Detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in carcinoma of uterine cervix and genital tract diseases in Jiangsu province, China]

Pst-1 cleaved DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of biopsy samples from 41 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix collected in Jiangsu province, China were examined for HPVs by Southern blot hybridization using HPV 16 DNA as a probe. 20 of the 41 samples were positive for HPVs when hybridized under non-stringent condition. HPV was not detectable in samples collected in the same time period from patients with cervical adenocarcinoma (N = 2), vaginal carcinoma (N = 3), vulval carcinoma (N = 1) and benign cervicitis (N = 8). Of the 20 positive samples, 7 (17.1%) had CHPV X1, a new type of NPV previously discovered is China, 6 (14.6%) had HPV 16, 4 (9.9%) had HPV 31, and in 3 (7.2%) the HPV type is as yet undetermined. Our data indicate that HPV 16 and CHPV X1 may be more closely related to cancer of the uterine cervix in Jiangsu province.     

Telomerase activity and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in human uterine cervical cancers and cervical smears

Telomerase activity and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection were investigated in uterine cervical samples using molecular biology techniques. Thirteen cervical carcinomas and corresponding normal tissue from the same patient, and 102 cervical swabs were examined. Telomerase activity was detected in 12 of 13 cervical cancer tissues (92%). Of the 12 cases that showed telomerase activity, all were HPV positive, and the one case that did not show telomerase activity was HPV negative. A telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay detected telomerase activity in one out of seven normal cervical tissues (14%), and this one case was HPV positive. In cervical smear samples, telomerase activity was detected in two out of 36 normal smears (6%; both HPV positive), in 10 of 32 (31%) CIN1 (cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia) cases (three HPV positive), in four of five (80%) CIN2 cases (two HPV positive), in 15 of 21 (71%) CIN3 cases, (seven HPV positive) and in seven of eight (88%) squamous cell carcinoma cases (six HPV positive). These results suggest that telomerase activity may play some role in cervical carcinogenesis, and telomerase activity is associated with HPV infection in uterine cervical lesions.     

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancer of the uterine cervix: a case-control study in Zaragoza, Spain

Introduction

The raw incidence of cancer of the uterine cervix is Spain is 7,8 per 100.000 inhabitants (adjusted incidence is 5.6). The incidence of this tumor is still low, but a steady increase has been seen, probably related to increasing risk factors.

Aim

To determine the frequency of infection by different types of human papillomavirus (HPV) in Papanicolau smears from women with and without cancer of the uterine cervix in Spain.

Patients and methods

A case-control study was performed in women with and without cervical cancer from Zaragoza, Spain. Pap smears from 600 cases (540 women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasms (CIN) and 60 with invasive cancer) and 1200 controls (women without those lesions) were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and typed by oligonucleotide microarray-based detection.

Results

HPV was detected in 93.3% of all samples with invasive cancer versus 17.5% of controls. OR for invasive cancer was 55 (95% CI 21.5–140,5). Statistically significant associations were also found for different grades of cervical dysplasia.

Conclusion

The strong association found between HPV infection, specifically types 16 and 18 and cancer of the uterine cervix in Zaragoza, Spain, stresses the importance of ongoing efforts to institute a vaccine program with recently approved HPV vaccines in order to prevent cervical cancer in this population.     

The detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) in a case of minimal deviation adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix (adenoma malignum) using in situ hybridization

HPV-16 and HPV-18 DNA sequences were detected in a case of minimal deviation adenocarcinoma (MDA), a rare pathological type of uterine cervical cancer. This result suggests HPV to be associated with MDA as well as with other pathological types of cervical cancer.     

Oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and uterine cervical cancer: a screening strategy in the perspective of rural India.

The predominance of cervical cancer in India can mostly be attributed to the lack of early screening. The objective of the present study has been, therefore, to determine a cost-effective oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV)-based cervical cancer screening plan for rural Indian women. The results showed that in normal women, highest prevalence of HPV 16/18 infection was in the age group < or =23 years and lowest in > or =44 years with an insignificant change in between. HPV 16/18 infection was significantly associated with cervical erosion at age < or =23 years, but not with cytology or visual inspection with acetic acid testing at any age. The low-grade cytological lesions, however, increased only with increase in age. Fourteen per cent of the cervical malignancy was also found to be present in the age group 24-33 years with an 87% HPV infection. Here we proposed a cost-effective screening scheme in which HPV testing must be performed in women (a) < or =23 years with cervical erosion and (b) 24-43 years, as an adjunct to Pap smears (both HPV and cytology were prevalent in this group). For women > or =44 years, HPV testing might not be useful, since abnormal cytology was more prominent over the viral infection. We infer that by not performing HPV test in the group < or =23 years, approximately 76% of the high-risk HPV-infected individuals potentially "at risk" for developing cervical cancer might be missed.     

