标准化尘螨特异性皮下免疫治疗尘螨过敏性哮喘伴变应性鼻炎患儿的长期随访研究

目的：探讨标准化尘螨特异性皮下免疫治疗(SCIT)对尘螨过敏性哮喘伴变应性鼻炎患儿远期疗效的影响。 方法：本文为干预效果的长期随访的病例系列报告。对尘螨过敏性哮喘伴变应性鼻炎患儿,开始接受标准化SCIT治疗（T0）至疗程≥30个月治疗结束（T1）,在T0、T1、T2（T1后的3年）和T3（T1后的6年）,均在哮喘专科门诊或通过电话随访,分别以哮喘症状评分（ASS）、鼻炎症状评分（RSS）、鼻炎与哮喘症状总评分（TSS）、药物评分（TMS）、症状药物总评分（SMS）、视觉模拟量表(VAS)评价和病情改善自我评价量表进行病情估计,ASS、RSS、TSS、TMS评估时点为晚近4周内情况、VAS和病情改善自我评价为患儿或其家长自我感受评估时点为晚近1个月的情况。 结果：2006年4月至2011年6月在哮喘专科门诊诊断为尘螨过敏性哮喘伴变应性鼻炎患儿、且接受了标准化SCIT治疗≥30个月,T1时点56例,男41例,女15例,平均年龄7.1（5~12）岁。均回顾性收集到T0时点病情评估指标ASS、RSS、TSS和VAS,并计算TSS和SMS。随访至T2时点有51例（男38例）和T3时点有45例（男33例）采集到了本文全部病情评估指标。T1时点不同病情评估指标较T0时点差异均有统计学意义。反映病情评估的2个组合指标（TSS和SMS）前后相临时点差异均有统计学意义。病情改善自我评价量表中,变应性鼻炎与哮喘T1时点（18.5% vs 75.0%）、T2时点（31.2% vs 84.0%）、T3时点（39.5% vs 80.0%）比较差异均有统计学意义,病情改善自我评价量表病情评估变应性鼻炎明显差于哮喘。T3时点女生的RSS、TSS、SMS明显低于男生,差异有统计学意义。 结论：标准化SCIT治疗能使尘螨过敏哮喘伴变应性鼻炎患儿的哮喘、鼻炎症状明显减轻,用药减少,VAS评分降低,在停止治疗后的6年仍能维持长期疗效。女性患儿比男性患儿在鼻炎哮喘症状以及症状用药评分方面疗效更加显著。     

Polymyxin‐B immobilized column–direct hemoperfusion for adolescent toxic shock syndrome

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a critical illness associated with toxin from Staphylococcus aureus. Despite recent advances in critical care, mortality remains high and additional effective therapy is required. We report an adolescent case of TSS successfully treated with direct hemoperfusion using polymyxin‐B immobilized fiber (PMX‐DHP). The patient with spina bifida also had ischial pressure ulcer, and developed TSS associated with methicillin‐resistant S. aureus. Despite conventional treatment, the patient developed refractory shock, which was immediately improved with PMX‐DHP. PMX‐DHP has been widely used for the treatment of sepsis to remove circulating endotoxins produced by Gram‐negative bacteria, but beneficial effects have also been reported for Gram‐positive bacterial infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report on PMX‐DHP for TSS in an adolescent patient, and we propose that PMX‐DHP could be a new treatment strategy for severe TSS in children as well.     

Therapie des toxischen Schocksyndroms mit hoch dosierter Immunglobulingabe

Background. The clinical appearance of the toxic shock syndrome (TSS) shows several parallels to the Kawasaki syndrome. The treatment of choice in Kawasaki's disease is high dose application of immunglobulins whereas a standardised treatment of TSS has not yet been defined. Case report. We report of a 14 year old girl with severe TSS which did not occur during menstruation. Treatment with high dose immunglobulins (2 g/kg KG) and antibiotics resulted in prompt recovery.     

