2005年肇庆市儿童麻疹抗体水平调查

目的了解肇庆市儿童的麻疹抗体水平和麻疹疫苗(MV)免疫成功率。方法于2005年在肇庆市广宁和四会两县采集8月龄至15岁儿童共310份血液标本和8~12月龄儿童70人在MV免疫前后共140份血液标本,应用ELISA方法进行麻疹IgG抗体测定。结果监测310名8月龄至15岁儿童,其中麻疹抗体检出阳性293人,阳性率为94.5%,麻疹抗体的几何平均滴度(GMT)为1∶1 152,麻疹抗体达到保护水平的有240人,保护率为77.4%;3个年龄组中0~4岁儿童抗体阳性率(100.0%)和保护率(95.6%)最高,各年龄组抗体水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。监测70名8~12月龄儿童,免疫前抗体阳性率(7.1%)、保护率(1.4%)与免疫后抗体阳性率(95.7%)、保护率(64.3%)比较差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。结论肇庆市受调查县的儿童已形成较好的麻疹免疫屏障;麻疹疫苗有效,接种程序可靠;应适时对易感人群进行强化免疫,提高人群的免疫覆盖率。     

玉溪市1～10岁儿童麻疹疫苗常规免疫后抗体水平监测分析

目的对玉溪市1～10岁儿童麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)常规免疫后抗体水平进行评价,为今后消除麻疹制定相关免疫策略提供科学依据。方法采用人口容量比例概率抽样法(PPS)法抽取的1686名适龄儿童检测血清麻疹IgG抗体。结果麻疹抗体阳性率91.28%,保护率73.13%,几何平均滴度(GMT)1:551.30;不同居住形式、不同接种剂次、不同年龄组、不同县儿童之间麻疹抗体阳性率、保护率和GMT差异有统计学意义;性别间抗体保护率、GMT差异有统计学意义,抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义。结论玉溪市1～10岁儿童麻疹抗体水平较高,但流动儿童是免疫薄弱环节,在流动儿童中全面落实MV常规免疫对消除麻疹有重要意义。     

惠州市人群麻疹免疫监测

目的　了解惠州市人群麻疹免疫状况 ,探讨预防控制对策。方法　选择本地人口 398人进行人群麻疹抗体水平调查 ,监测对象分为 6个年龄组 ,男女比例接近 1∶1;选择 8～ 12月龄婴儿开展麻疹疫苗(MV)免疫成功率及母传麻疹抗体水平监测 ,同时调查 4岁儿童麻疹疫苗再免成功率。结果　 2～ 4 1岁人群抗体阳性率 92 7% ,几何平均滴度 (GMT)为 1∶996 8,不同年龄组人群GMT水平、抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义 ;婴儿母传抗体阳性率和GMT分别为 2 0 0 %和 1∶5 12 ;麻疹疫苗初免成功率和再免成功率分别为 88 0 %和 78 5 %。结论　为加快惠州市的麻疹控制步伐 ,建议提高MV常规免疫接种覆盖率 ,减少免疫空白人群 ,开展 1～ 14岁人群的MV强化免疫活动及育龄期妇女MV免疫接种     

辽阳市健康人群麻疹抗体水平分析

目的 了解辽阳市健康人群麻疹抗体水平,为消除麻疹提供依据。方法 于2008年和2012年分别采集健康人群血清标本共510份,用ELISA法检测麻疹IgG抗体水平。结果 510份血清标本麻疹抗体阳性率97.45%,GMT为1∶4 365.16,保护率94.7%。各年龄组间抗体阳性率与GMT差异均无统计学意义;保护率以＜1岁组为最低（88.6%）,1～2岁组最高（100.0%）;城市GMT比农村高;男女间GMT、保护率和阳性率差异均无统计学意义。结论 辽阳市健康人群麻疹抗体水平稳定,已形成有效的免疫屏障,近期不会发生大规模暴发流行。     

长沙市健康人群麻疹抗体水平分析

目的了解长沙市健康人群麻疹抗体水平和人群免疫状况,为有效地实施麻疹预防措施和控制策略提供科学依据。方法 2007年对2～39岁健康人群共847人采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法进行麻疹IgG抗体水平检测。结果麻疹抗体阳性率为91.5%,保护率42.38%,几何平均滴度(GMT)为1:409.61。不同区(县)麻疹抗体阳性率之间差异有统计学意义;男性与女性麻疹抗体阳性率之间差异无统计学意义;不同区(县)、不同年龄组保护率和几何平均滴度(GMT)之间差异有统计学意义。结论加强对个别区县麻疹疫苗接种工作的督查,在保证常规免疫覆盖率的基础上,提高冷链运转和基层接种质量,采取局部强化免疫,针对部分中学生进行麻疹疫苗的复种,减少麻疹散发病例和学校的暴发疫情,也可维持人群有较高的抗体水平。     