HPV、CT感染与HSP60在子宫颈癌及癌前病变组织中表达的关系

目的 研究CIN及子宫颈癌患者子宫颈组织中热休克蛋白(HSP)60的表达状态,同时检测人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)、生殖道沙眼衣原体(CT)的感染情况,探讨HSP60在CIN及子宫颈癌组织中表达的差异及其和HPV、CT感染的关系.方法 应用免疫组化方法研究浸润性子宫颈癌46例,CIN 132例,慢性子宫颈炎46例子宫颈组织中HSP60的表达,同时运用第二代杂交捕获法检测HPV,抗原检测卡测定CT抗原.结果 HSP60蛋白定位于子宫颈细胞的胞质中,HSP60在慢性子宫颈炎、CIN组织中表达增强,并持续到子宫颈浸润癌阶段.HSP60在慢性子宫颈炎、CIN Ⅰ至CIN Ⅲ及子宫颈癌中的阳性表达率分别为6.5%、97.9%、97.8%、100.0%和100.0%,过表达率分别为0%、46.8%、88.9%、92.5%和93.5%.HR-HPV和HSP60在重度子宫颈病变(≥CIN Ⅲ)的诊断上有较高的灵敏度和较低的误诊率,而CT检测灵敏度偏低,误诊率偏高.结论 HSP60表达的上调与子宫颈鳞状上皮的异常增殖相关,HSP60在病变子宫颈组织中表达的上调与HR-HPV及CT感染有关.     

Cytologic and histologic manifestations of human papillomavirus infection of the uterine cervix

The role of human papillomaviruses (HPV) as possible agents in the genesis of cervical cancer is reviewed. Several types of HPV (mainly 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, and 33) have been shown to be associated with precancerous processes and cancer of the uterine cervix. HPV also induces pathognomonic abnormality of squamous cells, known as koilocytosis, that may precede or accompany various manifestations of cancerogenesis including invasive cancer. Still, recent studies suggest that HPV infection is quite common in normal people and may prove to be ubiquitous. Hence, the activation of the virus and its ability to interact with cervical epithelium is likely to be due to "patient factors" rather than the presence of the virus per se. The possible mechanisms of virus-epithelial interaction and of the factors that may put a woman at risk for cervical carcinoma are discussed.     

Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and HPV vaccination in an Australian cohort

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is increasing in incidence, yet very little is known about oral HPV infection in the general population. In this Australian-based study we assess oral HPV prevalence according to HPV vaccination status. Participants of the Oral Diversity Study were Australian residents, aged 18 to 70 years, who filled out a questionnaire about lifestyle and sexual behaviour, and donated a saliva sample in 2020 to 2021. We obtained permission to access HPV vaccination status through record linkage with the Australian Immunisation Register. Saliva samples were DNA extracted, DNA quality checked and analysed for HPV. We recruited 1023 participants to the Oral Diversity Study. Nine hundred twenty-one returned a saliva sample for analysis, 911 passed the DNA quality check and were included in the study. The oral HPV prevalence was 7.2%, and was strongly associated with sexual behaviours. We identified 27 different HPV types; 53% of participants carried high-risk HPV types, with no difference between the vaccinated and the unvaccinated groups (53% both, P = .979). Two hundred thirty participants (26%) were HPV vaccinated. The oral prevalence of the nine HPV types included in the nonavalent HPV vaccine was significantly lower in the vaccinated participants compared to the unvaccinated (0.9% vs 3.4%; P = .022). These findings suggest that a sizeable minority of Australian residents harbour oral HPV infections, and many of these are high-risk subtypes. We found some evidence that HPV vaccination resulted in lower prevalence of oral HPV infections of vaccine-specific types. Larger surveys are required to confirm these findings.     

Identification of a novel human papillomavirus (HPV97) related to HPV18 and HPV45

Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 97 was identified and the genome was cloned from cervicovaginal cells of a Costa Rican woman with a normal Pap smear. The HPV97 L1 open reading frame (ORF) was most closely related to HPV45 (84% identity) and HPV18 (79% identity), placing it into the high-risk alpha7 species. Ectopic expression of the HPV97 E6 and E7 proteins significantly decreased steady state p53 and pRb levels using an in vitro cotransfection assay, respectively. These data suggest that HPV97 shares a most recent common ancestor with HPV18 and HPV45 and should be evaluated in cancer specimens from different geographic populations.     

