梗阻性黄疸的MRCP表现（附47例报告并文献复习）

目的 总结梗阻性黄疸的MRCP表现,提高其诊断的准确性.方法 回顾分析47例经手术和病理证实的梗阻性黄疸患者的MRCP表现.结果 恶性梗阻性黄疸25例,其中肝门胆管癌6例,胆囊癌2例,胆总管腺癌4例,胰头癌、十二指肠腺癌各3例,胰头转移瘤7例.良性梗阻性黄疸22例,其中炎性梗阻3例,胆囊或胆总管结石伴炎症13例,术后瘢痕、胆总管囊肿、十二指肠息肉各2例.恶性梗阻性黄疸的典型MRCP表现为肝内胆管呈"藤蔓"征,胆管突然截断,断端圆钝形态不规则,呈偏心性或向心性狭窄或充盈缺损.良性梗阻性黄疸的MRCP表现为肝内胆管呈"枯树枝"征,胆总管逐渐变窄或其内形态规则的充盈缺损,断端锐利、平直或倒杯口状或圆锥状.结论 MRCP是诊断良、恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效方法.     

胆管梗阻患者的磁共振成像与超声影像比较

目的探讨超声和磁共振成像胰胆管水成像（MRCP）诊断梗阻性黄疸的差异。方法选择经过磁共振成像（MRI、MRCP）和超声检查并经过手术证实为梗阻性黄疸患者45例，分析两种影像学判定梗阻部位和疾病定性的准确性。结果对于结石，MRI结合MRCP定位的准确率为95．56％；超声的准确率为77．78％。MRI（MRCP）和超声定性的准确率不具有统计学差异（χ^2=1．083，P〉0．05），但超声准确率（96．15％）大于磁共振。对于恶性梗阻，MRI（MRCP）和超声定位的准确率分别为94．74％和68．42％（χ^2=4．38，P〈0．05）。结论超声对于结白的诊断敏感性高，但对于良恶性病变所致黄疸的定性和定位，磁共振成像（MRI、MRCP）则更具有优势。     

CT，MRI对肝外恶性梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值

目的：探讨CT,MRI对肝外恶性梗阻性黄疸的定位诊断价值。方法：对80例肝外恶性黄疸病人行CT及MRI检查,并进行回顾性分析,结果：MRI对肝外恶性梗阻性黄疸具有相近定位诊断价值,对于显示肝外胆管呈软藤状或枯树状扩张较特异征象,MRCP最有意义,在定性上,CT,MRI在各段肝外恶性梗阻性黄疸诊断上各有优势,对于肝门段和胰腺上段,梗阻胆管部位显示,CT,MRI大致相近,在胰头段,对于显示梗阻胆管部位胆壁增厚,胰头增大,钩突形态,增强薄层CT显示较好,而对于无胰头和钩突增大情况下,肿瘤侵及胰头和钩突,MRI显示较好,对于胰头癌患者,MRCP还可显示较特异的扩张胰胆管呈分离状态;对于壶腹区小肿瘤所致梗阻性黄,在屏气口服造影剂情况下,CT薄层扫描有意义辅以低张十二指肠造影。结论：判断肝外恶性梗阻性黄疸部位,性质,侵及范围,切除可能性评估,有无转移,CT,MRI检查相互结合,必要时辅以它检查,起着决定性诊断作用。     

老年恶性梗阻性黄疸的影像学意义

目的 分析磁共振成像（MRI）结合肝胆胰管成像（MRCP）诊断老年恶性梗阻性黄疸的定位、定性的准确率。方法 筛选经过病理证实为恶性梗阻性黄疽且经过MRI、MRCP检查的老年患者3l例（≥60岁）。比较在判定梗阻部位及病变性质方面，MRI、MRCP与手术、病理的异同。结果 将手术及病理作为标准，3I例患者定位诊断率为100％。病变定性的准确率为93．55％，与病理结果相比较，无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 综合MRCP的磁共振成像在诊断老年恶性梗阻性黄疽方面具有很大优势，它无创伤、准确性高。     

