脑出血大鼠血肿周围白介素-10的表达及其与脑水肿的相关性

目的 探讨脑出血(ICH)大鼠血肿周围白介素-10(IL-10)的表达及其与脑水肿的相关性.方法 130只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组和ICH组;应用肝素化Ⅶ型胶原酶建立大鼠ICH模型;制模后12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h、7 d及14 d应用Bederson量表评定神经功能缺损程度,干/湿重法测定脑组织含水量,免疫组化方法检测脑组织血肿周围IL-10的表达.结果 (1)ICH组大鼠神经功能缺损评分与脑组织含水量均在ICH 12 h升高,48 h达高峰,7 d后恢复正常.(2)ICH组脑组织IL-10表达ICH 12 h明显升高,14 d达高峰,各时间点间均显著高于正常对照组和假手术组(P＜0.05～0.01).(3)ICH组神经功能缺损评分与脑组织含水量呈正相关(r=0.761,P＜0.01),脑组织IL-10表达与脑组织含水量、神经功能缺损评分呈负相关(r=-0.65,-0.753,均P＜0.01).结论 ICH大鼠血肿周围脑组织IL-10表达逐渐升高,可能参与了ICH后减轻脑水肿、促进神经功能恢复的脑保护作用.     

大鼠实验性脑出血后脑水肿与MMP-9表达的关系及依达拉奉干预效应的研究

目的 探讨脑出血后脑水肿和MMP-9表达的动态变化及依达拉奉的干预效应.方法 采用立体定向技术制作大鼠脑出血模型,干湿重法测量脑组织含水量和免疫组化法测定脑组织MMP-9的表达.结果 与假手术组比较,脑出血12h时脑组织含水量明显增加(P＜0.05), 72h时达到高峰,随后逐渐下降, 7d时仍高于假手术组(P＜0.05).出血组大鼠脑含水量与血肿周围MMP-9阳性细胞数呈正相关(r=0.846, P=0.034),且差异有统计学意义.(3)治疗组脑含水量和MMP-9阳性细胞数与假手术组比较差异有统计学意义,与出血组比较差异亦有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 MMP-9参与了脑出血后脑水肿的形成,依达拉奉对脑水肿有抑制作用.     

粒细胞集落刺激因子对脑出血大鼠脑水肿及星型胶质细胞的影响

目的 研究粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)对大鼠脑出血(ICH)后脑水肿和星型胶质细胞可塑性的影响及神经保护作用.方法 SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、治疗组.断尾取自体血法制备大鼠ICH模型,治疗组于造模1h后腹腔注射重组粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF) 60 μg/kg.3组大鼠于术后6h、24h、48h、72h、7d、10d处死,干湿重法测定脑组织含水量、免疫组化检测血肿周围MMP-9、GFAP的动态变化.结果 模型组脑组织含水量明显高于假手术组(P＜0.05),造模后48h、72h最明显,与组内6h、24h、7d、10d相比差异显著(P＜0.05);治疗组脑组织含水量明显低于模型组(P＜0.05).模型组各时点MMP-9表达明显高于假手术组(P＜0.05),48h、72h表达最明显,与组内6h、24h、7d、1Od比较差异显著(P＜0.05);治疗组各时点MMP-9表达显著低于模型组(P＜0.05).假手术组脑组织含水量与MMP-9表达无相关性(r＝0.429,P＞0.05),模型组脑组织含水量与MMP-9表达呈正相关关系(r ＝0.922,P＜0.05),治疗组脑组织含水量与MMP-9表达呈正相关关系(r＝0.844,P＜0.05).假手术组未见GFAP阳性细胞表达;模型组6h出现少量GFAP阳性细胞表达,48h增多,72h大量表达,7d达高峰,10d表达减弱;治疗组GFAP阳性细胞表达6h与模型组相似,24h、48h、72h、7d、10d较模型组明显减少(P＜0.05).结论 ICH后G-CSF可抑制MMP-9表达减轻脑水肿程度,抑制星形胶质细胞过度活化,对出血后脑组织具有保护作用.     

