姜黄素和地塞米松对大鼠移植肺缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：研究姜黄素（CUR）和地塞米松（DXM）对大鼠移植肺缺血再灌注损伤的干预作用。方法：实验分四组进行，CUR组肺移植前3h供、受者腹腔注射CUR溶液；DXM组肺移植前30min受者腹腔注射DXM溶液；载体组肺移植前3h供、受者腹腔注射CUR的溶剂二甲基亚砜；假手术组不进行肺移植。每组分别于恢复血液再灌注2h和24h各处死大鼠6只，采取颈动脉（CA）血和左肺静脉（LPV，移植侧）血，测定血氧合指数（PO2／FiO2）以及血清中丙二醛（MDA）、总抗氧化能力（TAOC）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）的含量；同时行肺组织病理学观察，测定肺湿重与干重比（W／D），以及肺组织中髓过氧化物酶活性（MPO）、MDA、TAOC、TNF-α、IL-6的含量。结果：再灌注2h及24h，CUR组及DXM组LPV血的PO2／FiO2明显高于载体组（P〈0．01）。CUR组与DXM组再灌注2h和24h的肺水肿病理评分和总分明显低于载体组（P〈0．017），CUR组与DXM组再灌注24h的W／D明显低于载体组（P〈0．01）。再灌注2h和24h，CUR组与DXM组肺组织中MPO含量明显低于载体组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。再灌注2h时，CUR组和DXM组血清和组织中MDA含量明显低于载体组（P〈0．05），再灌注24h时，CUR组血清MDA含量和DXM组组织中MDA含量明显低于载体组（P〈0．05）。再灌注2h和24h，CUR组肺组织和血清中TAOC含量明显高于载体组（P〈0．01，P〈0．05），而DXM组仅再灌注2h的肺组织和再灌注24h的血清中TAOC含量高于载体组（P〈0．01）。再灌注2h和24h，CUR组和DXM组肺组织中TNF-α和IL-6含量低于载体组。结论：CUR和DXM对大鼠移植肺缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用，其机制可能与二者具有抗氧化和抗炎作用有关。     

BQ123对肺移植早期缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的　研究内源性内皮素（ Ｅ Ｔ）１ 对肺移植早期缺血再灌注损伤的影响及 Ｅ Ｔ Ａ 受体阻断剂 Ｂ Ｑ１２３ 对其病理过程的保护作用。方法　以家犬（ 保存８ 小时） 左肺移植模型观察缺血再灌注。损伤过程中内源性 Ｅ Ｔ１ 产生及 Ｂ Ｑ１２３ 对其血流动力学、肺功能的作用。结果　 Ｂ Ｑ１２３ 组和对照组的平均动脉压、左房压、中心静脉压及组织形态学差异无显著性; Ｂ Ｑ１２３ 组平均肺动脉压、肺血管阻力指数及血清 Ｅ Ｔ１ 浓度明显低于对照组（ Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０１） ,心脏指数、动脉血氧分压明显高于对照组（ Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０１） ,而动脉二氧化碳分压明显低于对照组（ Ｐ ＜ ０ ．０１） ; Ｂ Ｑ１２３ 组肺组织含水百分比明显低于对照组（ Ｐ ＜０ ．０１） 。结论　 Ｂ Ｑ１２３ 对肺移植早期出现的缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用。     

Donor preconditioning with taurine protects kidney grafts from injury after experimental transplantation

BACKGROUND: Ischemia/reperfusion injury is a major problem in clinical transplantation (Tx). Taurine has been shown to protect liver grafts from ischemia/reperfusion injury after Tx. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate its effect on kidney grafts after transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Various concentrations of taurine were infused before donor nephrectomy (1.5 mL; 30, 100, 300 mM). Controls were given the same volume of Ringers' solution. Subsequently, grafts were cold-stored for 19 h in histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution and transplanted. Six hours after Tx, graft function and injury were assessed with blood urea nitrogen/creatinine and aspartate aminotransferase/lactate dehydrogenase. Graft biopsies were taken to evaluate tubular damage, caspase-3, superoxide dismutase, and heat shock protein 72 (HSP-72) to index necrosis, apoptosis, antioxidative capacity, and regeneration, respectively. RESULTS: Taurine significantly decreased blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase in a dose-dependent manner to up to 71%, 69%, 51%, and 53% of controls, respectively. Further, tubular damage and caspase-3 expression decreased to 44% and 18% of control values (P < 0.01), while superoxide dismutase and heat shock protein 72 expression increased by 95% and 77% of controls, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that donor preconditioning with taurine protects kidney grafts from injury (apoptosis, necrosis), improves graft function, and increases the regenerative potential most likely via mechanisms including antioxidation.     

