体表心电图对急性下壁心肌梗死患者梗死相关动脉及闭塞部位的预测价值

目的：探讨体表心电图(ECG)对 ST 段抬高性急性下壁心肌梗死(IAMI)患者梗死相关动脉及闭塞部位的预测价值。方法选择 ST 段抬高性 IAMI 患者95例,记录入院时18导联 ECG,并行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,按照冠状动脉造影(CAG)结果进行分析。结果 ST Ⅲ抬高>STⅡ预测右冠状动脉(RCA)闭塞的敏感度和特异度分别为93.4%、73.7%;ST V3/Ⅲ≤1.2、ST aVL 下移>STⅠ预测 RCA 闭塞的敏感度分别为88.2%和92.1%;而 ST V3R-V5R 抬高判断 RCA 闭塞的特异度为100%;ST V3/Ⅲ<0.5预测 RCA 近段闭塞的敏感度为86.7%;ST V4R 抬高判断 RCA 近段闭塞的特异度为93.5%,ST Ⅲ抬高≤ STⅡ判断左回旋支(LCX)闭塞的敏感度和特异度分别为73.7%和93.4%,ST V2压低>0.15 mV 预测 LCX 近段闭塞的敏感度为87.5%。结论体表心电图Ⅲ、V3、V4R、aVL 导联 ST 段改变对预测 RCA 闭塞有价值,而 ST V2压低有助于预测 LCX 闭塞。     

急性下壁心肌梗死中心电图与梗死相关动脉间的关系

目的 探讨急性下壁心肌梗死（AMI）时体表心电图对梗死相关动脉（IRA）的判断价值.方法 选择经冠状动脉造影确诊的急性下壁AMI患者98例,观察其心电图表现与冠状动脉造影的关系.结果 98例下壁AMI患者中,右冠状动脉（RCA）病变68例,左回旋支（LCX）病变30例.以RCA病变为主时,心电图表现为Ⅲ导联ST段抬高幅度〉Ⅱ导联ST段抬高幅度、aVL 导联ST段压低和aVR导联ST段抬高;以LCX病变为主时,心电图表现为Ⅲ导联ST段抬高幅度〈Ⅱ导联ST段抬高幅度、aVL 导联ST段抬高和aVR导联ST段压低.结论 临床医师可通过心电图上的ST段移位对急性下壁AMI的患者的IRA作出初步判断.     

常规心电图早期判定急性右心室梗死的探讨

目的 探讨急性右心室梗死早期心电图不同导联ST段改变的诊断意义.方法 连续选择2000～2005年首次因急性下壁心肌梗死住入我院心内科患者,回顾性分析临床诊治资料, 其中91例有冠状动脉造影结果,重点分析心电图不同导联ST段改变与下壁心肌梗死相关动脉的关系以及对急性右心室梗死诊断的意义.结果 下壁心肌梗死相关动脉分别为右冠脉(RCA)病变组73例(80%),左回旋支(LCX)病变组18例(20%).显示ST段抬高V4R≥1 mV阳性发生率、抬高程度Ⅲ＞Ⅱ导联、ST段下移程度aVL>Ⅰ导联,RCA组明显多于LCX组,差异有统计学意义(P值均为0.001).结论 利用常规心电图检测不同导联的ST段改变有助于识别梗死相关动脉,可以早期判定急性右室梗死.     

比较Ⅱ、Ⅲ导联ST段抬高幅度预测急性下壁心肌梗死罪犯血管

急性下壁心肌梗死的罪犯血管通常是右冠状动脉(RCA)，少数为左回旋支(LCX)。当RCA近段完全闭塞时。常并发高度房室传导阻滞和(或)休克等严重并发症。增加患住院期病死率。因此，早期识别急性下壁心肌梗死的罪犯血管将有助于采取合理有效的治疗措施，预防严重并发症。本研究旨在评估Ⅱ、Ⅲ导联ST段抬高幅度比较存预测下壁心肌梗死的罪犯血管中的价值。     

急性下壁心肌梗死74例侧壁导联心电图改变分析

目的：分析急性下壁心肌梗死侧壁导联（I、AVL）心电图改变对梗死相关动脉预测价值。方法：根据74例急性下壁心肌梗死侧壁导联心电图ST段改变,对比其与冠状动脉造影显示梗死相关动脉的关系。结果：本组右冠状动脉（RCA）62例（83.8%）,为左回旋支（LCX）共12例（16.2%）。结论：急性下壁心肌梗死侧壁导联（I、AVL）心电图ST段压低是判断梗死相关动脉为右冠状动脉的较敏感指标,尤以AVL导联更敏感。AVL导联无压低是判断梗死相关动脉为左回旋支的较好指标。     

急性下壁心肌梗死心电图的改变与相关冠脉病变的关系

[目的]探讨急性下壁心肌梗死时心电图ST段改变对判断心肌梗死相关冠状动脉病变的关系.[方法]对50例急性下壁心肌梗死ST段改变与冠状动脉造影结果对比分析.[结果]①血管闭塞发生在右冠状动脉占70.0%,回旋支占30.0% ②ST段抬高Ⅲ/Ⅱ〉1,提示右冠状动脉阻塞的敏感性91.4%,特异性86.7% Ⅲ/Ⅱ≤1提示回旋支闭塞的敏感性86.7%,特异性91.4% ③Ⅰ、aVL导联ST段压低预测右冠脉阻塞敏感性71.4%,特异性80.0%,Ⅰ、aVL导联ST段抬高预测回旋支阻塞敏感性80.0%,特异性71.4%.[结论]下壁心肌梗死时心电图对梗死相关动脉有重要的预测价值.     