上海市金山区健康体检人群麻疹抗体水平监测结果分析

【目的】了解金山区健康体检人群麻疹免疫水平,为金山区麻疹免疫防控提供依据。【方法】收集金山区常住人口15岁及以上的体检人群血清,采用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测麻疹IgG抗体浓度,采用统计学方法进行比较分析。【结果】金山区15岁及以上体检人群麻疹抗体阳性率为70.74%,抗体保护率为17.56%。麻疹抗体分布在不同性别、本市户籍与外来人口之间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),不同年龄组之间麻疹抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但保护率分布有统计学意义(χ~2=44.53,P<0.05),本市户籍与外来人口抗体水平分布差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),15～24岁年龄组麻疹抗体保护率最低,仅为9.60%,随年龄增长抗体保护率增高。65～95岁年龄组人群麻疹抗体保护率最高,为25.62%。【结论】金山区体检人群麻疹抗体免疫水平处于较低水平,存在麻疹暴发的潜在风险,尤其需重点加强本市户籍及外来人口15～24岁年龄组麻疹强化免疫工作,建议推广成人麻疹免疫接种计划。     

2012年元谋县健康人群麻疹抗体水平调查

目的了解元谋县健康人群麻疹抗体水平,为消除麻疹制定策略提供科学依据。方法采用多层阶段分层随机抽样方法,抽取406人用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测麻疹抗体IgG的含量。结果元谋县人群麻疹IgG抗体阳性率为99.51%,保护率为65.76%,抗体几何平均滴度为1:1314。抗体保护率最高为18月~5岁组,保护率为89.09%,最低为20~34岁组,保护率仅为40.00%。不同年龄组间抗体保护率、平均抗体滴度差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);不同性别之间抗体保护率、平均抗体滴度差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);不同地区人群抗体保护率、平均抗体滴度差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论元谋县健康人群麻疹免疫总体水平已达到消除麻疹应维持在95%以上的要求,但不同年龄组间抗体保护率差异较大,应加强对大年龄组人群的麻疹疫苗强化及8月龄儿童的麻疹疫苗及时接种工作。     

安徽省麻疹疫苗初始强化免疫血清学效果观察

为了加速控制麻疹,了解麻疹疫苗(MV)初始强化免疫的血清学效果,在1997～1999年全省开展MV强化免疫活动期间,随机选择11个县(区、市)设立强化免疫血清学监测点,对1～6岁儿童在免疫前、后采集双份血清标本用血凝抑制(HI)试验检测人群麻疹HI抗体.结果表明强化免疫后麻疹HI抗体阳性率由免疫前92.96%上升到99.81%,抗体几何平均滴度倒数(GMRT)由18.11±3.27上升到44.77±2.25,增长2.47倍;强化免疫前各年龄组抗体阳性率为89.16%～97.37%,9～12岁GMRT最低,为14.26±2.64,强化免疫后各年龄组抗体阳性率为99.12%～100.00%,9～12岁GMRT上升到39.08±2.88;免疫后抗体有增长者占68.83%,其中呈≥4倍增长者占34.88%.通过强化免疫,大幅度提高群体的免疫水平,在相应的人群中已建立了牢固的免疫屏障,但是要重视MV的复种工作,预防麻疹爆发.     

麻疹流行后及麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫活动前后人群麻疹抗体水平研究

目的了解麻疹流行后人群麻疹抗体水平;评价麻疹减毒活疫苗(Measles Attenuated Live Vaccine,MV)强化免疫活动(Supplementary Immmunization Activities,SIA)的效果。方法 2008年麻疹流行后,在新疆生产建设兵团辖区内,按照12个年龄组分层随机抽样,共采集有效血标本1415人份;跟踪监测其中8月龄～6岁的452名儿童,SIA1个月后再次采集有效血标本414份,应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测麻疹IgG抗体。结果①人群麻疹抗体阳性[≥200毫国际单位/毫升(mIU/ml)]率为85.5%,抗体平均浓度(Mean Consistency,MC)为819mIU/ml;其中2岁和15～34岁人群抗体水平相对较低。20～40岁育龄期妇女麻疹抗体阳性率为84.7%,MC为694mIU/ml。南、北疆人群麻疹抗体阳性率和MC差异有统计学意义(χ2=45.802,t=9.848;P均0.001)。②SIA后,目标儿童的麻疹抗体阳性率从88.9%提高到99.0%,MC从905mIU/ml提高至2410mIU/ml,各年龄组儿童抗体阳性率均97%。结论新疆生产建设兵团目标人群在MVSIA后麻疹抗体水平显著提高。     

2010年扬州市健康人群麻疹免疫水平调查

[目的]了解健康人群麻疹免疫水平,评价麻疹疫苗免疫效果。[方法]2010年9月,在扬州市广陵和维扬2个区,每区分别抽取7个年龄组的健康人群175名进行血清麻疹IgG抗体检测。[结果]检测350人,麻疹IgG抗体阳性率为93.43%,达保护率为76.86%,几何平均滴度为1∶1 777.07。抗体阳性率、达保护率、几何平均滴度均为<1岁组最低,不同年龄的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);有麻疹疫苗免疫史者抗体阳性率和达保护率高于无免疫史者(P<0.01);不同性别和不同地区健康人群麻疹IgG抗体阳性率、达保护率、几何平均滴度的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。[结论]扬州市健康人群麻疹免疫状况良好。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.