小鼠睾丸间质细胞体外原代培养方法的建立

背景：组织块培养睾丸生殖细胞对污染不容易控制,胰蛋白酶消化接种培养睾丸生殖细胞可能损伤细胞。 目的：建立一种切实可行的小鼠睾丸间质细胞体外原代培养方法。 方法：小鼠睾丸间质细胞的分离采用胶原酶消化法,纯化采用Percoll等密度梯度离心法,活率鉴定采用锥虫蓝拒染法,纯度鉴定采用3β-羟基固醇脱氢酶染色方法。 结果与结论：小鼠睾丸间质细胞纯度达可达90%以上;体外培养的细胞形态完整、增殖速度快、贴壁生长状态良好。说明实验成功建立了小鼠睾丸间质细胞的体外原代培养模型。     

新生昆明小鼠睾丸支持细胞和精原细胞的共培养及支持细胞的作用

目的 分离、纯化、培养小鼠睾丸支持细胞,通过与精原细胞共培养,研究体外培养的支持细胞对精原细胞的影响.方法 用复合酶消化、密度梯度离心和差异贴壁法分离、纯化、培养新生小鼠睾丸支持细胞,以苏丹Ⅳ染色鉴定支持细胞;用丝裂霉素-C处理支持细胞后作为饲养层,与精原细胞共培养;以直接分离培养的精原细胞作对照.倒置相差显微镜观察,细胞培养第3天,四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法测定精原细胞的增殖率;膜联蛋白V-异硫氰酸荧光素/磷脂酰肌醇(ANNEXIN-V-FITC/PI)染色;激光扫描共焦显微镜观察记录精原细胞的凋亡率,比较精原细胞克隆大小、存活时间、增殖率和凋亡率的不同. 结果 分离、纯化后经苏丹Ⅳ染色鉴定的小鼠支持细胞纯度可达95%以上,与支持细胞共培养的精原细胞的克隆大小、存活时间和细胞增殖率明显高于对照组,而凋亡鲻率则明显低于对照组.结论支持细胞可以促进精原细胞的增殖,抑制其凋亡.     

小鼠精原细胞的分离和纯化

目的　探讨小鼠精原细胞的分离纯化。　方法　用组合酶消化法制备 7～ 8d小鼠的生殖细胞悬液 ;用Percoll不连续密度梯度法分离精原细胞。　结果　所获细胞悬液内活细胞、死细胞及细胞团的百分比分别为90 .0 8%、9.92 %及 8.91% ;平均每个睾丸可获得 4.136× 10 5 个细胞 ;精原细胞主要分布于位于 2 7%～ 35 %间的Percoll梯度中 ,其超微结构与 7～ 8d小鼠睾丸切片内精原细胞的超微结构一致 ,经纯化后其纯度达 6 8.76 %。　结论　用组合酶消化、Percoll不连续密度梯度法分离的 7～ 8d小鼠的精原细胞能满足体外培养的需要     

小鼠睾丸支持细胞的体外分离和纯化

目的寻求简便经济的方法分离纯化小鼠睾丸支持细胞,提高其获取量。方法用0.1%的胶原酶和0.25%的胰蛋白酶次第消化准备7-8天小鼠生殖细胞悬液,置于37℃,5%CO2孵箱内培养,4小时后换液,24小时后向培养板内加入20 mmol Tris-HCl低渗处理3分钟,去除精原细胞,即得到高纯度的支持细胞。结果在小鼠睾丸支持细胞的分离培养中,支持细胞占培养细胞90%以上。结论应用本实验方法分离小鼠睾丸支持细胞获得成功并简化了国内现行的分离方法。     

维生素A对体外培养小鼠精原干细胞生长增殖的影响

背景:维生素A在体内对精原干细胞生长具有重要作用,目前还没有发现在体外培养过程中能够很好促进精原干细胞生长与分化的诱导物质。目的:探讨维生素A对体外培养小鼠精原干细胞生长增殖的影响。方法:无菌收集5～7d龄昆明雄性小鼠双侧睾丸,采用差速贴壁联合非连续性Percoll密度梯度离心法分离纯化精原干细胞无菌取出12～15d龄昆明雄性小鼠双侧睾丸,酶消化法分离纯化Sertoli细胞,贴壁并极化后作为饲养层,将精原干细胞接种在单层Sertoli细胞上。设立2组,实验组向DMEM/F12培养液中加入1g/L维生素A,对照组不添加维生素A。采用酶联仪测定精原干细胞生长增殖情况,流式细胞仪检测精原干细胞生长周期。结果与结论:共培养6,9,12,15d时,实验组精原干细胞吸光度值明显高于对照组(P0.05或0.01)。随共培养时间的延长,实验组精原干细胞S期染色体含量逐渐增多,然后又逐渐下降,开始另一个分裂周期;与实验组比较,对照组精原干细胞S期染色体含量增长缓慢(P0.05)。小鼠精原干细胞在体外培养过程中,维生素A可促进其增殖分化。     