急性下壁心肌梗死中梗死相关血管的心电图表现

目的：探讨心电图在判断下壁急性心肌梗死（AMI）中梗死相关血管（IRA）和预测患者住院期间心脏事件中的价值。方法：选择经冠状动脉造影确诊的下壁AMI患者163例，观察其心电图表现与冠状动脉造影、住院期间心脏事件的关系。结果：163例下壁AMI患者中，有冠状动脉（RCA）病变112例，左回旋支（LCX）病变5I例。以RCA病变为主时,心电图表现为Ⅲ导联ST段抬高幅度〉Ⅱ导联ST段抬高幅度、aVL导联ST段压低和aVR导联ST段抬高：LCX病变心电图多表现为Ⅲ导联ST段抬高幅度〈Ⅱ导联ST段抬高幅度、aVL导联ST段抬高和aVR导联ST段压低。Ⅲ导联ST段抬高幅度〉Ⅱ导联ST段抬高幅度，则提示合并有心室AMI及缓慢性心律失常的发生率高于Ⅲ导联ST段抬高幅度〈Ⅱ导联ST段抬高幅度者。结论：临床医师可通过心电图上的ST段移位对AMl患者的IRA作出初步判断,并评估其预后。     

不同的梗死相关血管急性下壁心肌梗死特点

目的分析不同梗死相关血管的急性下壁心肌梗死患者的临床特点。方法根据冠状动脉造影结果将急性下壁心肌梗死患者分2组,A组76例为右冠状动脉(RCA)闭塞,B组24例为左回旋支冠状动脉(LCX)闭塞,并进行比较分析。结果心电图ST段抬高STⅢ>STⅡA组显著高于B组(P<0.05);ST段抬高STⅢ0.1mVA组显著高于B组(P<0.05);合并左前降支冠状动脉(LAD)病变的患者数在胸前导联ST段压低的患者中显著多于无胸前导联ST段压低患者(P<0.05);左室射血分数(LVEF)A组显著低于B组[(51±14)%vs(57±10)%,P<0.05];合并右室心肌梗死A组显著高于B组(P<0.05);心源性休克,心力衰竭,Ⅱ度、Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,室性心动过速/心室颤动,住院死亡率等两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论心电图Ⅲ、Ⅱ及V4R导联ST段变化能预测急性下壁心肌梗死患者梗死相关血管,急性下壁心肌梗死患者伴胸前导联ST段压低提示LAD病变,RCA闭塞所致下壁心肌梗死LVEF低于LCX闭塞者,但临床并发症两组间差异无统计学意义。     

急性下壁心肌梗死心电图aVL导联QRS波群变化的临床意义

目的　探讨下壁急性心肌梗死 (AMI)时患者的心电图aVL导联QRS波群变化能否作为罪犯血管的判定标准。方法　比较 6 0例下壁AMI患者aVL导联QRS波群变化与选择性冠状动脉造影结果的相关性 ,分析aVL导联QRS波群两种模式 (Ⅰ型 :S/R≤ 1/ 3,ST段抬高≤ 1mm ;Ⅱ型 :S/R >1/ 3,ST段抬高 >1mm)对判断下壁AMI罪犯血管的临床价值。结果　aVL导联的Ⅰ型QRS波群改变在左冠状动脉回旋支 (LCX)闭塞组出现率为 89% ,右冠状动脉 (RCA)闭塞组为 2 4 % (P =0 .0 0 1)。Ⅱ型改变在LCX组出现率 11%、RCA组为 76 % (P =0 .0 0 1)。Ⅰ型心电图变化预测LCX闭塞的敏感度为 89% ,特异度为 76 %。Ⅱ型心电图改变预测RCA闭塞的敏感度为 76 % ,特异度为89%。结论　aVL导联的Ⅰ型QRS波群变化是判断LCX型AMI敏感、特异的预测指标 ,而Ⅱ型QRS波群变化是RCA型AMI有效的预测指标     

急性下壁心梗心电图特点与冠脉造影梗死相关动脉相关性分析

目的 探讨根据急性下壁心肌梗死心电图(ECG)特点来判断梗死相关动脉(IRA).方法 对照研究76例急性下壁心肌梗死患者的冠脉造影资料,分析梗死相关动脉及体表心电图变化.结果 梗死相关动脉为右冠状动脉(RCA)可能性大的有:心电图ST段抬高Ⅲ＞Ⅱ(83.6％),心电图ST段压低AVL＞Ⅰ(82.1％),V3导联ST段压低与Ⅲ导联ST段抬高比值≤1.2(83.3％),aVL S/R＞ 1/3伴ST段压低＞1 mm(90％),梗死相关动脉为左回旋支动脉(LCX)可能性大的有:ST段抬高Ⅲ≤Ⅱ(80％),ST段压低aVL≤Ⅰ(71.4％),V3导联ST段压低与Ⅲ导联ST段抬高比值＞1.2(83.4％),如S/R≤1/3伴ST段压低≤1mm(85.7％).结论 急性下壁心肌梗死时体表心电图与梗死相关动脉有明显相关性,且有较好的预测价值.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.