Azithromycin reduces airway inflammation in a murine model of lung ischaemia reperfusion injury.

Clinical studies revealed that azithromycin reduces airway neutrophilia during chronic rejection after lung transplantation. Our aim was to investigate the possible effect of azithromycin on ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Azithromycin or water was administered to mice every other day during 2 weeks (n = 6/group). On the 14th day, the left lung was clamped to induce ischaemia (90 min). In two additional groups, animals underwent the same protocol, followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Two control groups were included with thoracotomy only. Inflammatory parameters and oxidative stress were measured in broncho-alveolar lavage of the left lung. Leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, 8-isoprostane and IL-1beta levels after ischaemia and reperfusion were significantly reduced in mice treated with azithromycin. There was a trend towards lower IL-6 and KC levels. A significant correlation was seen between 8-isoprostanes and neutrophils (Pearson r = 0.72; P = 0.0086), IL-6 (Pearson r = 0.84; P = 0.0006), KC (Pearson r = 0.88; P = 0.0002) and IL-1beta (Pearson r = 0.62; P = 0.0326). We conclude (i) that azithromycin reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in our IRI model, and (ii) that oxidative stress is correlated with the number of neutrophils and IL-6, KC and IL-1beta levels after ischaemia and reperfusion. Azithromycin should be further investigated as a novel drug to prevent lung ischaemia-reperfusion injury.     

Combined therapy of pentastarch, dexamethasone, and dibutyryl-cAMP or beta 2-agonist attenuates ischaemia/reperfusion injury of rat lung

We hypothesised that combined therapy with macromolecules that seal endothelial damage [pentastarch (Penta)], an anti-inflammatory agent [dexamethasone (Dex)], and an agent that reabsorbs alveolar fluid [beta(2)-agonist or dibutyryl-cAMP (Bt(2)-cAMP)] would have additive ameliorating effects on ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the lung. We perfused one of the following solutions into isolated rat lungs in a closed circulating system, either prior to I/R injury (groups 1-5) or following 60min of ischaemia (groups 6-10): (1) 0.9% normal saline (NS), (2) Penta, (3) Penta+Dex, (4) Penta+Bt(2)-cAMP, (5) Penta+beta(2)-agonist inhalation, (6) Penta+Dex, (7) Penta+Bt(2)-cAMP, (8) Penta+beta(2)-agonist inhalation, (9) Penta+Dex+Bt(2)-cAMP, or (10) Penta+Dex+beta(2)-agonist inhalation. Haemodynamics, lung weight gain (LWG), capillary filtration coefficient (K(fc)), cytokine mRNA levels, and lung pathology were assessed. Results showed that Dex, Bt(2)-cAMP, or beta(2)-agonist as an additive to Penta decreased K(fc) and LWG below values seen with Penta alone. Furthermore, LWG and K(fc) values in groups with three protective agents were lower than those in groups with two protective agents. Significantly lower levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1 mRNAs were observed in groups treated with Dex. Histopathological studies showed decreased injury profiles for all combined therapy groups. We conclude that the addition of Dex, Bt(2)-cAMP, or beta(2)-adrenergic agonist to Penta solution promoted attenuation of I/R injury. Furthermore, combination therapy with three protective agents (Penta+Dex+beta(2)-adrenergic agonist) caused the greatest attenuation of I/R.     

