cN0期头颈肿瘤哨位淋巴结活检术的研究进展

目前,国内、外对哨位淋巴结活检术在cN0期肿瘤诊治中的研究方兴未艾,在乳腺癌的分期与治疗中,哨位淋巴结活检术已经成为一种常规的方法。但在头颈肿瘤的诊治中,哨位淋巴结活检术尚处于研究阶段。本文对哨位淋巴结活检术的研究状况做一综述。     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy for head and neck mucosal cancers – an update on the current evidence

Regional metastases are a prominent feature of mucosal‐associated head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and are an important prognostic factor. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is one modality that has potential to add to the accuracy of neck staging, although it is currently not used as widely in the head and neck as it is in other areas such as breast cancer. We review the efficacy of SLNB in head and neck mucosal squamous cell carcinomas and provide an overview of current practice and include details of technical advances.     

Management of regional metastatic disease in head and neck cutaneous malignancy. 2. Cutaneous malignant melanoma

This is the second of 2 articles giving an overview of the current evidence for management of the neck and parotid in cutaneous cancers of the head and neck. We discuss cutaneous malignant melanoma and review the latest evidence for management of the regional nodes.     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma of the head and neck: a multicentre study to examine safety,efficacy, and prognostic value

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is an accurate staging procedure for malignant melanoma but its use in patients with melanoma of the head and neck has been questioned in the past because of a perceived record of poor safety and accuracy. Technical improvements have sought to redress this. Vital structures and variable lymphatic pathways can make its use in the head and neck challenging. In our study we have examined the data and the experiences of clinicians from University Hospital Southampton and the Royal Surrey County Hospital. We retrospectively analysed the data and case notes of 143 patients who had SLNB to establish its safety, efficacy, and prognostic value. The detection rate of at least one sentinel lymph node was 100%. Nodes positive for metastatic melanoma were found in 20% of patients. Of them, 76% went on to have completion lymphadenectomy. Multivariate Cox regression analysis suggested that positive SLNB was a strong predictor of reduced overall survival for all Breslow-thickness melanomas (HR = 3.9, p = 0.019) and intermediate melanomas (HR = 6.3, p = 0.007). It predicted reduced recurrence-free survival for all melanomas (HR = 7.4, p < 0.001) and was a strong predictor for those of intermediate thickness (HR = 8.3, p < 0.001). The false negative rate was 9.4% and false omission rate 2.6%. Temporary and permanent morbidity rates were 2.1% and 0%, respectively. SLNB for melanoma in the head and neck is a safe, accurate staging procedure that offers prognostically useful information. The upstaging of disease allows access to trial-based targeted treatments.     

Sentinel lymph node biopsies in early stage oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma: a retrospective single-centre experience

The aim of this retrospective study was to analyse a consecutive series of patients with oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma who had had sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) at our hospital during 2008-2017. A total of 70 patients with clinically and radiologically confirmed primary oral (n = 67) or oropharyngeal (n = 3) carcinoma, with no signs of metastatic lymph nodes preoperatively (clinically N0) were included. Patients’ clinical and personal data, characteristics of the tumours, sentinel lymph node (SLN) status and outcomes were recorded. Eight patients had invaded SLN. Two patients with clear sentinel lymph node biopsies had recurrences in the cervical lymph nodes with no new primary tumour as origin. The negative predictive value (NPV) and sensitivity for SLNB were 97% and 80%, respectively. The depth of invasion was an individual predictor for cervical lymph node metastasis (p = 0.043). Single photo emission computed tomography (SPECT) detected fewer SLN in patients with invaded lymph nodes than in patients with clear lymph nodes (p = 0.018).Our data support the use of SLNB as a minimally invasive method for staging the cervical lymph nodes among patients with cN0 oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma. Our results further confirm that greater depth of invasion is associated with cervical lymph node metastases.     