黄芪注射液对脑出血大鼠细胞凋亡影响的研究

目的 研究脑出血大鼠细胞凋亡的规律及黄芪注射液对出血后脑组织含水量和血肿周围区细胞凋亡的影响.方法 采用肝素化Ⅶ型胶原酶脑内注入法制作大鼠(160只)脑出血模型.制模后根据药物干预的时间随机分成4个治疗组(手术同时组,术后6 h组、12 h组、24 h组,每组32只)和出血对照组(共32只).各治疗组每日经腹腔给予黄芪注射液1次,各组分别于第4 d及第7 d处死.再从上述5组中各选取12只大鼠用于脑组织含水量测定(干湿法),观察不同时间开始治疗对大鼠脑组织含水量、血肿周围区细胞凋亡(脑组织切片TUNEL荧光染色)的影响.结果 治疗组[出血同时组(第4 d)、6 h组(第4 d、7 d)、12 h组(第4 d)]脑组织含水量较出血对照组明显减少(均P<0.01);脑出血后6 h血肿周围凋亡细胞开始出现,3 d达高峰,7 d后明显减少;各治疗组血肿周围细胞凋亡均明显降低,出血同时治疗组和6 h治疗组比24 h治疗组细胞凋亡率明显降低(均P<0.01);脑出血后存在血管内皮细胞凋亡.结论 脑出血后血肿周围神经细胞凋亡是脑出血后继发性神经损伤机制之一;黄芪注射液治疗脑出血,具有减轻脑水肿和神经细胞凋亡作用,以早期用药疗效更好.     

脑出血大鼠血肿周围脑组织含水量与基质金属蛋白酶-9、组织基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1及谷氨酸表达水平的关系

目的 探讨脑出血大鼠血肿周围脑组织含水量与基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、组织基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)及谷氨酸表达水平的关系.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠48只,随机分为正常对照组(n=8)、假手术组(n=8)、脑出血组(n=32),脑出血组又分为脑出血后12h、24h、72 h、7d4个亚组,每亚组8只大鼠.采用自体血尾状核注入法制备脑出血模型.采用干湿重法测定脑含水量,免疫组化法检测血肿周围脑组织MMP-9、TIMP-1及谷氨酸的表达.结果 脑出血组各时间点亚组大鼠血肿周围脑组织含水量与MMP-9、TIMP-1及谷氨酸表达水平均显著高于正常对照组和假手术组(均P＜0.01).脑出血组中,72 h亚组大鼠脑组织含水量及MMP-9、TIMP-1表达水平最高(P ＜0.01);24 h亚组大鼠脑组织谷氨酸表达水平最高(P＜0.01).多重线性回归分析结果显示,脑组织含水量(Y)与脑组织MMP-9(X1)及谷氨酸(X3)表达水平呈直线关系,多元回归方程为Y=68.894+0.281X1-0.052X3.结论 脑出血后血肿周围组织含水量及MMP-9、TIMP-1、谷氨酸的表达水平明显增高,MMP-9、谷氨酸在脑出血后血肿周围组织水肿的发生发展中具有重要作用.     

疏血通对大鼠脑出血后脑水肿的影响

目的探讨应用疏血通对大鼠脑出血后脑水肿的影响以及用药的安全性.方法将胶原酶用定向注入法注入大鼠一侧的尾壳核制作大鼠脑出血模型,并在注入胶原酶后4 h通过大鼠尾静脉注入疏血通,通过观察大鼠的脑组织含水量、K 、Na 的含量以及血肿体积来评价疏血通的影响.结果疏血通治疗组的大鼠脑组织含水量较对照组明显低(P＜0.01),两组间脑组织K 、Na 的含量有明显差异(P＜0.05),而血肿体积无明显差异.结论疏血通能减轻大鼠脑出血后脑水肿,并且不引起血肿增大.其可能是治疗脑出血后脑水肿的一种安全有效的药物.     