Impact of a Firearm Safety Device Distribution Intervention on Storage Practices After an Emergent Mental Health Visit

ObjectiveTo determine if providing firearm storage devices with training during clinical care improves safe storage practices in household members of children who present to a pediatric hospital with an emergent mental health complaint.MethodsProspective, pre-post study. Enrollment occurred in the emergency department or the inpatient psychiatric unit. Participants in the observation phase received usual care. Participants in the intervention phase were randomized to be offered a firearm storage device at either no or low ($5) cost and trained in its use. We surveyed participants at enrollment, 7, & 30 days post visit. Our primary outcome was triple-safe storage (TSS) - storing firearms unloaded, locked, and with ammunition stored and locked separately.ResultsAbout 256 participants enrolled. In the observation phase TSS increased from 21% (95% confidence interval [CI] 14%–30%) at baseline to 31% (95% CI 21%–42%) at 7 and 31% (95% CI 21%–43%) at 30 days. In the intervention phase, TSS increased from 32% (95% CI 25%–39%) at baseline to 56% (95% CI 48%–64%) at 7 and 56% (95% CI 47%–64%) at 30 days. Among those not practicing TSS at baseline, 7-day TSS was higher in the intervention (38%) versus the observation phase (14%, P = .001).ConclusionsDistribution and training in the use of firearm storage devices increased TSS in the study population, improves pediatric safety and should be part of the routine care of these high-risk patients.     

Staphylococcal toxic shock in children

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is reported in 2 children. TSS occurred 10 days after an accidental injury of the fore foot in one case and 5 days following surgery for severe uretero-vesical reflux in the other. The clinical illness was defined by the case definition formulated for epidemiologic studies (CDC, 1982). The diagnosis was confirmed by isolation of a Staphylococcus aureus strain producing TSST, at the infected site. Toxin-induced mediators such as interleukin I and Tumor Necrosis Factor have been incriminated in septic shock with multivisceral involvement. As in our 2 cases, the syndrome may be delayed or even absent.     

Toxic shock syndrome in burns: diagnosis and management

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS), a toxin-mediated disease, is the most common cause of unexpected mortality in children with small burns. It is a diagnosis that is often missed because of non-specific signs and an ability to mimic other childhood illnesses. Any child with a pyrexia greater than 38.9 degrees C, a rash, or a sudden change in clinical condition within a few days of a burn injury should be monitored closely for TSS. If there is co-incident hyponatraemia or lymphopaenia, or if there is any deterioration in clinical condition, the child should be managed with anti-staphylococcal and streptococcal antibiotics and passive immunity for toxins provided by fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). It is essential that all paediatric and emergency departments accepting children with burns are aware of the symptoms, signs and early management of TSS.     

Toxic shock syndrome: diagnosis and management

Staphylococcal and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a type of shock that is mediated by superantigens. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Early recognition of this disease is important because the clinical course is fulminant and the outcome depends on the prompt institution of therapy. Management of a child with TSS includes hemodynamic stabilization and appropriate antimicrobial therapy to eradicate the bacteria. The use of immunoglobulin is advised to block the superantigens. The authors describe the definitions of TSS, the clinical presentation, the role of superantigens, and the initial management.     

Maternal-fetal staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome with chorioamniotitis]

We report a rare case of mother-infant pair with Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS). A term neonate was born by caesarean section for maternal septic syndrome during per-partum. He presented with respiratory distress complicated by pulmonary hypertension, skin rash, and multiple organ system involvement. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from placenta, surface swabs and gastric aspirate. He received adapted antibiotics, respiratory support by high frequency ventilation and NO. The mother had shock, skin rash and inflammatory syndrome. Outcome was good in both cases. The isolate produced enterotoxin C and L. Shock, exanthematous disease and multi-organ involvement complicating a staphylococcal infection in neonate must lead to suspect a TSS.     

Toxic shock syndrome

We report about a one year old girl with toxic shock syndrome (TSS), which was confirmed by a significant rise of TSST-1 titers. In addition to known manifestations of TSS, to our knowledge this is the first report about development of polyserositis in this disease. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was elevated at initial evaluation and fell under treatment with cortisone. This finding is in contrast to in-vitro observations. We believe that the use of cortisone in TSS warrants further investigation.     

Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing montelukast and cetirizine for treating perennial allergic rhinitis in children aged 2–6 yr

Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) were recently added to the method of treating allergic rhinitis (AR). However, in children under 6 yr old, there has been no study about its efficacy in treating AR. We aim to compare the clinical efficacy of montelukast, cetirizine and placebo in the treatment of children from 2 to 6 yr old with perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR), to see if there are any significant differences. Sixty children were selected and treated with montelukast, or cetirizine, or placebo once daily. The efficacy of the three agents was compared with the Pediatric Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (PRQLQ) and Total Symptom Score (TSS) by diary. In addition, we also examined serum IgE, serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), blood eosinophil counts, nasal airway resistance (NAR) and eosinophil percentage in nasal smears. The results revealed that both montelukast and cetirizine were significantly efficacious compared with placebo in NAR, eosinophil percentage in nasal smears, PRQLQ, TSS and all symptom items except nasal itching, throat itching and tearing. For nasal itching, only cetirizine was significantly efficacious. On the other hand, for night sleep quality, montelukast was significantly superior to cetirizine.     

Therapie des toxischen Schocksyndroms mit hoch dosierter Immunglobulingabe

Hintergrund. Das klinische Erscheinungsbild des TSS (toxic shock syndrome) zeigt viele Gemeinsamkeiten mit dem Kawasaki-Syndrom. W?hrend die Therapie der Wahl beim Kawasaki-Syndrom die Behandlung mit Immunglobulinen ist, wird die Therapie des TSS noch kontrovers diskutiert.     

A severe case of neonatal toxic shock syndrome-like exanthematous disease with superantigen-induced high T cell response

Most newborn patients with a neonatal type of toxic shock syndrome (TSS), called neonatal TSS-like exanthematous disease (NTED), exhibit mild clinical symptoms. We present the case of a patient with NTED who exhibited exceptionally severe clinical symptoms and an adult-type T cell response to the causative toxin TSS toxin-1.     

Cushing’s syndrome

Endogenous Cushing’s Syndrome (CS) is a relatively uncommon disease in children. The etiology is more often a primary adrenal cause in infants and younger children, and corticotroph adenoma in older ones. Diagnostic evaluation must be stepwise and methodical, aimed at first confirming the presence of the disease, and then looking for the etiology. The management should preferably the carried out at a centre which is experienced in the management of CS. Recent advances, including MRI, sensitive ACTH assays, inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) and transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) have dramatically improved the care of children with CS. However, the issue of high recurrence rates after TSS in children remains to be tackled. The prognosis of adrenal carcinoma still remains dismal.     

Exfoliative dermatitis in an infant. Association with enterotoxin F-producing staphylococci

A 2-month-old premature infant had an extensive exfoliative dermatitis with flaccid bullae, mucous membrane involvement, thrombocytopenia, and an elevated creatinine kinase level. A subepidermal cleavage plane with numerous necrotic epidermal cells and a polymorphonuclear cell infiltrate were present on a skin biopsy specimen. The isolates of Staphylococcus aureus obtained at the onset of her disease had a 29/52 bacteriophage lysis pattern and produced enterotoxins C and F and epidermal toxin, but no exfolliatins. In toxic shock syndrome (TSS), subepidermal blister formation has been described and a new toxin, epidermal toxin, which causes subepidermal cleavage in the newborn mouse model, has been identified. In some infants, exfoliative dermatitis may be a variant of the well-described TSS in older children and adults.     

Toxic shock syndrome associated with newly diagnosed type I diabetes

Studies of two post-mortem pancreata of children at the onset of type I diabetes have suggested activation and expansion of islet infiltrating T cells by a superantigen. We present the first reported case of a superantigen mediated disease, toxic shock syndrome (TSS), occurring at the diagnosis of type I diabetes. A 12-year-old girl presented with TSS and newly diagnosed diabetes with ketoacidosis. At presentation she was unconscious, febrile and hypotensive, with a desquamating erythematous rash and Kussmaul breathing. During resuscitation, her renal impairment, diarrhoea, thrombocytopaenia and ketoacidosis resolved. Vaginal discharge and blood cultures grew Staphylococcus aureus. T cell studies at 2 weeks after diagnosis detected a high level of spontaneous and islet antigen-specific proliferation with associated interleukin-10 production compared to human leucocyte antigen DR matched controls.     