低位梗阻性黄疸的影像与内镜诊断价值探讨

目的探讨影像与内镜检查在低位梗阻性黄疸中的诊断价值及科学组合与合理应用。方法回顾分析57例低位梗阻性黄疸患者的病因及体表超声（US）、cT、MRI＋MRCP、ERCP和EUS等诊断结果,总结各检查方法在低位梗阻性黄疸诊断中的适应证和诊断价值。结果57例低位梗阻性黄疸患者中,良性梗阻42例,其中胆总管结石38例,胆总管蛔虫1例,胆道术后良性狭窄2例,胰头部慢性胰腺炎1例;恶性梗阻15例,其中胰头癌11例,壶腹癌4例。US、CT、MRI＋MRCP、ERCP、EUS对低位梗阻性黄疸的定位诊断准确率分别为71．93％（41／57）、88．00％（22／25）、94．59％（35／37）、100．00％（47／47）、96．77％（30／31）;定性诊断准确率分别为63．16％（36／57）、80．00％（20／25）、83．78％（31／37）、100．00％（47／47）、96．77％（30／31）。结论良性病变是低位梗阻性黄疸的主要原因,但恶性病变并不少见,影像或内镜检查对于明确诊断至关重要,策略性、程序性选择应用各种检查方法,尤为必要。     

超声内镜在壶腹部病变所致梗阻性黄疸中的诊断价值

目的探讨超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)在壶腹部病变所致肝外梗阻性黄疸中的诊断价值。方法系统性回顾武汉大学人民医院消化内科2009年-2013年行EUS检查的患者,有163例为壶腹部病变所致梗阻性黄疸病例,比较分析EUS在不同病因所致梗阻性黄疸中的超声表现、定性诊断及对诊疗措施的指导作用。结果 163例患者皆为常规彩超(B超)、腹部CT、MRCP、MRI怀疑为低位梗阻性黄疸,最后均行EUS检查的患者,诊断病因有:胆总管结石71例(43.6%)、胆总管下端肿瘤23例(14.1%)、壶腹部肿瘤同时侵及胆总管下端胰头21例(12.9%)、胰头肿瘤18例(11.0%)、炎性狭窄16例(9.8%)、十二指肠乳头肿瘤13例(8.0%)、外压性1例(0.6%)。EUS对壶腹部病变所致梗阻性黄疸的诊断准确率达97.5%,明显优于其他影像学检查。结论 EUS对壶腹部病变所致梗阻性黄疸的定性、定位诊断及指导治疗有重要价值。     

“软藤征”“枯树征”在梗阻性黄疸中的诊断价值（附66例报告）

经皮肝穿刺胆道造影(PTC)具有直接显示胆管系统的特点。本文66例梗阻性黄疸病人PTC显示“软藤征”者39例,经手术病理证实为恶性梗阻;其余27例表现为“枯树征”,手术病理证实均为良性梗阻。可从阻塞端形态及胆总管扩张程度来判断良恶性梗阻,恶性梗阻绝大多数表现为阻瑞突然变细或中断,而良性梗阻则为逐渐变细,呈渐进性改变,两者差异极为显著,(p<0.0001)而总胆管重度扩张多为恶性,轻度扩张多为良性,中度扩张者良、恶性均有,两者无显著性差异。作者认为中度扩张者,须结合阻端形态及末段小胆管形态,综合分析鉴别良恶性阻塞性黄疸。     