大剂量盐酸氨溴索对脂多糖致小鼠急性肺损伤的影响

目的 研究大剂量盐酸氨溴索(沐舒坦)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)所致小鼠急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)的治疗作用.方法 雄性BALB/C小鼠24只,采用随机数字表法随机分为3组(每组8只):生理盐水组(A组)、LPS组(B组)、LPS±沐舒坦处理组(C组).B组和C组予以LPS(2 g/L)3 mg/kg气管滴入制成ALI模型,A组予以等体积生理盐水气管滴入作为对照.6h后,C组按100 mg/kg经尾静脉注入沐舒坦,A组和B组予以等体积的生理盐水,24 h后重复给药.造模后48 h收集肺泡灌洗液,测定灌洗液中脂氧素A4、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-10、蛋白含量,并行多形核细胞计数;测定各组的肺湿/干重比、肺组织中性粒细胞髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase of leukocytes,MPO)含量;苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色观察小鼠肺组织病理形态学变化.结果 造模48 h后C组肺泡灌洗液中脂氧素A4[(332±19) ng/L] 、IL-10含量[(36±-6)ng/L]高于B组[(273±25)、(9±3)ng/L] (P＜0.01);C组TNF-α[(243±65) ng/L]、蛋白含量[(0.328±0.037) mol/L]、多形核细胞计数[(39.99±14.41)×104/ml]低于B组[(391±105) ng/L、(0.444±0.283) mol/L、(137.94±28.98)×104/ml](P＜0.01);C组肺组织湿/干重比(3.65 ±0.18)及MPO含量[(6.4±0.4)U/G]低于B组[(4.37±0.58)、(137.9±29.0) U/g)](P＜0.01);C组肺组织病理改变较B组明显减轻.结论 100 mg/kg沐舒坦对LPS所致小鼠ALI有一定治疗作用,这一作用可能与促进炎症消退有关.     

盐酸氨溴索预先给药对内毒素诱导大鼠急性肺损伤的作用

目的探讨盐酸氨溴索（AMB）预先给药对内毒素（LPS）诱导大鼠急性肺损伤（ALI）的作用及其机制。方法雄性SD大鼠108只，体重196～273g，12～14周龄。随机分为6组（n=18），A组生理盐水（NS）0．5ml腹腔注射（i．p．）1h后，再i．p．NS0．5ml；B组i．p．AMB 10mg／kg 1h后i．p．NS0．5ml；C组i.p．NS0．5ml 1h后i．p．LPS 5mg／kg；D、E、F组分别i．p．AMB5、10、20mg／kg后1hi．p．LPS5mg／kg。i．p．NS（A、B组）或LPS（C、D、E、F组）后1、2、4h各处死5只大鼠，采用双夹心抗体酶联吸附免疫法测定支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2（MIP-2）浓度，蛋白印迹法检测肺组织细胞胞浆中磷酸化／非磷酸化c—Jun氨基末端激酶（JNK）的表达。另外3只i．p．NS（A、B组）或LPS（C、D、E、F组）后4h观察大鼠肺组织形态学变化。结果与A组比较，C、D、E、F组BALF中TNF-α、IL-1β和MIP-2升高；与C组比较，E、F组上述三指标均降低。与A组比较，C、D、E、F组磷酸化JNK表达增多；与C组比较，E、F组磷酸化JNK表达减少，D、E、F组非磷酸化JNK表达增多（P〈0．05或0．01）。AMP预先给药可减轻i．p.LPS诱导的肺组织损伤。结论AMB预先给药可减轻LPS诱导大鼠ALI，其机制与抑制肺组织JNK的活化、下调TNF-α、IL-1β和MIP-2的表达有关．且呈剂量依赖性。     

大鼠自体原位肝移植逆灌注法对急性肺损伤的影响

目的探讨大鼠自体原位肝移植术中经下腔静脉逆灌注与经门静脉顺灌注法对急性肺损伤的影响。方法SD大鼠24只随机分成逆灌注组、顺灌注组、假手术组,分别建立大鼠自体原位肝移植逆灌注、顺灌注和假手术模型,检测3组术后6h腹主动脉血气、肺髓过氧化物酶活性、肺干湿重比值及肺组织病理形态学变化。结果与假手术组比较,逆灌注组、顺灌注组的动脉血pH值、PaO2、肺干湿重比值明显降低,肺髓过氧化物酶活性显著增高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。与顺灌注组比较,逆灌注组动脉血pH值、PaO2、肺干湿重比值升高,肺髓过氧化物酶活性降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。逆灌注组、顺灌注组术后肺组织均存在急性损伤病理表现,逆灌注组损伤程度有所减轻。结论大鼠自体原位肝移植逆灌注法、顺灌注法后均存在急性肺损伤,逆灌注法较顺灌注法损伤程度要轻。     

Danshen protects liver grafts from ischemia/reperfusion injury in experimental liver transplantation in rats