小鼠胰岛体外培养及格列吡嗪促胰岛素分泌实验

目的:探索小鼠胰岛细胞分离纯化方法及其在体外培养中的胰岛素分泌规律。 方法:对小鼠胰岛分离方法在心脏灌注、消化酶选择、分级分次消化和低温处理4方面进行改进；采用免疫发光法测定培养胰岛的基础相、葡萄糖刺激、格列吡嗪刺激下的胰岛素分泌。 结果:获得了一定数量、功能良好的体外培养胰岛。 结论:探索了体外培养胰岛细胞的胰岛素分泌规律，以及格列吡嗪促胰岛素分泌特性，为体外培养胰岛细胞的进一步应用奠定了基础。     

性表达对发情雄性小鼠血清睾酮、雌二醇和间质细胞表达芳香化酶的影响

目的:研究性表达对发情雄性小鼠血清睾酮、雌二醇水平及睾丸组织芳香化酶表达的影响。方法:采用放射免疫法检测发情雄性小鼠性表达组与禁欲组血清睾酮、雌二醇水平以及睾丸组织雌二醇含量;采用原位杂交、免疫组织化学技术检测睾丸组织芳香化酶表达水平。结果:发情雄性小鼠性表达组血清雌激素水平显著性增高,性表达显著上调睾丸间质细胞芳香化酶表达;发情雄性小鼠性表达组睾丸组织匀浆上清液雌二醇浓度较禁欲组显著性升高。结论:性表达可能通过上调发情雄性小鼠睾丸间质细胞芳香化酶表达而提高外周血雌二醇水平。     

锌转运体8与小鼠睾丸间质细胞睾酮生成相关

目的锌转运体8(ZnT8)与胰岛素等激素的分泌有关,但其在睾丸的功能尚不清楚,本实验旨在探讨ZnT8在小鼠睾丸的分布与功能。方法通过免疫组织化学技术检测成年雄性小鼠睾丸ZnT8的分布;乳鼠腹腔注射hCG(human chorionic gonadotrophin,人绒毛膜促性腺激素),注射5d后,检测乳鼠睾丸ZnT8的分布;化学发光法检测乳鼠血清睾酮水平。结果 ZNT8主要分布在成年雄鼠睾丸间质细胞,hCG处理乳鼠在血清睾酮升高的同时伴有睾丸间质细胞ZnT8表达增加。结论 ZnT8的功能可能与小鼠睾丸间质细胞睾酮合成有关。     

微管相关蛋白1B在FMR1基因敲除小鼠睾丸间质细胞中的表达

目的对不同周龄的Fmr1基因敲除和野生型雄性小鼠睾丸组织微管相关蛋白1B的表达进行分析比较,探讨Fmr1基因敲除小鼠的睾丸间质细胞微管相关蛋白1B表达的差异。方法采用不同周龄(4、6、8、10周)的FMR1基因敲除型(KO)和野生型(WT)各6只,先采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术对KO小鼠和WT小鼠进行基因型鉴定,之后所有小鼠麻醉取睾丸组织、石蜡包埋切片进行HE染色对比观察Fmr1小鼠睾丸组织的形态,最后用免疫组织化学染色技术对KO小鼠和WT小鼠睾丸微管相关蛋白1B的表达进行检测并作对比分析。结果微管相关蛋白1B在4～10周小鼠睾丸间质细胞阳性表达,8、10周为强阳性表达,且KO小鼠在睾丸的阳性表达均高于WT小鼠。结论微管相关蛋白1B在同周龄FMR1基因敲除小鼠睾丸间质细胞的表达均显著高于WT小鼠,提示微管相关蛋白1B可能参与脆性X综合征巨睾症的发病过程。     

ZNF185基因的克隆及在小鼠睾丸中的定位

目的:克隆ZNF185基因并检测ZNF185在小鼠睾丸中的定位。方法:从小鼠睾丸中提取RNA,经RT-PCR,再对目的片段进行克隆和鉴定;提取小鼠肝、睾丸与卵巢组织的蛋白质,进行Western blot分析;制备小鼠睾丸冰冻切片,应用免疫荧光技术分析。结果:(1)ZNF185基因克隆完全正确。(2)Western blot显示,睾丸中的ZNF185含量最多。(3)免疫荧光显示,ZNF185定位于睾丸间质细胞和精子,在睾丸间质细胞表达较弱,而在圆形精子和成熟精子高表达。结论:成功克隆了ZNF185基因,并初步探明了ZNF185在小鼠睾丸中的定位。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.