厄贝沙坦预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠脑组织含水量以及IgG和水通道蛋白4表达的影响

目的 探讨厄贝沙坦预处理对脑缺血再灌注(CIR)损伤大鼠脑组织含水量以及IgG和水通道蛋白4(AQP4)表达的影响.方法 用厄贝沙坦灌胃预处理SD大鼠,连续21d后用改良Longa法建立CIR模型,分别于缺血90 min再灌注2 h和48 h后测定其脑组织含水量,并采用免疫组化法测定相应时间点IgG及AQP4的表达.结果 与假手术组及CIR对照组进行比较.结果 各组中,CIR对照组大鼠脑组织含水量最高,其次是厄贝沙坦低剂量组,然后是厄贝沙坦高剂量组,假手术组最低(P＜0.05～0.01).再灌注2 h时,各组大鼠脑组织IgG表达差异无统计学意义;再灌注48 h时,CIR对照组大鼠脑组织IgG表达最高,其次是厄贝沙坦低剂量组,然后是厄贝沙坦高剂量组,假手术组最低(P＜0.05～0.01).再灌注2 h时,各组中厄贝沙坦高剂量组大鼠脑组织AQP4表达最多,然后是厄贝沙坦低剂最组与CIR对照组,假手术组最少(均P＜0.01);再灌注48 h时,各组中厄贝沙坦高剂量组及低剂量组大鼠脑组织AQP4表达最多,其次是CIR对照组,假手术组最少(均P＜0.01).结论 厄贝沙坦预处理可能通过上调CIR大鼠脑组织AQP4的表达以减少其脑组织含水量和IgG表达,从而起到脑保护作用.     

盐酸纳美芬对大鼠颅脑损伤后脑水肿的影响

目的探讨盐酸纳美芬对大鼠颅脑损伤后脑水肿的影响。方法将54只Wistar大鼠按随机数字表法随机分为假手术组、颅脑损伤组及纳美芬治疗组。采用自由落体法建立大鼠颅脑损伤模型,分别于伤后6 h、1 d、3 d、7 d,采用干湿重法检测脑组织含水量,应用免疫组织化学法检测损伤脑组织中水通道蛋白4（AQP4）的表达。结果与假手术组比较,颅脑损伤组和纳美芬治疗组的脑组织含水量及AQP4水平明显升高（P〈0.05）;与颅脑损伤组相比,纳美芬治疗组脑组织含水量及AQP4表达水平明显降低（P〈0.05）。通过相关性分析发现,大鼠颅脑损伤后脑组织AQP4表达水平与脑含水量呈明显正相关性（r=0.676,P〈0.01）。结论盐酸纳美芬可能通过抑制AQP4表达,减轻脑水肿,发挥神经保护作用。     

实验性脑出血后脑组织核因子-κB表达和含水量的变化及其相关性

目的 研究实验性脑出血(ICH)后血肿周围脑组织核因子-κB(NF-κB)表达和脑组织含水量的改变及其相关性.方法 采用自体不凝血注人大鼠尾状核制备ICH模型;用免疫组化法检测血肿周围脑组织NF-κB表达;用干湿重法测脑组织含水量.结果 与对照组相比,ICH 6h组血肿周围脑组织NF-κB表达开始明显增加,ICH 48h组达高峰,并持续到ICH 1周(P＜0.01～0.05);脑组织含水量ICH 12h组开始增多,24h组显著增高,72h组达高峰;NF-κB表达和脑组织含水量ICH 24h～1周组与假手术组之间差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01);ICH后NF-κB阳性细胞数与脑组织含水量呈正相关(r=0.644,P＜0.01),NF-κB表达从开始到高峰均早于脑组织含水量的变化.结论 ICH后脑组织NF-κB表达增加,NF-κB可能通过炎性机制参与了ICH后继发脑水肿的形成.     

脑出血大鼠脑红蛋白表达与脑含水量变化

目的：观察脑出血大鼠脑组织内脑红蛋白（Ngb）的表达,探讨其与脑出血后脑水肿之间的关系。方法：将大鼠随机分为3组：正常对照组,假手术组和脑出血组。脑出血组和假手术组动物在模型建立后1、6、24、48、72h5个时间点各随机分为5个亚组。采用立体定向技术将自体血注入大鼠尾状核建立脑出血模型（假手术组注入生理盐水）,用干湿重法测定脑出血后脑含水量的变化,用Western blot检测脑出血后不同时间脑组织内Ngb的表达。结果：与假手术组或正常对照组比较,脑出血组1h时血肿周围脑组织内Ngb表达开始增高（P〈0.05）,24h时脑含水量开始升高（P〈0.05）,二者均在48h时达到高峰并持续至72h（P〈0.01）。结论：脑出血后脑组织内Ngb表达上调。脑出血后Ngb表达水平的变化与脑水肿的发生、发展在时间上不完全同步。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。