Reperfusion injury remains one of the major problems in transplantation. Free radicals and disturbance of microcirculation are the supposed main contributors. Recent evidence shows that Danshen, a traditional Chinese drug used in vascular diseases, can scavenge radicals and improve microcirculation. This study investigates its effect on liver transplantation (LTx). Before organ recovery, female Sprague-Dawley rats (210–240 g) received intravenous Danshen or the same volume of Ringer solution as control. LTx was performed after 1 h of cold storage. Microperfusion, leukocyte-endothelium interaction and latex-bead phagocytosis were evaluated with in vivo microscopy. Survival, transaminases and histology were assessed. Immunohistology was used for TNF-α levels. anova and Fisher's exact test were employed for statistical analyses as appropriate. Survival increased from 60% in controls to 100% ( P  < 0.05). AST and LDH decreased from 3969 ± 1255 U/l and 15444 ± 5148 U/l in controls to 1236 ± 410 U/l and 5039 ± 1594 U/l, respectively ( P  < 0.05). In vivo microscopy revealed decreased leukocyte-adherence and increased blood flow velocity in sinusoidal zones after administration of Danshen ( P  < 0.05), while latex-bead phagocytosis was found in 60% of controls ( P  < 0.05). The TNF-α index decreased from 2.08 ± 0.09 in controls to 1.09 ± 0.09 ( P  < 0.05). This study clearly demonstrates hepatoprotective effects after experimental LTx, which can be explained via anti-oxidative effects, improved microcirculation and decreased Kupffer cell activation.     

线粒体氧化应激损伤及氢气对减少肺缺血再灌注损伤作用的研究进展

肺缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)常见于肺移植,是影响肺移植术后并发症发生及受者存活的主要因素,目前临床尚缺乏缓解肺IRI的有效方法。细胞内线粒体在肺IRI过程中扮演重要角色,其主要分子机制涉及细胞内氧自由基大量积聚,进而对细胞造成一系列损伤。因此,近年来越来越多的科学家开始关注和探索如何有效降低肺IRI过程中细胞内氧自由基积聚。氢气是一种无毒、温和的选择性还原性气体,具有选择性抗氧化、抗炎和抗细胞凋亡的作用,作为一种新型抗氧化剂,其在缓解肺IRI中的作用正受到越来越多地关注。     

乌司他丁联合地塞米松对内毒素所致兔急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨乌司他丁联合地塞米松对内毒素所致兔急性肺损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法 新西兰大白兔40只,随机均分为内毒素组（L组）、乌司他丁组（U组）、地塞米松组（D组）、乌司他丁联合地塞米松组（T组）、对照组（C组）。除C组外,其他组均经耳缘静脉给予内毒素600μg／kg,U、D、T组在给予内毒素同时静注乌司他丁100000U／kg或／和地塞米松5mg／kg。4h后测定血清肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）及一氧化氮（NO）水平,行动脉血气分析,取肺组织观察大体标本形态和光镜下的组织病理形态,测定肺组织湿／干重量比值（W／D）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性、脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。结果 光镜下见C组肺组织学正常,L组肺间质弥漫性出血,肺泡腔内可见大量粒细胞聚集、浸润,并可见弥漫性肺泡间隔增厚,而U、D、T组上述病理表现明显减轻。与L组比较,U、D、T组兔肺组织湿／干重量比、MPO、MDA以及血清TNF_a和NO水平明显降低、SOD活性明显增强、动脉血气明显改善;T组较U、D组在某些指标上改善更为显著。结论 乌司他丁和地塞米松对内毒素所致兔急性肺损伤均有保护作用,两者联用则保护作用更为显著,该作用与两者减少炎性介质和氧自由基的释放、抑制酶联反应有关。     

Hyperinflation during lung preservation and increased reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND: Reperfusion injury after lung transplantation remains a perplexing and unpredictable problem. Most surgeons preserve the lung inflated, but the amount of inflation that should be used is not well documented. Therefore, we studied the effect of high inflation during organ preservation on lung function during reperfusion. Our hypothesis is that donor lung hyperinflation during storage contributes to early allograft dysfunction during reperfusion. METHODS: To test our hypothesis we used an isolated, blood-perfused, ventilated rabbit lung model. Group I lungs (control) underwent immediate reperfusion after harvest. Group II lungs (low-inflation, maintained at 6 mmHg airway pressure) and group III lungs (high-inflation, maintained at 20 mmHg airway pressure) were stored for 4 h in 4 degrees C Euro-Collins solution after harvest. All lungs were then reperfused with whole blood for 1 h, and measurements of arterial oxygenation (PO2, mmHg), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP, mmHg), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP, cm H2O), and wet-to-dry weight ratio (WTD) were obtained. RESULTS: Throughout the 1 h reperfusion period group III lungs had significantly lower oxygenation compared to groups I and II. In addition, throughout reperfusion, group III lungs showed significantly higher PAP and PIP compared to group II. WTD did not differ significantly between groups, however, there was a trend toward increased edema in group III. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that high inflation during cold storage results in acute pulmonary dysfunction. Careful monitoring of airway inflation pressure during storage, especially to prevent hyperinflation, should be maintained in the current practice for lung transplantation.     