MRI、CT诊断老年患者恶性梗阻性黄疸的差异

目的比较磁共振影像、CT两种影像学手段诊断恶性梗阻性黄疸的差异。方法选择经过磁共振影像（MRI、MRCP）、CT检查并经过病理证实为恶性梗阻性黄疸患者42例，分析两种影像学对于梗阻部位和疾病定性判定的准确性。结果MRI结合MRCP判定病变部位的准确率为：95．24％（40／42）；CT的准确率为：78．57％（33／42）。Mm（MRCP）、CT超判定疾病的准确率分别为：92．86％（39／42），83．33％（35／42）。两种影像学在定位方面具有统计学差异（x^2定位=5．124，P〈0．05），但在定性方面则不具有统计学差异（x^2定位=1．848，P〉0．05）。结论MRI（结合2维、3维的MRCP）判定疾病部位的准确率最高，CT则快速、方便，在临床上应结合不同的患者的实际情况进行不同的检查。如果二者结合判断梗阻性黄疸的病因十分精确。     

胆汁和血清KL-6黏蛋白在良恶性梗阻性黄疸中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨良恶性梗阻性黄疸患者血清和胆汁KL-6黏蛋白的表达差异及其在良恶性梗阻性黄疸鉴别诊断中的临床应用价值。方法采集41例确诊的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者（恶性梗阻组）和15例确诊的良性梗阻性黄疸患者（良性梗阻组）的胆汁和血清样本,酶联免疫法检测胆汁和血清KL-6黏蛋白水平,放射免疫法测定血清AFP、CEA和CA19-9水平,对各检测指标组间间表达差异以及鉴别诊断良恶性梗阻性黄疸的效能行统计学分析。结果血清CEA、CA19-9、KL-6黏蛋白及胆汁KL-6黏蛋白在恶性梗阻组中的表达水平显著高于良性梗阻组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;而血清AFP的表达水平在两组间差异无统计学意义（P=0．302）。血清AFP、CEA、CA19-9、KL-6黏蛋白及胆汁KL-6黏蛋白的ROC曲线下面积分别为0．657、0．753、0．894、0．846和0．954,以各检测指标的最佳临界值为界,胆汁KL-6黏蛋白鉴别诊断良恶性梗阻性黄疸的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比、阴性似然比均优于血清AFP、CEA、CA19-9和KL-6黏蛋白。结论胆汁KL-6黏蛋白对鉴别良恶性梗阻性黄疸具有一定的临床应用价值,有望成为鉴别诊断良恶性梗阻性黄疸的特异性肿瘤标记物。     

超声内镜对胆总管良恶性狭窄的鉴别诊断价值

目的:探讨超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)对胆总管良恶性狭窄的鉴别诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析39例临床上疑为胆总管狭窄患者EUS检查结果,并与B超、核磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)检查结果进行比较,根据患者临床资料、组织病理或细胞学诊断及随访结果(≥4 mo)综合确定诊断患者胆总管狭窄的良恶性,从而对比分析EUS对胆总管良恶性狭窄鉴别诊断的价值.结果:39例胆管狭窄患者中恶性病变30例,良性病变9例.EUS、MRI、B超对胆总管良恶性狭窄鉴别诊断的准确率分别为92.3%、76.9%、61.8%,三种方法诊断的准确率比较差异有统计学意义,以EUS最高(P0.05);EUS对胆管狭窄性疾病鉴别诊断的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值与阴性预测值分别为:96.4%、81.2%、93.1%、90.0%;三种检查相比,敏感性、阴性预测值差异有统计学意义,以EUS最高(均P0.05);特异性、阳性预测值差异无统计学意义(均P0.05).39例患者中4例行超声内镜下细针穿刺(endoscopic ultrasound-guided fineneedle aspiration,EUS-FNA)取得组织病理或细胞学诊断,诊断准确率为100%,与EUS、MRI、B超相比差异有统计学意义,EUSFAN明显高于其他三种检查方法(P0.05).结论:EUS对胆总管良恶性狭窄鉴别诊断率较B超、MRI高,其对胆总管良恶性狭窄鉴别诊断率有一定的提高作用.     