Efficacy of mung bean (lentil) and pop rice based rehydration solutions in comparison with the standard glucose electrolyte solution

Children with acute diarrhea and moderate dehydration between 3 months and 5 years of age were randomly assigned to receive treatment with standard WHO oral rehydration solution (ORS) (n = 33) and two other solutions in which the 20 g/L glucose was substituted by 50 g/L of pop rice (n = 31) and 60 g/L of mung bean (lentil) powder (n = 29). Satisfactory oral rehydration, as assessed clinically and by changes in PCV and total serum solids (TSS), was achieved in 90.9% with WHO ORS, 96.8% with pop rice, and 96.6% in the mung bean ORS treated group (p greater than 0.05). The purging rates (ml/kg/h) until recovery were 2.49 +/- 1.5 (pop rice); 2.91 +/- 2.0 (WHO), and 3.41 +/- 1.7 in the mung bean group (p greater than 0.05). The percentage of patients recovering from diarrhea within the 72 h study period was 58.0 (pop rice), 48.4 (WHO), and 44.8 for mung bean group (p greater than 0.05). Though differences in stool volumes and duration in the three groups were not statistically different, there was a trend toward improvement in efficacy with the pop rice ORS in several parameters: greater weight gain, higher percentage decline in TSS, higher urine output despite lower ORS intake, and lower purging rates. The intake of semisolids in the 24-72 h study period was also higher in the pop rice group as compared to the other two groups (p less than 0.05). The number of breast feeds and intake of artificial milk was however similar in all groups (p greater than 0.05).     

The comparison of cetirizine, levocetirizine and placebo for the treatment of childhood perennial allergic rhinitis

Cetirizine (Zyrtec) is a potent and long-acting second-generation histamine H1- receptor antagonist for the treatment of allergic disease, such as allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria, in adult and child. It is a racemic mixture of levocetirizine (Xyzal) and dextrocetirizine. The purpose of this present study was to compare the efficacy of cetirizine, levocetirizine and placebo for the treatment of pediatric perennial allergic rhinitis. 74 perennial allergic rhinitis patients, aged 6 to 12 years old, assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups for 12 weeks randomly. The effects of the three agents were compared with the Pediatric Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (PRQLQ) and Total Symptom Score (TSS) by diary. Nasal peak expiratory flow rate (nPEFR) and laboratory examinations including serum immunoglobulin E level, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), blood eosinophil counts and eosinophil percentage in a nasal smear were evaluated among the three groups. The results revealed that both cetirizine and levocetirizine improved TSS in comparison with the placebo group, and ceterizine appeared to be more efficacious than levocetirizine at week 8 and week 12. The PRQLQ score showed significant decreased both in cetirizine and levocetirizine group, but there was no statistic significant difference between both groups. The eosinophil proportion in a nasal smear significantly decreased among the cetirizine in comparison with the placebo group but there was no statistic significant in levocetirizine groups. Both cetirizine and levocetirizine showed significant improvement in nPEFR in comparison with the placebo group, and ceterizine appeared to be more efficacious than levocetirizine. The 12-week treatment program showed that cetirizine was more effectious than levocetirizine.     

Menstrual toxic shock syndrome in a 17-year-old girl

In a seventeen-year old female patient fever, vomiting, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, hypotension, exanthema, disorientation and severe myalgia were observed on the second day of menstruation. The typical symptoms suggested the clinical diagnosis of toxic shock syndrome (TSS). During the period of reconvalescence desquamations on hands and feet occurred. From vaginal swabs and the tampons Staphylococcus aureus was recovered. In supernatants from cultures the strain was found to produce toxic shock toxin (TST). Antibodies against TST in the patients serum were not detectable for a period of 70 days after onset of the disease. The patient recovered within three weeks, relapses were not observed.     

Infection with Staphylococcus aureus producing toxic shock syndrome (TSS) toxin-1 without TSS

Relevant findings are reported in an 8-year-old boy with skin infection due to Staphylococcus aureus producing toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 without shock but with an increase in antibody titre against the toxin.Abbreviations anti-TSST-1 antibody against toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 - TSS toxic shock syndrome - TSST-1 toxic shock syndrome toxin-1     

Community Acquired Methicillin Resistant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Staphylococcus Aureus</Emphasis>: A Rare Presentation

Introduction  

Incidence of community acquired methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is increasing. Toxic shock syndrome (TSS), Necrotizing fasciitis (NF), Symmetrical peripheral gangrene (SPG) as a manifestation of CA-MRSA are rare in pediatrics.