The potential of ex vivo lung perfusion on improving organ quality and ameliorating ischemia reperfusion injury

Allogeneic lung transplantation (LuTx) is considered the treatment of choice for a broad range of advanced, progressive lung diseases resistant to conventional treatment regimens. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) occurring upon reperfusion of the explanted, ischemic lung during implantation remains a crucial mediator of primary graft dysfunction (PGD) and early allo-immune responses. Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) displays an advanced technique aiming at improving lung procurement and preservation. Indeed, previous clinical trials have demonstrated a reduced incidence of PGD following LuTx utilizing EVLP, while long-term outcomes are yet to be evaluated. Mechanistically, EVLP may alleviate donor lung inflammation through reconditioning the injured lung and diminishing IRI through storing the explanted lung in a non-ischemic, perfused, and ventilated status. In this work, we review potential mechanisms of EVLP that may attenuate IRI and improve organ quality. Moreover, we dissect experimental treatment approaches during EVLP that may further attenuate inflammatory events deriving from tissue ischemia, shear forces or allograft rejection associated with LuTx.     

Activated protein C attenuates intestinal reperfusion-induced acute lung injury: an experimental study in a rat model

BACKGROUND: Activated protein C (APC) is a serine protease with anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory activities. APC has been shown to attenuate local deleterious effects of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in many organs. We aimed to investigate the effects of APC on lung reperfusion injury induced by superior mesenteric occlusion. METHODS: Male Wistar-Albino rats were allocated into 4 groups: (1) sham-operated group, laparotomy without I/R injury (n = 12); (2) sham + APC group, identical to group 1 except for APC treatment (n = 12); (3) intestinal I/R group, 60 minutes of ischemia followed by 3 hours of reperfusion (n = 12); and (4) I/R + APC-treated group, 100 microg/kg injection of APC intravenously, 15 minutes before reperfusion (n = 12). Evans blue dye was injected into half of the rats in all groups. We assessed the degree of pulmonary tissue injury by measuring activities of oxidative and antioxidative enzymes, as well as nitrate (NO(3)(-))/nitrite (NO(2)(-)) levels, biochemically. We evaluated acute lung injury (ALI) by establishing pulmonary neutrophil sequestration and ALI scoring histopathologically. Pulmonary edema was estimated by using Evans blue dye extravasation and wet/dry ratios. The plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines and D-dimer were measured. RESULTS: APC treatment significantly reduced activities of oxidative enzymes and nitrate/nitrite levels in the lung tissues, and plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines and D-dimer, and also significantly increased activities of antioxidative enzymes (P < .05). Pulmonary neutrophil sequestration and ALI scores were decreased significantly with APC administration (P < .05). In addition, APC treatment significantly alleviated pulmonary edema (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: This study clearly showed that APC treatment significantly attenuated the lung reperfusion injury. Further clinical studies are required to clarify whether APC has a useful role in the reperfusion injury during particular surgeries in which I/R-induced organ injury occurs.     

氨溴索预先给药对兔单肺通气时肺损伤的影响

目的 评价氨溴索预先给药对兔单肺通气时肺损伤的影响.方法 家兔67只随机分为4组,麻醉下气管插管,机械通气,A组(n=18)持续双肺通气4 h,B组(n=16)、C组(n=15)和D组(n=18)单肺通气2 h后恢复双肺通气2 h,C组和D组在单肺通气前分别静脉注射氨溴索5、15 mg/kg(生理盐水稀释至20 ml),B组给予等容量生理盐水.分别于麻醉前(基础状态)、单肺通气1、2 h、恢复双肺通气1、2 h时采集静脉血样,测定血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和IL-8浓度,进行白细胞(WBC)计数和中性粒细胞计数,最后一次采集血样后,处死动物,取双侧肺组织,光镜下观察肺组织病理学.结果 与A组比较,B组、C组和D组SOD活性降低,TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、WBC计数和中性粒细胞计数升高(P<0.05或0.01).与B组比较,C组和D组SOD活性升高,TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、WBC计数和中性粒细胞计数降低(P<0.05或0.01).C组和D组间上述指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).A组双侧肺组织未见明显损伤;C组和D组非通气侧肺组织损伤轻于B组.结论 静脉注射氨溴索5、15 mg/kg可减轻单肺通气诱发兔肺损伤,其机制与抑制炎性反应及脂质过氧化反应有关.     

