BTLA信号对T细胞活化的起始和早期阶段的调节作用

目的:观察BTLA分子在T细胞上的表达并探讨其在各个阶段不同时相对T细胞活化的抑制。方法:分离人外周血单个核细胞,经阴性选择磁珠分离纯化获得T淋巴细胞。检测T细胞上BTLA、CTLA-4和PD-1的表达;用CD3抗体刺激T细胞活化,比较BTLA、CTLA-4和PD-1在T细胞活化过程中的动态表达。CD3抗体联合CD28抗体活化T细胞,在不同的活化时间,MTT法检测BTLA单抗8H9对T细胞增殖的影响。GM-CSF和IL-4体外诱导单核细胞分化成未成熟DC,CD40抗体刺激DC成熟,流式检测HVEM在DC上的表达。用DC诱导T细胞活化,加入游离8H9或抗HVEM抗体,阻断HVEM和BTLA结合,MTT法检测T细胞增殖。结果:静止T细胞组成性高表达BTLA,不表达CTLA-4和PD-1分子。T细胞活化后,BTLA分子表达有所降低,然后迅速回升至高水平。CTLA-4、PD-1分子在活化后两天几乎不表达,第三天开始表达并逐渐上升。8H9可以抑制CD3和CD28抗体活化的T细胞增殖。CD3和CD28抗体预先活化T细胞24小时或48小时后,再加入8H9仍然具有抑制效应,但不如在T细胞活化之初加入8H9的抑制效应。单核细胞诱导的不成熟DC上高表达HVEM,当DC成熟后,HVEM表达降低。用游离8H9或HVEM抗体阻断DC表面HVEM与T细胞表面BTLA结合,48小时之内均明显增强了DC诱导的T细胞增殖。结论:BTLA信号可以提高T细胞的活化阈值,在T细胞活化的起始和早期阶段发挥重要的负性调控作用。     

人膜型LIGHT分子对Mo-DC成熟和T细胞激活的调节作用

利用我们建立的表达人膜型LIGHT分子的基因转染细胞(L929/LIGHT)探讨LIGHT/HVEM信号体外对Mo-DC诱导分化的影响,并进一步研究其对T细胞活化和抗凋亡的共刺激作用。从健康人外周血中分离的单核细胞经GM-CSF联合IL-4诱导形成Mo-DC,流式细胞术分析Mo-DC诱导过程中HVEM和LIGHT的表达;基因转染细胞L929/mock、L929/LIGHT、L929/CD40L或L929/LIGHT联合L929/CD40L,分别经丝裂霉素处理后,与GM-CSF联合IL-4诱导的Mo-DC共育,流式细胞术检测Mo-DC细胞表面成熟标志CD83和CD86的表达,利用FITC-Dextran分析Mo-DC对抗原的摄取能力;L929/LIGHT或L929/mock经丝裂霉素处理后,与抗人CD3单抗激发的T细胞共育,流式细胞术分析CD4+和CD8+T细胞表面活化标志CD25的表达,Annexin V和PI双标记分析T细胞的凋亡率。结果表明,高表达HVEM的单核细胞在诱导形成成熟Mo-D(iDC)的过程中下调了HVEM的表达,成熟Mo-DC(mDC)又上调表达HVEM,而LIGHT在Mo-DC分化过程中呈短暂的诱导性表达;基因转染细胞L929/LIGHT及其联合L929/CD40L能上调Mo-DC表面共刺激分子CD83和CD86的表达,并下调Mo-DC对FITC-Dextran的摄取能力;L929/LIGHT细胞能上调CD4+、CD8+T细胞CD25的表达,并增强T细胞抗凋亡能力。因此,基因转染细胞L929/LIGHT表面表达的人膜型LIGHT分子介导的LIGHT/HVEM共刺激信号对Mo-DC的诱导成熟和T细胞活化及抗凋亡能力具有促进作用。     

人LIGHT基因转染细胞株的建立及其对T细胞协同刺激作用的研究

建立人协同刺激分子LIGHT的基因转染细胞株,探讨其体外对T细胞活化与增殖的协同刺激作用。采用RT-PCR法从活化的人外周血T细胞中克隆人LIGHT编码区全长基因,经EcoR I和BamH I双酶切后插入pIRES2-EGFP真核表达载体构建成pIRES2-EGFP-LIGHT重组子,脂质体法以重组质粒pIRES2-EGFP-LIGHT转染鼠L929细胞。经G418长期加压筛选,免疫荧光标记和流式细胞术分析LIGHT分子在基因转染的L929细胞膜上的表达,MTT法和酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)探讨获得的基因转染细胞L929/LIGHT体外对T淋巴细胞增殖与活化的影响。结果:流式细胞术检测转基因L929/LIGHT细胞膜上能稳定高表达人LIGHT分子。体外细胞共培养试验表明,与未转染LIGHT基因的L929/mock细胞相比,L929/LIGHT能显著地促进抗人CD3单抗(mAb)刺激的T细胞增殖;同时L929/LIGHT亦能明显促进T细胞对IL-2、IFN-γ和IL-10的分泌。建立了稳定高表达人LIGHT分子的基因转染细胞株,LIGHT介导的信号在体外对T细胞增殖和相关细胞因子的分泌具有显著地促进作用。     