Telomerase, p53 and human papillomavirus infection in the uterine cervix

Human papillomavirus infection is postulated to be a major risk factor for cervical cancer, while more recent data have stressed the clinical significance of telomerase expression during tumorigenesis. This study therefore looked for any relationship between telomerase expression, presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and expression of the high-risk HPV E6 protein at various phases of tumor progression in the uterine cervix. In addition, accumulation of the p53 protein and total tissue proliferative fraction were also studied. Telomerase was detected using a modified TRAP (telomerase repeat amplification protocol) assay. Expression of p53, Ki 67 and E6 protein was evaluated by immunocytochemistry. Presence of mutant p53 was detected using a mutant-specific ELISA. Type of HPV infection was determined by polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot using type-specific primers and probes. There was a significant correlation between the expression of telomerase with histological grade (r=0.646, p=0.00003). Fisher's exact test analysis revealed that the odds ratio of a tissue sample expressing telomerase being a case (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or invasive cancer) was 28.93 (p=0.0001, 95% CI: 7.22, to 115.94). High-risk HPV-infected tissues and those expressing E6 showed increased telomerase expression (r=0.555, p=0.00001). Similarly, accumulation of p53 protein and increased cell proliferation (Ki 67 index) also correlated to the presence of telomerase (r=0.661, p=0.000004 for p53 and r=0.647, p=0.000003 for Ki 67). There was no correlation between telomerase expression and presence of p53 mutation. Activation of telomerase thus appears to be associated with high-risk-HPV infection, accumulation of inactive p53 protein and increased cell proliferation in cervical lesions.     

Prevalence and predictors of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among young women surviving childhood cancer

Purpose

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection and the cause of cervical and other cancers. Vaccination is available to protect against genital HPV and is recommended for individuals aged 9–26 years. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of HPV vaccination among childhood cancer survivors and to identify factors associated with vaccine outcomes.

Methods

Young adult females with (n?=?114; M age?=?21.18 years, SD?=?2.48) and without (n?=?98; M age?=?20.65 years, SD?=?2.29) a childhood cancer history completed surveys querying HPV vaccination initiation/completion, as well as sociodemographic, medical, and health belief factors. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for vaccine outcomes.

Results

Among survivors, 38.6 % (44/114) and 26.3 % (30/114) initiated or completed vaccination compared to 44.9 % (44/98) and 28.6 % (28/98) among controls, respectively. In the combined survivor/control group, physician recommendation (OR?=?11.24, 95 % CI 3.15–40.14) and familial HPV communication (OR?=?7.28, 95 % CI 1.89–28.05) associated with vaccine initiation. Perceptions of vaccine benefit associated with vaccine completion (OR?=?10.55, 95 % CI 1.59–69.92), whereas perceptions of HPV-related severity associated with non-completion (OR?=?0.14, 95 % CI 0.03–0.71).

Conclusion

Despite their increased risk for HPV-related complication, a minority of childhood cancer survivors have initiated or completed HPV vaccination. Modifiable factors associated with vaccine outcomes were identified.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

HPV vaccination is a useful tool for cancer prevention in survivorship, and interventions to increase vaccine uptake are warranted.

     

年轻女性宫颈人乳头瘤病毒感染亚型与宫颈病变的调查

目的：探讨年轻女性（年龄25~35岁）人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染亚型与宫颈病变的特点。方法采集1273例患者宫颈上皮细胞标本,采用PCR-反向点杂交法对其进行21种HPV分型的检测。结果1273例年轻女性患者,HPV阳性有130例,检出率为10.2%;单一型感染为115例,包括高危型感染105例,感染率为91.3%,低危型感染10例,感染率为8.7%;最常见高危型是HPV16,共35例,其次为HPV58,共17例;HPV16感染导致宫颈高级别上皮内瘤变10例,低级别上皮内瘤变11例;高危HPV阳性患者,宫颈活检证实为鳞状细胞癌的病例2例,均是HPV16感染。结论年轻女性HPV阳性检出率较高,以单一型感染和高危型感染为主,高危型HPV感染与宫颈高级别上皮内瘤变和宫颈癌的发生密切相关,其中HPV16亚型是导致年轻女性宫颈癌的主要原因。     

Ultrastructural observation of human papillomavirus particles in the uterine cervix intraepithelial neoplasia

Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), twenty two cases of an intraepithelial lesion in the uterine cervix have been examined for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) particles. In 21 of these cases (95%), HPV particles were detected in the nucleus, and in 5 cases, in the cytoplasm. The distribution of the intranuclear HPV particles was classified into 4 types. In only 2 cases did the exhibited particles show a geometrical crystalline array (type I). In most cases, the exhibited particles were either seen to show an aggregate non-crystalline array (type II) or were concentrated around the chromatin (type III). Some cases also were found to show particles that were scattered sporadically in the nucleoplasm (type IV).     

Prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in Vanuatu

To provide information on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and the distribution of individual HPV types in Pacific Islands, we conducted a population-based survey in Vanuatu, South Pacific. Nine hundred and eighty-seven women between 18 and 64 years of age were included. GP5(+)/6(+)-mediated PCR assay was used for HPV testing. The prevalence of 44 HPV types was 28.4% corresponding to an age (world)-standardized prevalence of 25.0% [95% confidence interval (CI), 21.9%-28.0%]. The prevalence of high-risk (HR) HPV types was 21.7% (age-standardized prevalence of 19.2%; 95% CI, 16.4%-22.0%). Among 840 women with adequate cytologic results, 13.6% showed cervical abnormalities, including 3.6% with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and 0.8% with invasive cervical carcinoma. HPV prevalence declined from 46.1% in women aged ≤21 to 15.3% in those ≥45 years. Being single was significantly associated with HPV positivity. HR HPV findings by PCR assay and hybrid capture 2 (HC2; conducted in Vanuatu) were moderately correlated (κ test = 0.59). The positive predictive values of HR HPV positivity for HSIL or worse were 27.6% for PCR and 35.2% for HC2 among women aged ≥30. Nearly half of screening-positive women could not be reevaluated mainly on account of the difficulty to trace back women. The availability of a rapid HPV testing method that allows see-and-treat approaches at the same visit would be, therefore, essential. On account of their high cumulative burden of cervical lesions, also women older than 40 years should be included in at least the first screening round in unscreened populations.     

Cancer screening of the uterine cervix papanicolaou smears versus state-of-the-art human papillomavirus testing

The article by Albrow et al in this issue describes the early cervical screening program in England as being “disorganized,” but goes on to describe significant improvements over 20 years. It has become one of the leading screening programs in the developed world. Liquid‐based technology has been embraced, but image analysis has not. The key ingredient for the NHSCSP's success is quality assurance. The scrutiny given to medical interventions has increased recently. Would the early cervical cancer cytology screening programs have passed muster if they had required this sort of validation? Using information from the Victorian Cytology Screening Services Melbourne and other Australian screening programs to guide its formulation, Australia's evidence‐based program differs from the NHSCSP in several ways. The screening interval is 2 years, liquid‐based technology is not funded, and human papillomavirus (HPV)‐DNA testing for the triage of atypical lesions has not been sanctioned in Australia. Albrow et al allude to the possible introduction in the future of HPV‐DNA testing as a primary screening tool. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012;. © 2012 American Cancer Society.     

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in the aetiology of cervical cancer

There is an association between human papillomavirus (HPV), in particular types 16 and 18, and premalignant and malignant disease of the cervix. At present it is not possible to say that this is a causal association but in vitro transformation studies indicate that these viruses can transform primary mammalian cells in cooperation with Ha-ras. This may mean that these viruses have at least a c-myc like activity which is consistent with their ability on their own to immortalize primary keratinocytes. The fact that HPV6 can also transform mammalian cells, at a low frequency, in cooperation with Ha-ras indicates the need to use appropriate cells and systems that will elucidate differences in virus-cell interactions between benign HPV types 6 and 11 and the viruses associated with severe disease 16 and 18.     

RCAS1在宫颈癌组织中的表达及其与HPV16感染的关系

背景与目的:表达在SiSo细胞上的受体结合肿瘤抗原(receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells,RCAS1)在多种肿瘤组织中呈高表达,并与肿瘤逃避免疫监视有关.本研究检测RCAS1蛋白在宫颈癌组织中的表达及其与HPV16感染的相关性,并探讨其临床意义.方法:采用免疫组化SP(streptavidin-peroxidase)法,分别检测71例宫颈癌、76例宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CIN)及20例正常宫颈上皮组织中RCAS1蛋白与HPV16 E7蛋白的表达,并分析两者的表达与临床病理因素的关系.结果:宫颈癌组织中,RCAS1蛋白主要表达于癌细胞膜和/或细胞浆,HPV16 E7蛋白主要表达于癌细胞核.正常宫颈上皮组织不表达RCAS1蛋白,CIN与宫颈癌组织中RCAS1蛋白的表达率分别为39.47%和77.46%,HPV16 E7蛋白的表达率分别为0.05%、28.94%和61.97%,提示随着宫颈病变恶性程度的进展,RCAS1与HPV16 E7表达均逐渐增强(P＜0.05).低分化宫颈癌组中RCAS1表达显著高于高、中分化宫颈癌组(P=0.002),但与患者年龄、临床分期及组织学分型无关(P＞0.05);HPV16 E7在鳞癌组中的表达显著高于腺癌组(P=0.000),但与患者年龄、临床分期、组织学分级无关(P＞0.05).RCAS1的表达与HPV16感染在宫颈癌中的表达呈正相关(r=0.780,P=0.000).结论:RCAS1基因在宫颈癌组织中表达增强,RCAS1表达强度与宫颈癌恶性程度相关;RCAS1阳性的宫颈癌组织中存在HPV16感染.