Danshen protects kidney grafts from ischemia/reperfusion injury after experimental transplantation

Danshen (DS) is used for treatment of various ischemic events in the traditional Chinese medicine. Hence, this study was designed to investigate its effect on ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) after experimental kidney transplantation (eKTx). Nephrectomized Sprague–Dawley rats underwent eKTx. Some animals were infused with 1.5 ml DS 10 min before surgery. Kidney grafts were transplanted after cold storage for 20 h in Histidine–Tryptophane–Ketoglutarate solution. After reperfusion blood samples were collected for blood urinary nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alanine transaminase. Further, tissue was assessed for morphologic and pathophysiologic changes. Donor preconditioning with DS (DS-d) significantly decreased BUN, creatinine, LDH, and aspartate aminotransferase to 65–97% of controls while preconditioning of the recipient (DS-r) decreased values to 58–82% ( P  < 0.05). Tubular damage and caspase-3 decreased significantly in both DS-d and DS-r (DS-d: 96% and 67%, DS-r: 83% and 75% of controls) while heat shock protein 72 and superoxide dismutase increased significantly (DS-d: 143% and 173%, DS-r: 166% and 194% of controls). Further, inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-α decreased (DS-d: 84% and 61%, DS-r: 79% and 67% of controls) after DS. Preconditioning of both donors and recipients with DS significantly reduces IRI and thus improves graft function after eKTx.     

Influence of donor pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine on ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat kidney grafts

PURPOSE: N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been shown to ameliorate ischemic acute renal failure. We determined the effect of donor pretreatment with NAC on ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat kidney grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lewis rats were divided into 3 groups (8 per group) and treated with saline, mannitol (1 gm/kg) or NAC (1 gm/kg intravenously) prior to donor nephrectomy. Cold stored kidneys (24 hours in UW solution) were transplanted into bilaterally nephrectomized recipients. Blood and graft tissue samples were taken 24 hours after transplantation for assessment of metabolic changes, histological damage and renal function. Metabolites associated with renal I/R injury were quantified in blood and renal tissue by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS: The degree of histological damage was similar between the treatment groups. Of the counted tubules 60%were mildly damaged, whereas 40% showed moderate damage. Measurement of the metabolites allantoin and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) indicated a beneficial effect of NAC treatment. In graft tissue and recipient blood allantoin, a uric acid metabolite, was significantly lower in the NAC group vs the mannitol and saline groups (p <0.05). In recipient blood TMAO, an established marker of renal medullary injury, was significantly decreased in the NAC group vs mannitol and saline (p <0.05). Serum creatinine levels were not different between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Donor pretreatment with NAC preserves renal metabolism and may improve outcomes of I/R injured kidney transplants. Allantoin and TMAO are sensitive metabolic markers of renal I/R injury that can be detected before the onset of functional and morphological changes.     

静脉应用抑肽酶对大鼠肺移植模型缺血再灌注损伤的作用

目的 探讨静脉应用抑肽酶对肺移植后肺缺血再灌注损伤的作用和机制.方法 利用移植肺冷缺血14 h建立的大鼠肺移植缺血再灌注损伤模型,考察抑肽酶对缺血再灌注损伤的影响,并检测细胞因子等指标探讨机制.结果 抑肽酶组较对照组移植肺氧合好、湿干比小,同时支气管肺泡灌洗液中白细胞介素(IL)-2[(113±32)μg/L和(162±43)μg/L,P＜0.05]、血清中IL-8[(7.26±1.01)ng/L和(9.43±0.97)ng/L,P＜0.05]和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α[(152.3±36.4)ng/L和(211.6±52.7)ng/L,P＜0.05]、肺组织中髓过氧化物酶活性[(2.36±0.62)U/g和(3.98±0.36)U/g,P＜0.05]都显著降低.结论 静脉应用抑肽酶能够减轻缺血再灌注损伤,机制可能包括:减少IL-2的释放、抑制TNF-α活化和IL-8产生,抑制中性粒细胞的聚集、激活和脱颗粒.