巴豆醛-DNA加合特性的研究

目的 探讨巴豆醛和DNA加合特性,寻找优势反应核苷酸,初步确定对DNA损伤机制.方法 采用体外测试系统,应用高效液相色谱法对巴豆醛与4种单脱氧核苷酸的加合反应、加合物键型、反应级数进行研究.结果 经高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)分离检测,巴豆醛与脱氧鸟苷酸反应,确定了巴豆醛与4种单脱氧核苷酸结合的优势反应核苷酸.结论 巴豆醛能够与DNA的脱氧鸟苷酸结合而体现遗传特性,鸟苷的N2位可能是共价加合的位点.     

甲醛及丙烯醛对人淋巴细胞DNA分子加合作用的研究

目的:探讨甲醛及丙烯醛对健康成人淋巴细胞DNA的加合作用。方法:采用体外细胞染毒方式,紫外光谱移动法研究甲醛及丙烯醛对人淋巴细胞DNA的加合反应。结果:在体外细胞培养中,甲醛染毒人淋巴细胞致DNA的紫外吸收峰位移在低浓度下不显著,浓度较高0.12 mmol/L时可发生最大峰的偏移,266 nm出现最高峰,与空白对照组位移 3 nm。而丙烯醛染毒细胞致DNA分子紫外吸收峰位移显著,在比较低的浓度下0.020 mmol/L即能与DNA发生加合反应,与对照组(在261 nm处有最大吸收波长)相比,丙烯醛染毒各剂量组的最大吸收波长正偏移,0.080 mmol/L染毒剂量组的最大吸收波长为268 nm,位移 7 nm。结论:甲醛和丙烯醛属于小分子醛类化合物,其活泼醛基使得它们不需经过代谢就能攻击生物大分子,与DNA发生加合作用。在体外健康成人外周血淋巴细胞染毒中,甲醛与丙烯醛均能与DNA发生结合,且丙烯醛较易发生加合。     

HPLC法研究苯乙烯-DNA的加合特性

目的：研究苯乙烯的DNA加合特性。方法：采用高效液相色谱法研究苯乙烯-7，8-氧化物（S0）、苯乙烯、苯乙醇酸（MA）、苯乙醛酸（PGA）和DNA的加合反应。结果：苯乙烯、MA、PGA不与DNA发生加合反应；SO可与脱氧鸟苷酸及脱氧腺苷酸发生加合反应，生成以共价键结合的加合物。结论：苯乙烯进入机体后，通过其活性中间代谢物SO与DNA起加合作用，SO攻击DNA脱氧鸟苷酸及脱氧腺苷酸形成加合物，如果在细胞复制前所形成的DNA加合物没有被修复或者被错误修复的话，就有可能导致基因突变。苯乙烯的其他代谢物未见此效应。     

用紫外光谱法检测三种醛类化合物与DNA的结合

为探讨甲醛,乙醛和丙烯酸对ＤＮＡ损伤机制。应用紫外光谱对甲醛,乙醛,丙烯三种醛类化合物引起的ＤＮＡ的加合反应,及与四种单核苷酸作用的情况进行了研究。结果表明：甲醛、乙醛的引起小牛胸膜ＤＮＡ的第二个最大吸收峰长波方向位移;同时也被步确定了甲醛,乙醛和四种单核苷酸结合的优势反应核苷酸。     

苯醌-脱氧鸟苷酸加合物的结构及化学特性初步研究

目的 测定苯醌(BQ)与脱氧鸟苷酸(dGMP)反应形成的加合物结构与化学特性。方法 高效液相色谱—质谱联机技术及紫外分光光度法。结果 苯醌与脱氧鸟苷酸反应形成两种可检测的加台物Ad1和Ad2，质谱显示Ad1的分子量为437，在不同pH条件下的特征紫外吸收光谱及结合键类型测定结果表明，Ad1为BQ与dGMP共价结合而成，推测结合位点在dGMP的N—1和N^2位，分子式为C16H16O8N5P。BQ与小牛胸腺DNA反应水解产物经高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离同样检出了与Ad1具有相同保留时间的化合物。Ad2分子量为241，其分子式为C11H702N5，可能是由BQ进攻dGMP的N—9位并脱掉糖基所得。结论 苯醌可在体外试管反应条件下形成DNA加合物，其中一种主要的加合物结构为(3’-经基)—1，N^2—苯乙烯基—2’—脱氧鸟苷—5’—磷酸。     