自身免疫疾病中的LIGHT-LTβR/HVEM信号通路的研究进展

LIGHT( TNFSF14)的两个主要受体:HVEM和LTβR,均为TNFR超家族成员.LIGHT-HVEM途径是重要的T细胞共刺激信号途径,而LIGHT-LTβR在改变树突细胞和间质细胞的功能方面发挥重要作用.HVEM还可与两个免疫球蛋白超基因家族成员即抑制T细胞活化的BTLA和CD160相互作用,HVEM在刺激和抑制信号之间充当一种分子开关.人和实验动物模型研究显示LIGHT-LTβR/HVEM途径在自身免疫疾病的炎症反应和病理发生中起重要的免疫调节作用.因此,在免疫相关疾病的免疫干预治疗中,LIGHT是一种良好的潜在靶标.本文就LIGHT-LTβR/HVEM途径在免疫相关疾病中作用的最新研究进展做一综述.     

转染人BTLA基因细胞株的建立及其生物学功能的初步研究

目的:构建B、T淋巴细胞衰减子(BTLA)基因转染的细胞作为免疫原,并探讨该基因转染细胞在体外的生物学功能。方法:通过RT-PCR法从经PHA活化的人外周血T细胞中克隆出人BTLA编码区全长基因,经EcoR I和BamHI双酶切后插入逆转录病毒载体pEGZ-Term中构建成重组载体pEGZ-Term/BTLA。用脂质体法以重组逆转录病毒载体转染293T细胞,并用Zeocin抗生素进行长期筛选;流式细胞术分析BTLA在基因转染细胞膜上的表达;通过MTT法和流式细胞术探讨基因转染细胞在体外对T淋巴细胞增殖与活化的影响。结果:流式细胞术检测表明BTLA基因转染的293T细胞膜上能稳定地高表达人BTLA蛋白。BTLA基因转染的293T细胞和T细胞体外共培养显示,与未转染的293T细胞相比,该基因转染的细胞能部分地抑制抗人CD3单克隆抗体(mAb)刺激的T细胞增殖;流式细胞术和ELISA法分析揭示,该基因转染的细胞能够下调T细胞表面活化标志CD25的表达并降低IFN-γ和IL-10的分泌。结论:获得稳定高表达人BTLA基因转染的细胞株。该细胞株在体外对抗人CD3 mAb刺激的T细胞的增殖与活化具有部分地抑制作用。     

雷帕霉素对人外周血T淋巴细胞上BTLA表达的影响

目的:探讨雷帕霉素(rapamycin,RPM)对人外周血T淋巴细胞上B、T淋巴细胞弱化子(BTLA)表达的影响,为其在器官移植和自身免疫性疾病中的应用提供实验依据。方法:采用Ficoll密度梯度离心法分离人外周血单核细胞(PBMCs),然后利用免疫磁珠分离技术分离PBMCs中的T细胞。用刀豆蛋白A刺激、活化人外周血T细胞。用MTT比色法测定T细胞的增殖。用ELISA法测定细胞培养上清液中IL-2、IFN-γ的水平。用流式细胞术检测T细胞上BTLA的表达。结果:用不同浓度(10~1 000 mL)的RPM处理的T淋巴细胞上BTLA的表达无显著差别;而与未经RPM处理组比较差别显著(P<0.01)。ELISA检测结果显示不同浓度的RPM与未处理组相比均能显著抑制IL-2和IFN-γ的分泌(P<0.01),并可以剂量依赖的方式显著抑制T淋巴细胞增殖(P<0.01)。结论:RPM对BTLA的表达影响较小,而对T淋巴细胞增殖和IL-2、IFN-γ的分泌有较强的抑制作用,提示RPM适宜用于器官移植排斥反应和自身免疫性疾病的治疗。     

LIGHT-HVEM—BTLA共信号分子的研究进展

BTLA是新近发现的一个CD28超家族共抑制分子,它的配体不是B7家族成员而是TNF受体超家族成员HVEM。HVEM同时还存在一个TNF超家族的配体,即T细胞上可诱导表达的与HSV的糖蛋白D竞争结合HVEM的淋巴毒素类似物（LIGHT）。HVEM可以作为一个分子开关,通过结合LIGHT或BTLA7E免疫调节中发挥不同的作用。     

肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员HVEM/TR2研究进展

HVEM/TR2是近来发现的肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员,可与单纯疱疹病毒包膜糖蛋白D(HSV-gD)结合介导HSV感染细胞过程;可与其配体LIGHT结合刺激T细胞增殖,在肿瘤免疫、移植免疫、炎症反应、自身免疫性疾病的发生及胸腺阴性选择等过程中发挥重要的生物学作用。另外,新近发现它可与另一配体BTLA结合而抑制T细胞增殖,可能为自身免疫病的治疗提供新思路。     

BTLA-HVEM通路阻断对树突状细胞功能影响的体内外研究

目的 探讨阻断BTLA-HVEM(B/T淋巴细胞弱化因子疱疹病毒进入介质)通路对树突状细胞功能的影响和相关免疫学机制.方法 构建小鼠BTLA胞外功能区的真核表达载体psBTLA,转染CHO细胞;HSP70-TC-1肿瘤抗原肽刺激小鼠骨髓来源DCs,流式细胞仪检测处理后DCs表面BTLA、HVEM的表达,同时给予转染了psBTLA质粒的CHO细胞的培养上清处理后,检测DCs表面B7-1的表达,ELISA检测上清中IL-12的分泌;处理后的DCs刺激脾细胞,检测淋巴细胞增殖和细胞因子分泌;检测psBTLA体内转染对宫颈癌细胞系TC-1成瘤小鼠DCs表达B7-1和肿瘤生长的影响.结果 成功构建小鼠BTLA胞外段的真核表达载体psBTLA,获得了稳定转染psBTLA的CHO细胞,在其培养上清检测到BTLA胞外段(sBTLA)的表达.DCs经抗原肽刺激后BTLA、HVEM表达均上调,加入含sBTLA的上清处理后上调B7-1,上清中分泌的IL-12增加,与脾细胞共培养时促进细胞增殖和IL-2、IFN-γ的分泌;体内基因转染psBTLA促进DCs表达B7-1以及抑制肿瘤生长.结论 通过sBTLA阻断BTLA-HVEM共抑制通路,可以进一步促进DCs的功能,更好地激活淋巴细胞,促进抗肿瘤免疫应答.     

The CD160, BTLA, LIGHT/HVEM pathway: a bidirectional switch regulating T-cell activation

Summary:  CD160 is a newly identified ligand for HVEM (herpes virus entry mediator). Previously identified HVEM ligands include BTLA (B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator), LIGHT (lymphotoxin-like, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D for HVEM, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes) and LTα (lymphotoxin-α). The binding of LIGHT or LTα to HVEM delivers a costimulatory signal, whereas the binding of BTLA or CD160 to HVEM delivers a coinhibitory signal. Thus, HVEM is a bidirectional switch regulating T-cell activation in a costimulatory or coinhibitory fashion whose outcome depends on the ligand engaged. The cysteine-rich domain 1 (CRD1) of HVEM is essential for the binding of coinhibitory ligands CD160 and BTLA but not costimulatory ligand LIGHT. Deletion or blockade of HVEM CRD1 abolishes the binding of CD160 and BTLA, but not LIGHT, and converts HVEM to a dominant costimulatory molecule, possibly through the loss of negative signaling by CD160/BTLA. Therapies targeting the CRD1 of HVEM to block BTLA and CD160 binding are being developed to enhance immune responses and vaccination.     

Distinct expression and inhibitory function of B and T lymphocyte attenuator on human T cells

B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) has been recently identified as a new inhibitory receptor of the CD28 superfamily, with similarities to cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation antigen (CTLA)-4 and programmed death (PD)-1. Engagement of BTLA on T lymphocytes can profoundly reduce the T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated activation. In this study, we generated four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human BTLA. Using the produced mAb 8H9, the BTLA molecule was found to distinctly express on many subgroups of immunocytes and show a regulatory expression, which was in accordance with its unique ligand herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) in the process of T cell activation. In addition, the expression of BTLA was increased in the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells of pleural fluid in lung cancer patients. Furthermore, we showed that the BTLA-induced negative signals could be triggered by mAb 7D7. Cross-linking of BTLA with mAb 7D7 suppressed T lymphocyte proliferation, downregulated the expression of T cell activation marker CD25, and inhibited the production of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-10.     