Primary head and neck mucosal melanoma: Predictors of survival and a case series on sentinel node biopsy

IntroductionHead and neck mucosal melanoma (HNMM) is a rare tumor with a poor outcome. The objective of this study was to assess outcome and prognostic factors for a cohort of patients treated in a head and neck cancer center. In addition, a case series on sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was included to evaluate it as a method for staging the node-negative neck.MethodsA retrospective study design was chosen, and 50 patients who were treated from 1973 to 2015 in our institution for primary HNMM were included. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate survival rates. Uni- and multivariate analyses were used to study the influence of possible risk factors on the patients' outcome. These risk factors included patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment modalities.ResultsAll patients were treated surgically and 50% received adjuvant treatment. The median disease specific survival (DSS) was 38 months, with a 5-year survival rate of 44%. Positive surgical margin (p = 0.004) and distant failure (p = 0.005) were associated with a worse DSS. The median disease-free survival (DFS) was 27 months, with a 5-year disease-free rate of 12%. Only tumor depth >5 mm (p = 0.002) was associated with a worse DFS. Five clinically node-negative patients received SLNB and only the two SLN-positive individuals suffered from distant failure. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and AJCC/UICC stage had no influence on any outcome measure.ConclusionsPositive surgical margin and distant failure are the only independent prognostic factors for DSS. Tumor depth can predict distant failure. SLNB may be a valuable staging tool for the node-negative neck.     

Sensitivity and specificity of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas using indocyanine green fluorescence imaging

Purpose

The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of cervical sentinel lymph node biopsy after mapping with indocyanine green fluorescence (ICG) for imaging early-stage oral cancer.

Role of sentinel node biopsy in the management and staging of the N0 neck

Sentinel node biopsy is being increasingly used as a staging tool for mucosal head and neck cancer. This review of the literature summarizes the results of research into the procedure when it has been performed in three main contexts: as part of an ipsilateral neck dissection, as a stand-alone procedure to stage the neck for positive or negative disease, and as a means of investigating the non-involved or contralateral neck in tumors close to or crossing the midline. The role of the procedure is discussed and the difficulties encountered are expanded, with a particular emphasis on pitfalls of the technique, caveats, and its potential role for the future.     

cN0头颈鳞癌哨位淋巴结示踪法的研究进展

颈部哨位淋巴结是头颈部鳞癌最早发生转移的淋巴结,其所在位置及有无转移或微转移,是决定是否行区域性颈淋巴清扫的一个重要指标。对于哨位淋巴结阴性的cN0患者,为减少过度治疗,精确定位哨位淋巴结十分重要。目前多采用示踪法检测哨位淋巴结,本文就其判断cN0头颈鳞癌隐匿性转移的研究进展作一综述。     

前哨淋巴结活检对早期口腔鳞状细胞癌颈淋巴结转移诊断的Meta分析

目的 系统评价前哨淋巴结活检用于口腔鳞状细胞癌早期颈部转移诊断的临床价值.方法 检索Cochrane图书馆(cochrane library,CL)对照试验注册资料库、循证医学数据库、PubMed数据库、中国知网2001-2011年国内外关于前哨淋巴结活榆确定早期口腔鳞状细胞癌患者颈淋巴转移的文献共42篇.筛选出文献12篇,记录数据,用Meta分析的相关软件Metadisc 1.4进行统计学分析.结果 12项研究的患者共793例,最后合并的早期口腔鳞状细胞癌患者前哨淋巴结活检敏感度和特异度分别为0.86(95％可信区间:0.81 ～0.90)和0.99(95％可信区间:0.98～1.00).结论 对于早期口腔鳞状细胞癌患者前哨淋巴结活检的敏感度和特异度较高、准确率高,可以判定颈部淋巴结是否转移,以及是否需要行颈淋巴结清扫术.     

