短病程2型糖尿病患者持续皮下胰岛素输注及联合双胍类或噻唑烷二酮类药物的疗效对比

目的 比较持续皮下胰岛素输注 (CSII) 及联合二甲双胍或吡格列酮对短病程T2DM住院患者的疗效,探讨短病程T2DM强化治疗的优化方案.方法 73例的短病程T2DM住院患者随机分为CSII组(23例)、CSII联合二甲双胍(CSII+Met)组(26例)、CSII联合吡格列酮(CSII+Pio)组(24例).测定强化治疗2周前后各组患者FPG、Ins、C-P、hsC-RP及75g葡萄糖负荷后2hPG、Ins、C-P.应用稳态模型计算β细胞功能(HOMA-β) 和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),同时比较三组治疗前后各指标的变化及治疗费用.结果 强化治疗后CSII+Met组、CSII+Pio组与CSII组相比HOMA-β水平显著升高(P＜0.05),HOMA-IR水平显著下降(P＜0.05);CSII+Met组比CSII组、CSII+Pio组血糖达标时间显著缩短、胰岛素用量及治疗费用显著下降(P＜0.05).结论 CSII联合二甲双胍或联合吡格列酮较单纯CSII能更有效的改善T2DM患者的胰岛β细胞功能,减轻胰岛素抵抗;CSII联合二甲双胍能明显减少胰岛素用量和治疗费用.     

地特胰岛素联合口服降糖药治疗新诊断2型糖尿病患者疗效观察

新诊断T2DM患者48例,随机分为治疗组(地特胰岛素联合二甲双胍、阿卡波糖)和对照组(瑞格列奈联合二甲双胍、阿卡波糖),治疗12周。结果 治疗FBG、2h BG、Hb A1c较治疗前明显下降(P<0.01);治疗组FC-P及2h C-P浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),低血糖发生次数显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 地特胰岛素联合口服降糖药治疗有效降低血糖,逆转受损的β细胞功能,且安全性好。     

利拉鲁肽联合地特胰岛素治疗二甲双胍控制不佳的肥胖2型糖尿病患者的观察

选取二甲双胍治疗不佳的肥胖伴T_2DM患者30例,应用利拉鲁肽联合地特胰岛素治疗12周。结果体重、BMI、FPG、2hCP、HbA_(1c)、TG及HOMA-IR较治疗前均下降(P0.05);2hIns、FCP、2hCP及HOMA-β较治疗前均增加(P0.05)。结论利拉鲁肽联合地特胰岛素可有效降低二甲双胍控制不佳的肥胖伴T_2DM患者、体重、血糖、血脂,改善HOMA-IR和HOMA-β且低血糖发生率低。     

甘精胰岛素联合口服药物治疗2型糖尿病肥胖患者的临床观察

将40名FPG≥10mmol/L的肥胖2型糖尿病人(预混胰岛素治疗)随机分成两组,治疗组20例,给予甘精胰岛素联合口服药物(二甲双胍与吡格列酮)治疗,对照组20例仍然采取原预混胰岛素(诺和灵30R)治疗方案。观察12周后,FPG,P2hPG,HbA1c,TG,ALT、AST、BUN、Ccr、HOMA-β和HOMA-IR的变化。结果:治疗组血糖水平达标快,胰岛素用量减少,HbA1c水平降低,同组间治疗后HOMA-β较治疗前增高,HOMA-IR均较治疗前降低,差异具有显著性,治疗组与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义。结论:应用甘精胰岛素联合口服药物(二甲双胍与吡格列酮)治疗可明显改善胰岛素抵抗,血糖达标快,胰岛素用量减少。     

艾塞那肽与预混胰岛素治疗新诊断2型糖尿病患者临床疗效和安全性比较

目的探讨新诊断T2DM患者胰岛素强化治疗后艾塞那肽或预混胰岛素序贯治疗的临床疗效和安全性比较。方法选取2014年1月至2015年12月于我院住院的新诊断T2DM患者132例,随机分为3组,入院后予胰岛素强化治疗,血糖控制平稳后予艾塞那肽联合甘精胰岛素治疗(艾塞那肽+甘精胰岛素组,n=48),艾塞那肽联合二甲双胍治疗(艾塞那肽+二甲双胍组,n=32)及预混胰岛素治疗(预混胰岛素组,n=52)。观察12周,比较治疗前后FPG、2hPG、HbA_1c、FC-P、BMI、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞分泌指数(HOMA-β)及低血糖和消化道不良反应发生率。结果治疗12周后各组FPG、HbA_1c和HOMA-IR较治疗前降低(P0.05),HOMA-β较治疗前升高[(42.28±29.10)vs(117.05±64.39),(39.81±21.52)vs(116.00±56.28),(44.25±31.80)vs(112.79±41.78),P0.05],治疗后各组间比较,差异无统计学意义(F=0.502、0.315、1.620、0.062、0.271,P0.05);治疗后预混胰岛素组体重、BMI高于艾塞那肽+甘精胰岛素组和艾塞那肽+二甲双胍组(F=3.246、11.449,P0.05);艾塞那肽+二甲双胍组低血糖发生率低于预混胰岛素组(3.13%vs 21.15%)(χ~2=5.258,P0.05);预混胰岛素组消化道不良反应发生率低于艾塞那肽+甘精胰岛素组和艾塞那肽+二甲双胍组[(0.00%vs 20.83%),(0.00%vs 25.00%)],(χ~2=12.037、14.368,P0.01)。结论新诊断T2DM患者胰岛素强化治疗后选择艾塞那肽联合二甲双胍或基础胰岛素治疗,其降糖效果不劣于预混胰岛素,但体重控制更佳,低血糖发生率更低。     