CD160 inhibits activation of human CD4+ T cells through interaction with herpesvirus entry mediator

CD160, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is expressed on both cytolytic lymphocytes and some unstimulated CD4+ T cells. Here we show that CD160 expression was increased after activation of human CD4+ T cells and that crosslinking CD160 with monoclonal antibody strongly inhibited CD3- and CD28-mediated activation. We found that herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) was a ligand of CD160 that acted as a 'bidirectional switch' for T cell activation, producing a positive or negative outcome depending on the engagement of HVEM by CD160 and known HVEM ligands such as B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) and the T lymphocyte receptor LIGHT. Inhibition of CD4+ T cell activation by HVEM-transfected cells was dependent on CD160 and BTLA; when the cysteine-rich domain 1 of HVEM was deleted, this inhibition was lost, resulting in strong T cell activation. CD160 thus serves as a negative regulator of CD4+ T cell activation through its interaction with HVEM.     

Monoclonal antibodies to B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) have no effect on in vitro B cell proliferation and act to inhibit in vitro T cell proliferation when presented in a cis, but not trans, format relative to the activating stimulus

B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is an immunoglobulin superfamily member surface protein expressed on B and T cells. Its ligand, herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), is believed to act as a monomeric agonist that signals via the CRD1 of HVEM to inhibit lymphocyte activation: HVEM is also the receptor for lymphotoxin-α and LIGHT, which both bind in the CRD2 and CRD3 domains of the HVEM molecule, and for CD160 which competes with BTLA. We have shown that recombinant HVEM and a panel of different monoclonal antibodies specifically bind murine BTLA on both B and T cells and that some antibodies inhibit anti-CD3ε-induced T cell proliferation in vitro, but only when constrained appropriately with a putatively cross-linking reagent. The antibodies had no significant effect on in vitro T cell proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay nor on in vitro DO11.10 antigen-induced T cell proliferation. None of these antibodies, nor HVEM-Fc, had any significant effect on in vitro B cell proliferation induced by anti-immunoglobulin M antibodies (±anti-CD40) or lipopolysaccharide. We further elucidated the requirements for inhibition of in vitro T cell proliferation using a beads-based system to demonstrate that the antibodies that inhibited T cell proliferation in vitro were required to be presented to the T cell in a cis, and not trans, format relative to the anti-CD3ε stimulus. We also found that antibodies that inhibited T cell proliferation in vitro had no significant effect on the antibody captured interleukin-2 associated with the in vivo activation of DO11.10 T cells transferred to syngeneic recipient BALB/c mice. These data suggest that there may be specific structural requirements for the BTLA molecule to exert its effect on lymphocyte activation and proliferation.     

IL-17作为分子佐剂增强HIV DNA疫苗细胞免疫应答的研究

目的 为了进一步增强HIV DNA疫苗的免疫反应,本研究将IL-17作为HIV DNA疫苗的分子佐剂免疫小鼠,旨在探讨IL-17对HIVDNA疫苗诱导体液和细胞免疫应答的影响.方法 将小鼠IL-17构建到真核表达载体,与HW-1膜蛋白DNA疫苗pGX-Env联合免疫BALB/c小鼠;分别在第0、2周进行免疫,在第4周检测T淋巴细胞增殖指数、抗-Env IgG、细胞因子表达水平和体内细胞毒性T淋巴细胞杀伤作用(CTL)等免疫学指标.结果 IL-17能够增强HIV DNA疫苗的特定免疫反应.与单注射疫苗组相比,IL-17作为佐剂组的T细胞增殖、抗体水平和CD4~+T细胞分泌IFN-γ、IL-4和IL-17的表达均无明显增强,但对CD8~+T细胞分泌IFN-γ的表达和体内CTL的效果影响明显(P<0.05).结论 IL-17作为分子佐剂不足以影响Th细胞分化,然而却能够增强特异性CD8~+T细胞中IFN-γ的表达,尤其是增强体内CTL反应.此结果为增强艾滋病DNA疫苗CD8~+T细胞活性和用于艾滋病的治疗提供了一个新的思路.     

B and T lymphocyte attenuator regulates T cell activation through interaction with herpesvirus entry mediator

B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) provides an inhibitory signal to B and T cells. Previously, indirect observations suggested that B7x was a ligand for BTLA. Here we show that BTLA does not bind B7x; instead, we identify herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) as the unique BTLA ligand. BTLA bound the most membrane-distal cysteine-rich domain of HVEM, distinct from regions where the ligands LIGHT and lymphotoxin-alpha bound HVEM. HVEM induced BTLA tyrosine phosphorylation and association of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 and repressed antigen-driven T cell proliferation, providing an example of reverse signaling to a non-tumor necrosis factor family ligand. The conservation of the BTLA-HVEM interaction between mouse and human suggests that this system is an important pathway regulating lymphocyte activation and/or homeostasis in the immune response.