标记物。目的观察EGCG对大鼠视神经钳夹伤后视神经GFAP表达的影响。方法将72只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术＋EGCG组、视神经钳夹伤＋生理盐水组、视神经钳夹伤＋EGCG组,每组18只。于大鼠球后2mm处用夹持力dOg的微型视神经夹垂直视神经钳夹60s建立视神经钳夹伤模型,似手术大鼠仅切开眼外软组织,不损伤视神经。假手术＋EGCG组和视神经钳夹伤＋EGCG组大鼠术前2d起每日给予25mg／kgEGCG腹腔注射至术后2d,随后改为每日2mg／kg口服。采用免疫组织化学染色及Westernblot法检测并比较各组大鼠造模后7、1d、28d视神经组织中GFAP的表达。结果免疫组织化学染色显示,正常对照组和假手术＋EGCG组视神经组织中GFAP呈弱表达;造模后7、14、28d,视神经钳夹伤＋生理盐水组GFAP表达明显增强,视神经钳夹伤＋EGCG组GFAP的表达强于正常对照组,弱于视神经钳夹伤＋生理盐水组。Westernblot检测表明,造模后视神经组织GFAP的表达量较正常对照组明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;造模后7d、14d,视神经钳夹伤＋EGCG组GFAP的表达量明显低于视神经钳夹伤＋生理盐水组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论全身应用EGCG可以下调大鼠视神经钳夹伤后视神经组织中GFAP的表达,降低AS的增生活性,提示EGCG可以抑制视神经创伤修复过程中的瘢痕形成。     

Immunocytochemical localization of basic fibroblast growth factor and glial fibrillary acidic protein after laser photocoagulation in the Royal College of Surgeons rat

Purpose: Argon laser photocoagulation slows photoreceptor degeneration in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat, as does intravitreal injection of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). We hypothesize that up-regulation of retinal bFGF is a consequence of laser lesioning in RCS rats. Therefore, we examined the localization of bFGF after laser and correlated this with Müller cell glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, which is known to increase after injury. Methods: A total of 34 RCS rats at postnatal day 23 were anaesthetized (ketamine 40 mg/kg) and their retinas were irradiated with a grid pattern of 40 non-overlapping argon green lesions with a power of 120 mW for 0.2 s using a 50 μm spot size. At 0,6, 12,24 and 48 h and 7, 14 and 21 days post-lesion, rats were anaesthetized and their eyes were enucleated and cryostat sectioned and the sections were processed using either an antibody to bFGF or GFAP using the standard avidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex method. Five age-matched RCS rats without laser lesions served as controls. Results: Basic fibroblast growth factor immunoreactivity (IR) was normally located within cells in the ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer and in retinal pigment epithelium cells and in the extracellular matrix/cell membranes of the outer nuclear layer (ONL). In lasered retinas, there was elevated bFGF-IR in the coagulated outer segments for the first 24 h. Retinal blood vessels/Müller cells/astrocytes were moderately labelled in and near each lesion immediately after lesion and became more intense after 48 h and persisted for at least 21 days. There was an elevation of bFGF-IR in the ONL on the lesion flanks at 14 days. Müller cell GFAP-IR was first detected at 6 h post-lesion and spread for a considerable distance beyond the lesion site. At 7 and 14 days, Müller cells at the lesion site had sprouted, while those on the flanks were still GFAP-IR. Conclusions: Following laser lesion there was an increase in bFGF at the lesion core only for the first 24 h. However elevated levels of bFGF were observed in the ONL at 14 days, which extended into the lesion flanks for a similar distance to that over which increased photoreceptor survival is found. These results provide support for the hypothesis that laser lesions induce bFGF and this may be the mechanism whereby photoreceptors are spared. Müller cell activation is consistent with growth factor stimulation, but was more widespread than the bFGF changes in ONL. However blood vessel labelling was similarly widespread and so the responses may be linked between Müller cell GFAP reaction and blood vessel bFGF localization after laser lesions.