3种醛类化合物对DNA的交联生成作用

采用溴化乙锭荧光法测定３种醛类污染物对小牛胸腺ＤＮＡ的交联生成作用,结果,甲醛、乙醛均可引起小牛胸腺ＤＮＡ发生交联,甲醛交联率间存在明显的剂量反应关系（甲醛ｒ＝０９３８４,Ｐ＜０００１）,乙醛的剂量反应关系不显著（ｒ＝０２９４７,Ｐ＜００５）,没有检测到丙烯醛对小牛胸腺ＤＮＡ的交联作用,分析与丙烯醛的空间位阻最大可能存在一定关系     

苯乙烯-DNA加合特性的研究

目的 研究苯乙烯的DNA加合特性。方法 采用紫外光谱移动法测定苯乙烯－7，8－氧化物（SO）、苯乙烯、苯乙醇酸（MA）、苯乙醛酸（PGA）、苯乙烯巯基尿酸（UMA）和DNA的加合反应；以^32P后标记法研究SO－DNA加合物；以气相色谱－质谱、核磁共振研究SO－DAN加合物的结构。结果 苯乙烯、MA、PGA和UMA不与DNA发生加合反应；SO分别在DNA脱氧鸟苷碱基上的O^6位、N^2位形成6种加合物。结论 苯乙烯进入机体后，通过其活性中间代谢物SO与DNA起加合作用，SO攻击DNA脱氧鸟苷碱基上的O^6位、N^2位形成加合物，如果在细胞复制前所形成的DNA加合物没有被修复或者被错误修复的话，就有可能导致基因突变，产生化学损伤。苯乙烯的其他代谢物未见此效应。     

高效液相色谱法测定尿中甲酸和乙酸

目的：建立一种实用的高效液相色谱法测定甲醛，乙醛在人尿中的代谢物-甲酸、乙酸。方法：甲酸和乙酸在碱性环境中与溶于丙酮中的1-溴甲基-五氟基苯反应，获得的衍生物用高效液相色谱分离，二极管阵列检测器检测。结果：方法简便、准确、灵敏度高。标准曲线的相关系数〉0．9992，加标回收率均大于90．0％，变异系数小于5．7％。结论：应用本方法能够准确地测定尿中甲酸和乙酸的水平。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定保健酒中的微量甲醛和乙醛

目的探讨柱前衍生高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定保健酒中微量甲醛和乙醛的方法。方法样品经水蒸气蒸馏,与2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)在60℃水浴中衍生成为苯腙,经二氯甲烷提取后挥干,加乙腈∶水(1∶1V/V)复溶,取滤液采用HPLC进行检测。以乙腈+水为流动相,梯度洗脱。结果甲醛、乙醛在0.5~10.0mg/L浓度范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数(r)0.999。平均回收率甲醛为96.9%~103.3%,乙醛为99.8%~106.0%;相对标准偏差(RSD)甲醛为1.8%~6.3%,乙醛为1.6%~5.6%;最低检出限甲醛、乙醛分别为0.03、0.05mg/L。结论建立的方法灵敏度较高,且简便、准确,适用于快速测定深色发酵类保健酒中甲醛和乙醛的含量。     

空气中几种醛类化合物分别测定方法研究

许多生产、生活活动可以产生醛类化合物,如石化、塑料等工业,机动车尾气、烹调油烟、香烟烟雾,建筑、装饰材料中的脲醛树脂、夹合板油漆、染料以及新家具等.醛类化合物可引起很多症状、体征,如鼻咽部疾病、多痰和对皮肤、眼睛的直接刺激、头痛等.许多研究表明,醛类化合物（尤其是甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛）具有遗传毒性,活泼的醛基使其不需经过代谢就能攻击亲核基团,与DNA共价结合形成加合物,引起DNA链间交联、DNA断裂等.醛类化合物和2,4-二硝基苯肼（DNPH）在室温下即可迅速反应,生成稳定的淡黄色2,4-二硝基苯腙,可利用紫外检测器进行检测.     