Value of anatomic site,histology and clinicopathological parameters for prediction of lymph node metastasis and overall survival in head and neck melanomas

IntroductionHead and neck melanoma compromises a group of aggressive tumours with varying clinical courses. This analysis was performed to find anatomic and clinicopathological parameters predictive for lymph node metastasis and overall survival.Material and methodsData and outcome of 246 patients with a malignant melanoma in the head and neck region were retrospectively analyzed for predictive parameters.ResultsLentigo maligna melanoma (n = 115) was the most frequent histology, followed by superficial spreading (n = 63) and nodular melanoma (n = 52). More than half of the melanomas (n = 138) were in the face. Tumours of the face and anterior scalp metastasized to lymph nodes of the neck and parotid gland, whereas tumours of the posterior scalp and neck also metastasized to the nuchal region. Advanced Clark level, presence of tumour ulceration and younger age were the strongest predictors of lymph node metastasis in multivariate regression analysis (p < 0.05), but anatomic site, histological subtype and tumour thickness were also associated with lymph node metastasis. Lymph node metastases, distant metastases, ulceration, nodular subtype and non-facial site of origin were the strongest negative prognostic parameters for disease-specific overall survival (p < 0.05). In contrast, the width of resection margin (<1 cm vs. 1–2 cm vs. >2 cm) did not correlate with tumour recurrence and overall survival (p > 0.05).ConclusionHistological subtype diagnosis, anatomic site of origin as well as the established factors tumour thickness, ulceration and depth of invasion are prognostic indicators of cervical lymph node metastasis and overall survival. A resection margin of at least 1 cm seems sufficient in head and neck melanoma. The status of sentinel lymph node biopsy and neck dissection has to be proven within the next years.     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy with preoperative CT lymphography and intraoperative indocyanine green fluorescence imaging for N0 early tongue cancer: A long-term follow-up study

PurposeThis study evaluated the usefulness of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy with preoperative computed tomographic lymphography (CTL) and intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging for N0 early tongue cancer.MethodsTwenty-seven patients with N0 early oral tongue cancer underwent CTL with a 128-slice multi-detector row CT scanner to detect SLN on the day before resection of primary tumor and SLN biopsy under ICG fluorescence guidance. We identified the location and number of SLNs mapped by CTL and evaluated whether CTL-enhanced SLNs could be identified intraoperatively as ICG fluorescent lymph nodes. Prognosis was also evaluated.ResultsSLNs were detected by CTL in 26 of 27 patients (96.3%). The total and mean numbers of SLNs were 41 and 1.5, respectively. All SLNs enhanced by CTL could be identified intraoperatively as ICG fluorescent lymph nodes. Two SLNs were found under ICG fluorescent guidance in only one patient without SLN enhanced by CTL. Among the 27 patients, five (18.5%) had SLN with metastasis. Median follow-up was 76 months (range 44–82 months). During follow-up, three of 22 patients without SLN metastasis had occult cervical lymph node metastasis. The 5-year overall survival rate was 100%.ConclusionSLN biopsy with preoperative CTL and intraoperative ICG fluorescence imaging is a feasible and reliable procedure, without radioisotope tracers, for neck management in cases of early tongue cancer.     

口腔黏膜恶性黑色素瘤颈淋巴结转移临床分析

目的初步分析口腔黏膜原发性恶性黑色素瘤颈淋巴结转移的特点,对其诊断及治疗进行进一步探讨。方法收集2001～2006年间收治的88例恶性黑色素瘤患者的术后临床病理资料,对其发病特点、好发部位以及颈淋巴结转移的规律等进行回顾性研究。结果病例资料显示,所有患者均行综合治疗,其好发部位为腭和上颌牙龈黏膜。病理结果显示,有68例患者发生颈淋巴结转移（占77．3％）,转移的患者中颈淋巴结的部位主要在Ⅰ和Ⅱ区（占所有转移部位的78．9％）,其次为Ⅲ区,转移至Ⅳ区者只有3例;出现对侧颈淋巴结转移者4例,主要发生在原发灶冷冻不彻底、病史较长或多次复发者,转移部位也主要在Ⅰ和Ⅱ区。结论口腔黏膜原发性恶黑极易发生颈淋巴结转移,转移部位主要在Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区,初步认为原发灶冷冻和颈淋巴清扫等综合治疗是治疗恶黑的有效途径,颈清的方式宜以肩胛舌骨上清扫为主。     