单次激发快速半傅立叶胰管造影68例分析

目的 探讨HASTE MRCP对胰、胆管疾病的临床诊断价值,分析在MRCP中,半傅立叶单次激发快速自旋回波序列(HASTE)与其它影像学检查比较所具有的优越性。方法 使用Siemens 1．5T vision Plus扫描仪,采用自控阵表面线圈,加脂肪抑制和图像预饱和技术,以HASTE序列重佗加权相多层扫描,进行三维重建,多角度多方位观察。结果本组胆系结石25例中,胆总管结石14例,肝内胆管结石8例;胆管良性梗阻14例,表现为胆总管近端扩张,远端逐渐变细,边缘光滑,全层无中断,呈不全梗阻,即“管道穿通征”阳性;胆管恶性梗阻28例,梗阻端形态以截断状最多见,其次为乳头状和鼠尾症。结论HASTE成像速度快,空间分辨率高,是目前理想的MRCIF,成像序列;HASTEMRCP作为无创性技术,能完整显示胰胆管系统结构,优于ERCP和PTC,对梗阻性疾病的定性和定位诊断率较高,恶性梗阻的胆管扩张程度较良性梗阻重,且“双管症”仅见于恶性梗阻,“管道穿通征”见于良性梗阻,可作为鉴别良恶性梗阻的重要指征。     

Differentiation between benign and malignant hilar obstructions using laboratory and radiological investigations: a prospective study

Background: Preoperative determination of the aetiology of bile duct strictures at the hilum is difficult. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of laboratory parameters and imaging modalities in differentiating between benign and malignant causes of hilar biliary obstruction. Patients and methods: Fifty-eight patients (26 men) with a history of obstructive jaundice and liver function tests (LFTs) and ultrasound suggestive of biliary obstruction at the hilum were studied. They were evaluated by tumour marker assay (CA19–9), CT and MRI/MRCP. A single experienced radiologist, blinded to the results of other tests, evaluated the imaging. The final diagnosis was made either from histology of the resected specimen, operative findings or image-guided biopsy in inoperable patients. A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed for each laboratory parameter to determine optimal diagnostic cut-off to predict malignant biliary stricture (MBS). Results: In all, 34 patients had a benign and 24 had malignant aetiology. The mean age of benign patients was 38 years compared with 54 years for MBS. Forty-seven patients were treated with surgery while 11 had ERCP/PTC and stenting. The ROC curve showed that preoperative bilirubin level >8.4 mg/dl (sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 70%), alkaline phosphatase level >478 IU (sensitivity 63%, specificity 49%) and CA19–9 levels >100 U/L (sensitivity 45.8%, specificity 88.2%) for predicting MBS. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of MRI/MRCP (87.5%, 85.3%, 82.7%, respectively) was marginally superior to CT (79.2%, 79.4%, 79.3%, respectively). Conclusions: Patients with a bilirubin level of >8.4 mg% and CA19–9 level >100 U/L were more likely to have malignant aetiology. MRI/MRCP was a better imaging modality than CT.     

Imaging diagnosis of pancreato-biliary diseases： A control study

AIM: To evaluate the clinical value of various imageological methods in diagnosing the pancreato-biliary diseases and to seek the optimal procedure. METHODS: Eighty-two cases of pancreato-biliary diseases confirmed by surgery and pathology were analyzed. There were 38 cases of cholelithiasis, 34 cases of pancreato-biliary tumors and 10 other cases. The imageological methods included B-US, CT, ERCP, PTC, cross-sectional MRI and MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). RESULTS: The accuracy rate of MRCP in detecting the location of pancreato-biliary obstruction was 100%. In differentiating malignant from benign obstruction, the sensitivity of the combination of MRCP and cross-sectional MRI was 82.3%, the specificity was 93.8%, and the accuracy rate was 89.0%. The accuracy rate for determining the nature of obstruction was 87.8%, which was superior to that of B-US (P=0.0000) and CT (P=0.0330), but there was no significant difference between direct cholangiopancreatography and the combination of MRCP and conventional MRI (P=0.6666). CONCLUSION: In most cases, MRCP can substitute direct cholangiopancreatography for diagnosis. The combination of MRCP and cross-sectional MRI should be considered as an important means in diagnosing the pancreato-biliary diseases, pre-operative assessment and post-operative follow-ups.     