Levels and determinants of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein in residential indoor air in Prince Edward Island, Canada

This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein in air samples taken in some Canadian houses and to determine the association between aldehyde levels and housing characteristics. Concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein were measured in 59 homes in Prince Edward Island, Canada, during the winter of 2002. Housing characteristics were documented through inspection and by interviews of occupants. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein concentrations ranged from 5.5 to 87.5 microg/m(3) (median, 29.6 microg/m(3)), from 4.4 to 79.1 microg/m(3) (median, 18.9 microg/m(3)), and from 0.1 to 4.9 microg/m(3) (median, 0.9 microg/m(3)), respectively. Formaldehyde levels were elevated in homes built after 1970. Acetaldehyde and acrolein levels were elevated in homes inhabited by at least one smoker and in homes built 1970--1985 and were correlated with absolute humidity and carbon dioxide, two variables likely to be surrogates for lower air exchange rates. In conclusion, lower air exchange rates appear to be important determinants of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein levels in homes. These data also confirm that smoking is a significant source of acetaldehyde and acrolein and indoor air.     

内蒙古某市新装修民居室内空气醛酮类污染现状调查与分析

目的调查新近装修居室空气中醛酮类物质的污染状况,为控制和消除室内空气污染提供依据。方法按装修完成时间分为三组（0-≤6个月、〉6-≤12个月,及〉12-≤18个月）进行醛酮类物质监测,以高效液相色谱法测定醛酮类污染水平（部分样品同步采用分光光度法测定甲醛及NO2含量）。结果醛酮类8种物质有不同程度检出,其中甲醛（HCHO）的检出率及超标率最高,HCHO最高检出浓度达0.69 mg/m3（我国室内空气质量标准为0.10mg/m3）,超过标准近7倍,点超标率为59.38%。而室内空气中NO2含量无超标。甲醛污染浓度在18个月内不同时间段无明显差异（P〉0.05）,但是伴随室温变化呈现正相关趋势（r=0.77,p〈0.05）。结论新近装修民居室内空气污染普遍存在,以装修初期为甚,醛酮类主要污染物质以甲醛为代表。     

Examination related to revised test method for determination of formaldehyde, regulated by the law for the control of household products containing harmful substances

In Japan, the amount of formaldehyde in textile products was regulated by the low for the control of household products containing harmful substances. Formaldehyde was determined by measuring the optical density of acetylacetone derivative of formaldehyde extracted from textiles. The household products low stated that the increase in the optical density of color development of the extract from the textile products for babies or infants within 24 months after birth should not be more than 0.05. Collaborative study decided the amount of formaldehyde equivalent to the increase in absorbance described above, and the amount was 16 ppm. There are some reports that formaldehyde causes an allergic reaction even at a very low concentration, so continuous regulation for formaldehyde in the textiles was desirable using this level of amount. We developed HPLC method for the determination of formaldehyde in textile products. Formaldehyde was determined by the direct injection of acetylacetone derivative of samples into the system equipped with ODS column and UV-VIS detector (detection wavelength 413 nm) using the mixture of acetonitrile and water as mobile phase. The linearity was obtained between a peak area or height and the concentrations of formaldehyde solution in the range of 0.0625-2 micrograms/ml. The regulation level was sufficiently detected by the present HPLC method. We recommended that the HPLC test was adopted as a reexamination method for the products may violate the regulation as well as a dimedone test.     

Air monitoring at large public electronic cigarette events

Background

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) conventions bring hundreds to thousands of e-cigarette users together socially regularly across the world. E-cigarette secondhand exposures to chemicals in this environment, likely the public setting with the highest concentration of e-cigarette secondhand aerosol, have not been characterized.