地特胰岛素联合低剂量二甲双胍、阿卡波糖治疗老年2型糖尿病超重与肥胖患者疗效及安全性的观察

目的 探讨老年T2DM超重、肥胖患者在口服降糖药基础上加用每日一次地特胰岛素（Det）治疗的临床疗效及安全性. 方法 93例老年T2DM超重、肥胖患者随机分为A、B组.A组口服二甲双胍＋阿卡波糖（Met＋ Acarbose）;B组二甲双胍＋阿卡波糖＋Det （Met＋ Acarbose＋ Det）,疗程24周.观察两组治疗前后FPG、2hPG、BMI、HbA1c及低血糖发生率等情况. 结果 24周后,B组FPG、2hPG、HbA1 c、BMI较基线及A组降低（P＜0.05）,且无夜间低血糖发生. 结论 Det联合低剂量二甲双胍＋阿卡波糖可有效控制老年T2DM超重、肥胖患者血糖,优于单纯口服给药,并能控制体重,且无夜间低血糖发生.     

利拉鲁肽联合二甲双胍治疗肥胖2型糖尿病对血糖及胰岛β细胞功能的影响

选取2016年8月-2017年9月期间70例肥胖T2DM患者,随机平分为对照组口服二甲双胍,观察组再给予利拉鲁肽治疗。结果观察组治疗后血糖和HOMA-IR指数低于对照组,且不良反应少于对照组,HOMA-β高于对照组,(P 0. 05)。结论肥胖T2DM患者利拉鲁肽与二甲双胍联合治疗利于控制血糖,减轻胰岛素抵抗的优点。     

重组甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖对新诊断的2型糖尿病患者β细胞功能改善的自身对照研究

目的探讨短期（3个月）重组甘精胰岛素＋三餐阿卡波糖强化治疗对新诊断的T2DM患者胰岛口细胞功能及血糖控制的影响。方法采用自身前后对照的方法,对60例新诊断但未治疗的T2DM患者给予3个月重组甘精胰岛素＋阿卡波糖强化治疗,治疗前后分别行静脉葡萄糖耐量试验（IVGTT）,计算0-10min时胰岛素曲线下面积（AUC0-10）、1～3min急性胰岛素对葡萄糖的分泌反应（AIR1-3）、胰岛素分泌指数（HOMA-β）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）的变化。结果治疗后IⅥHT试验的AUC0-10、AIR1-3。及HOMA-β较试验前明显增加,而空腹及餐后血糖、HbA1c、HOMA-IR较治疗前明显下降。结论新诊断的T2DM患者接受短期甘精胰岛素＋阿卡波糖治疗使血糖快速、安全达标的同时显著改善胰岛β细胞功能和胰岛素敏感性,治疗简便,依从性较高。     

口服二甲双胍血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者加用地特胰岛素的疗效观察

目的观察口服二甲双胍(Met)血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者加用地特胰岛素(Det)治疗的有效性。方法选取口服Met血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者70例,Met联合Det治疗12周,测定患者治疗前后FPG、2hPG、HbAl c、FC-P、C-P、BMI、BP、血脂及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)等。结果Met联合Det治疗12周后,FPG、2hPG、TG、LDL-C、HbAl c及HOMA-IR较治疗前下降(P0.05);FCP及C-P升高(P0.05)。结论口服Met血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者联合Det治疗可有效控制血糖,改善胰岛β细胞功能,调节血脂,且不增加体重。     

30/70混合重组人胰岛素注射液联合二甲双胍对初诊2型糖尿病患者FPG、2hPG水平变化的影响

选取T2DM患者103例,随机平分照组51例给予30/70人胰岛素治疗,观察组52例给予30/70胰岛素+二甲双胍治疗,比较空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2hPG)水平及胰岛β细胞功能各指标[胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-β)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)]变化。结果 1个月后观察组FPG、2hPG水平低于对照组(P 0. 05);HOMA-β高于对照组,HO-M A-IR低于对照组(P 0. 05);观察组不良反应发生率为7. 69%(4/52),对照组为3. 92%(2/51),(P 0. 05)。结论二甲双胍联合30/70混合重组人胰岛素注射液可改善初诊T2DM患者胰岛β细胞功能,降低血糖水平,且安全性高。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.