B超联合磁共振胰胆管成像对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值

目的探讨B超与磁共振胰胆管成像检查在梗阻性黄疸诊断中的价值。方法对66例梗阻性黄疸患者进行超声和MRCP检查,并给予手术治疗。结果 B超联合MRCP诊断梗阻性黄疸的正确率为92.4%,其中对13例胰头癌的诊断正确率为100%,13例壶腹部癌的诊断正确率为84.6%,19例胆管癌的诊断正确率为84.2%;对15例胆管结石的诊断正确率为100%,6例良性胆道狭窄为100%。结论 B超联合MRCP检查对诊断梗阻性黄疸有很高的临床应用价值。     

磁共振胰胆管成像与内镜逆行胰胆管造影术对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值

目的：评价磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）与经内镜胰胆管造影（ERCP）对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值。方法：对32例梗阻性黄疸患者先后进行MRCP与ERCP检查，所有诊断均经手术或病理证实。结果：MRCP与ERCP对梗阻的定位准确率分别为90.6％（29/32）及82.8％（24/29），两者差异无统计学意义（P=0.5960），合并两者检查的准确率为96.9％（31/32），与单项MRCP(P=0.3010)、ERCP(P=0.0643)准确率差异无显著性意义。MRCP与ERCP对梗阻的定性诊断准确性分别为75.0％（24/32）及72.4（21/29），两者间差异无显著意义（P=0.9503），合并两者检查的准确率为93.8％（30/32），高于MRCP(P=0.0387)或ERCP(P=0.0245)单项检查。结论：MRCP与ERCP都是有效、安全的诊断梗阻性黄疸的方法，MRCP与ERCP相结合诊断准确率可进一步提高。     

逆行胰胆管造影对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值

ＥＲＣＰ对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值。３２例梗阻性黄疸做逆行胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ），与Ｂ超和ＣＴ进行对比，探讨对其定位与病因的诊断价值。结果：恶性胆道梗阻１８例（５６．３％），良性梗阻１４例（４３．７％）。ＥＲＣＰ、Ｂ超及ＣＴ定位诊断率分别为９３．７％、８７．５％与８１．３％，三者比较差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）；病因诊断率分别为９０．６％、６２．５％与５６．３％，ＥＲＣＰ与Ｂ超和ＣＴ比较差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；误诊率分别为９．４％、９．４％与３．１％，三者比较无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。ＥＲＣＰ对梗阻性黄疸的病因诊断率明显优于Ｂ超和ＣＴ，对梗阻性黄疸是一种安全且不可缺少的诊断方法。     

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in obstructive jaundice

GOALS: To determine the ability of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) to diagnose the level and cause of obstruction in patients with obstructive jaundice. BACKGROUND: The limitations of available imaging modalities have led to the increasing use of MRCP, which is a noninvasive and highly accurate technique in evaluating patients with biliary obstruction. STUDY: Thirty patients were included in this study. MRCP was done using a fat suppressed, heavily T2 weighted fast spin echo sequence. The MRCP findings were confirmed on surgical exploration or clinical follow-up. RESULTS: MRCP could correctly identify ductal dilatation and the level of obstruction in all cases, except one. All causes of obstruction, except three, were detected. It failed to detect a common bile duct calculus in a minimally dilated ductal system and misdiagnosed a case of focal chronic pancreatitis as carcinoma head pancreas and a small pancreatic head mass as cholangiocarcinoma. It had a sensitivity of 94.44%, specificity of 81.81%, positive predictive value of 89.47%, and negative predictive value of 90% for the detection of malignant causes. The overall diagnostic accuracy for detection of level and cause of obstruction was 96.3% and 89.65%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The high diagnostic accuracy of MRCP in evaluating patients with obstructive jaundice indicates that it has the potential to become the diagnostic modality of choice in such patients.