Method development study for APR cartridge evaluation in fire overhaul exposures

In the US, firefighters do not typically wear respiratory protection during overhaul activities, although fitting multi-gas or chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear cartridges to supplied air respirator facepieces has been proposed to reduce exposures. This work developed a method to evaluate the effectiveness of respirator cartridges in smoke that represents overhaul exposures to residential fires. Chamber and penetration concentrations were measured for 91 contaminants, including aldehydes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons and methyl isothiocyanate, along with total and respirable particulates. These laboratory tests generated concentrations in the range of field-reported exposures from overhaul activities. With limited tests, no styrene, benzene, acrolein or particulates were detected in air filtered by the respirator cartridge, yet other compounds were detected penetrating the respirator. Because of the complexity of smoke, an exposure index was determined for challenge and filtered air to determine the relative risk of the aggregate exposure to respiratory irritants. The primary contributors to the irritant exposure index in air filtered by the respirator were formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, with total hydrocarbons contributing only 1% to the irritant index. Respirator cartridges were adequate to minimize firefighter exposures to aggregate respiratory irritants if the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ceiling limit for formaldehyde is used (0.3 ppm) but not if National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Recommended Exposure Limit (NIOSH REL) (0.1 ppm) is used, where three of five concentrations in filtered air exceeded the NIOSH REL. Respirator certification allows 1 ppm of formaldehyde to pass through it when challenged at 100 ppm, which may not adequately protect workers to current short-term exposure/ceiling limits. The method developed here recommends specific contaminants to measure in future work (formaldehyde, acrolein, acetaldehyde, naphthalene, benzene, total hydrocarbons as toluene and particulate mass) along with inclusion of additional irritant gases and hydrogen cyanide to fully evaluate whether air-purifying respirators reduce exposures to the aggregate gases/vapors present in overhaul activities.     

生物燃料烟气中醛酮类物质液质联用法测定

目的 进一步了解生物燃料烟气中醛酮类物质的组成，为深入研究生物燃料烟气对人体的危害提供依据。方法用高效液相色谱／质谱联用分析法（HPLC／MS），对采自广东省韶关山区的生物燃料烟气样品中醛酮类物质进行分析。通过高效液相色谱将样品中的醛酮类物质分离后，在线与质谱联用，根据质谱获得的准分子离子峰确定出的分子量推断出生物燃料烟气中醛酮类物质的主要种类。结果从生物燃料烟气样品中检测出的醛酮类物质主要有甲醛、乙醛、丙酮、苯甲醛、正戊醛和苯丙醛等6种。结论HPLC／MC法灵敏、准确、快捷，适用于生物燃料烟气中醛酮类物质的测定。     

Estimation of blood acetaldehyde during ethanol metabolism: a sensitive HPLC/fluorescence microassay with negligible artifactual interference

A novel high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure has been developed for the quantitation of acetaldehyde in 50 microliter samples of primate whole blood during ethanol metabolism. This microassay has a minimum detectable concentration of about 0.1 microM, displays an intra-assay precision under 10%, and is linear over a reasonable concentration range. Of importance is that negligible acetaldehyde is generated artifactually from ethanol during blood analysis. The assay is based on the reaction of acetaldehyde with 1,3-cyclohexanedione and ammonium ion to form a water-soluble fluorogenic adduct, which is separated by reversed phase HPLC and quantitated fluorometrically. Propionaldehyde, added as an internal standard, forms an analogous separable adduct. Blood acetaldehyde concentrations in Rhesus monkeys were between 1-2 microM 150 min after acute administration of ethanol (1.5 g/kg). Traces of endogenous components which are chromatographically identical with cyclohexanedione adducts of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde also were apparent in blood from monkeys and humans not given ethanol.     

Inhalation of hazardous air pollutants from environmental tobacco smoke in US residences

In the United States, 48 million adults smoke 3.5-5 x 10(11) cigarettes/year. Many cigarettes are smoked in private residences, causing regular environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure to roughly 31 million nonsmokers (11% of the US population), including 16 million juveniles. (Upper bound estimates are 53 million exposed nonsmokers including 28 million juveniles.) ETS contains many chemical species whose industrial emissions are regulated by the US federal government as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). In this paper, average daily residential exposures to and intakes of 16 HAPs in ETS are estimated for US nonsmokers who live with smokers. The evaluation is based on material-balance modeling; utilizes published data on smoking habits, demographics, and housing; and incorporates newly reported exposure-relevant emission factors. The ratio of estimated average exposure concentrations to reference concentrations is close to or greater than one for acrolein, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, and formaldehyde, indicating potential for concern regarding noncancer health effects from chronic exposures. In addition, lifetime cancer risks from residential ETS exposure are estimated to be substantial ( approximately 2-500 per million) for each of five known or probable human carcinogens: acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, benzene, acrylonitrile, and 1,3-butadiene. Cumulative population intakes from residential ETS are compared for six key compounds against ambient sources of exposure. ETS is found to be a dominant source of environmental inhalation intake for acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene. It is an important cause of intake for acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde, and a significant contributor to intake for benzene.