前哨淋巴结活检判断口腔癌颈部淋巴结转移的系统评价

目的:系统评价前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)预测口腔癌颈淋巴结转移的临床价值。方法:通过计算机检索CENTRAL、Medline、EMBASE、IFCC、中国生物医学文献数据库系统(CBM)、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、中文科技期刊全文数据库(CQVIP)、万方数据库等,收集应用前哨淋巴结活检判断口腔癌颈淋巴转移的诊断试验,应用统计软件Meta-DiSc 1.4进行数据分析。结果:纳入分析的文献9篇,前哨淋巴结活检判断口腔癌颈淋巴转移的敏感度、特异度、阳性似然比(+LR)、阴性似然比(-LR)、诊断优势比(DOR)及系统接收操作特性曲线(SROC)下面积分别为84%(95%CI 73%～92%)、100%(95%CI97%～100%)、19.16(95%CI 7.65～47.77)、0.22(95%CI 0.10～0.51)、97.72(95%CI 29.69～321.61)和0.99。结论:前哨淋巴结活检可作为临床上判断口腔癌颈淋巴结转移有效可行的方法。     

Radioimmunodiagnosis of lymph node metastases in head and neck cancer

INTRODUCTION: Reliable staging of the neck remains a diagnostic challenge in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against tumour-associated antigens can be used for selective tumour targeting. When labelled with a gamma-emitting radionuclide like 99mTechnetium, such MAbs can be used for tumour detection by radioimmunoscintigraphy (RIS). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the potential of RIS for the detection of lymph node metastases in HNSCC patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 49 patients with HNSCC, who were scheduled to undergo surgery including neck dissection, RIS using 99mTc-labelled squamous cell specific MAb E48 or U36 administered intravenously was compared with clinical palpation, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathological outcome. RESULTS: RIS detected lymph node metastases in 35 of 51 positive sides (sensitivity 69%). Interpretation of RIS was correct in 47 of 65 sides (accuracy 72%). Accuracy of palpation, CT and MRI were comparable. Immunohistochemical staining of lymph node metastases missed by RIS showed that the injected MAb had targeted these small tumour deposits but these were not visualized. CONCLUSIONS: RIS at its current stage of development is not superior to CT or MRI for the detection of lymph node metastases. As small tumour deposits were probably not visualized because of the limited sensitivity and/or spatial resolution of the gamma camera, positron emission tomography (PET) using MAbs labelled with positron emitters may improve the detection. As MAb-PET studies in an animal model showed promising results we will soon start a clinical MAb-PET study.     

Survival in node-positive early oral squamous cell carcinoma: sentinel node biopsy versus elective neck dissection

Patients undergoing sentinel node biopsy (SLNB) for early oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) who harbour occult metastases (pN+ve) may be at greater risk of mortality due to prolonged overall treatment times than those identified as pN+ve on elective neck dissection (ELND). A retrospective comparative survival analysis was therefore undertaken to test this hypothesis. Patients were identified from the South Glasgow multidisciplinary team (MDT) database. Group 1 comprised 38 patients identified as pN+ve, or who were false negative, on sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). Group 2 comprised 146 patients staged pN+ve on ELND. The groups were compared with the Kaplan Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model. In addition, a matched-pair analysis was performed. A unique and specifically designed algorithm was deployed to optimise the pairings. No difference in disease-specific or overall survival was found between the groups. Patients undergoing SLNB as the initial neck staging modality in early OSCC and are identified as pN+ve do not appear to be at a survival disadvantage compared with those staged with ELND.     

Comparison of related complications: sentinel node biopsy versus elective neck dissection

Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) is considered a feasible neck staging tool in early oral squamous cell carcinoma. The aim of this study was to compare postoperative morbidity in patients who had undergone SNB and elective neck dissection (END). Seventy-three consecutive patients were included between the years 2005 and 2009. The patients were divided into two groups according to neck management: SNB and END groups. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to compare disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) between the groups. Shoulder function, length of the surgical scar, and the degree of cervical lymphoedema were assessed. Neck haematoma and the presence of oro-cervical communication were also analyzed. Thirty-two patients underwent SNB and 41 underwent an END (levels I–III). Seven regional recurrences were recorded in the END group. Three neck recurrences occurred in the SNB group. No significant differences were found in DFS or OS between the groups. There were statistically significant differences between the groups in shoulder function and average scar length. However, differences in degree of lymphoedema were not statistically significant. Neck hematomas and oro-cervical communications occurred only in the END group. From this study, it can be concluded that SNB presents less postoperative morbidity than END.     

口腔癌对侧颈淋巴结转移的高危因素分析

目的：分析影响口腔癌患者发生对侧颈淋巴结转移的临床病理因素.方法：收集2010年6月～2011年6月间217例中发生对侧颈淋巴结转移的口腔癌病历资料13例,对其临床病理特点进行分析.结果：口腔癌对侧颈淋巴结转移多发于年轻患者,部位以舌、口底常见,并与临床分期、病理分级、同侧颈淋巴转移等因素密切相关,其协同作用可能加快其转移.结论：在≤45岁、肿瘤范围越过中线、侵及口底、≥T3期、低分化鳞癌、同侧颈淋巴结转移等因素中若出现两项或以上者,则有必要考虑同期行对侧颈淋巴结清扫术,以提高患者治愈率和生存率.     

舌癌前哨淋巴结活检的临床研究

目的　探索前哨淋巴结 (sentinelnode ,SN)活检能否准确评价舌癌颈淋巴结转移状况及其适应范围。方法　使用术前核素扫描法和术中亚甲蓝示踪法对临床N0 (cN0 )舌癌 2 0例和临床N (cN )舌癌 5例进行SN示踪 ,对比SN和颈清扫标本石蜡切片病理结果。结果　全组 2 5例检出SN 2 4例 ,检出率为 96 % ,共 5 3个 ,平均每例 2 2个 ;cN0 组 2 0例全部检出SN并准确评价颈淋巴结转移状况 ;cN 组 5例中检出SN 4例 ,4例中cN 颈部 5侧 ,其中有 4侧检出SN ,2侧为假阴性 ,cN0颈部 3侧中 2侧检出SN ,均为SN pN 。结论　核素扫描法和生物染料法结合能有效地对舌癌进行SN示踪 ;SN活检能准确地评价cN0 舌癌颈部淋巴结转移状况 ;能否用于评价cN 病例的cN0 侧颈部淋巴结转移状况需进一步研究。     

Sentinel node biopsy in relation to survival in floor of the mouth carcinoma

Promising results have been obtained with sentinel node biopsy (SNB) in early oral carcinoma, but the floor of the mouth remains a site at risk of misdiagnosis. A retrospective and prospective study was designed to test the safety of SNB by comparing survival among patients with early stage carcinoma of the floor of the mouth (FOM) undergoing SNB, to a control group managed traditionally by a combination of clinical observation and elective neck dissection (END). A total of 63 patients with early stage carcinoma of the FOM were treated between 1991 and 2005. In the control group, 26 patients were managed with END and nine by close observation. In the test group, 28 patients were managed prospectively with SNB. Regional recurrence occurred in 23% (8/35) of control patients and 25% (7/28) of test patients. Approximately 25% of patients were successfully treated by salvage surgery. Disease-specific survival was 65.5% for control patients and 85% for SNB patients; the difference was not statistically significant. The use of SNB in the management of cancers of the FOM did not adversely affect survival and prevented 69.5% of patients undergoing unnecessary neck dissections, while clinical progress was better in the SNB group than in controls.