跟骨骨折切开复位内固定术后疗效及切口并发症分析

目的探讨跟骨关节内骨折切开复位钢板内固定手术治疗的疗效及早期手术切口的并发症。方法采用跟骨外侧延长"L"形切口入路对50例57足跟骨关节内骨折进行切开复位钢板内固定治疗。按Essex-Lopresti进行骨折分类,舌型骨折30足,关节压缩型骨折27足。根据手术前后X线片对跟骨高度、宽度、长度及跟骨B hler角和Gissane角进行评估,并观察术后切口愈合情况。采用Maryland足评分系统评价临床功能疗效。结果所有患者术后获得5～36个月(平均18个月)随访,X线片显示术后跟骨高度、宽度、长度及跟骨B hler角和Gissane角均获得满意恢复,Maryland足部评分系统显示优31足,良20足,可6足,优良率89.5%。术后早期出现切口裂开、坏死及感染共10例,占总病例数17.5%。结论采用跟骨外侧延长"L"形入路切开复位钢板内固定是治疗跟骨关节内骨折的有效方法,但术后早期切口并发症仍难以完全避免。     

开窗直视下联合复位内固定治疗跟骨骨折

目的探讨跟骨外侧开窗直视下联合复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨骨折的临床疗效。方法对36例(38足)SandersⅡ~Ⅳ型跟骨骨折患者采用跟骨外侧切口,在跟骨外侧皮质开窗后直视下复位塌陷的关节面,尽量恢复Gissane角、Bhler角;对有骨缺损者行自体髂骨及异体骨植骨后钢板内固定。术后X线片上测量Bhler角、Gissane角及跟骨的长度、宽度、高度,与术前进行比较。按照Maryland足功能评分系统对患者术后功能进行评定。结果 31例患者(32足)获得随访,失访5例(6足),随访时间12~24个月。术后1年X线片示骨折处均达到骨性愈合。Bhler角:术前-3.6°±5.8°、术后29.4°±4.0°,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Gissane角:术前88.9°±6.3°、术后115.9°±5.6°,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后跟骨长度、宽度及结节部高度与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。采用Maryland足功能评分标准评估术后功能:优11足,良13足,可5足,差3足。结论跟骨外侧开窗直视下联合复位内固定治疗跟骨SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型骨折疗效满意,SandersⅣ型骨折疗效尚可。     

跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术临床报告

目的通过对跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术和并发症研究,探讨跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术方法和治疗效果,防治并发症。方法 2004年2月至2010年10月我科采用外侧＂L＂型切口、可塑形跟骨解剖钢板进行开放复位内固定,手术治疗Sanders分型～型跟骨骨折42例45足,必要时行植骨。根据Sanders分型,型3足,型20足,型17足,型5足。术中侧位X线片透视观察Bhler角和Gissane角,Broden位透视观察后关节面的恢复情况。结果术后切口坏死感染3例,腓肠神经损伤1足。采用X轴、侧位摄片和病例随访,Maryland足部评分标准评价手术效果。随访时间2～36个月,平均18个月。本组优27足,良12足,可4足,差2足,优良率86.7%。结论经跟骨外侧＂L＂型切口切开复位内固定治疗跟骨关节内粉碎性骨折,能够获得满意的解剖皮肤复位和临床效果,固定可靠,是治疗跟骨关节内粉碎性骨折的有效方法。术中必须仔细保护切口皮瓣,防治术后切口皮肤坏死、感染等并发症。     

开放复位可塑形钛板内固定治疗跟骨骨折33例

目的 评价开放复位可塑形钛板内固定治疗跟骨骨折的疗效。方法 对33例(37足)以后关节突移位为主的跟骨骨折,行跟骨外侧入路、开放性复位可塑形钛板螺钉内固定,必要时行植骨术(18例)。结果 平均随访11.5个月,参照Mary—land food score评分,对患足是否疼痛、步态、距下关节及踝关节活动度、是否支架辅助、术后X线摄片等加以评估,19足疗效为优,17足为良,1足可。其中钛板断裂1例,手术切口皮缘坏死1例,换药后自愈。结论 跟骨外侧入路开放复位可塑形钛板螺钉内固定,必要时植骨术是治疗跟骨骨折的有效方法。     

手术治疗移位的跟骨关节内骨折

目的评价手术治疗移位的跟骨关节内骨折的临床疗效。方法对28例(32足)移位的跟骨关节内骨折行跟骨外侧入路切开复位内固定，其中26例予以植骨。结果26例获得随访，随访时间8～20个门，平均13个月，骨折均完全愈合，参照跟骨关节内骨折评分标准：优15例，良9例，可2例。术后创口局部渗液5例，皮缘局限性坏死1例，经换药后治愈。结论跟骨外侧入路切开复位内固定并植骨术是治疗移位的跟骨关节内骨折的有效方法。     

开放复位可塑形钛板内固定治疗跟骨骨折33例

目的 评价开放复位可塑形钛板内固定治疗跟骨骨折的疗效。方法 对33例(37足)以后关节突移位为主的跟骨骨折，行跟骨外侧入路、开放性复位可塑形钛板螺钉内固定，必要时行植骨术(18例)。结果 平均随访11．5个月，参照Mary1and food score评分，对患足是否疼痛、步态、距下关节及踝关节活动度、是否支架辅助、术后X线摄片等加以评估，19足疗效为优，17足为良，l足可。其中钛板断裂l例，手术切口皮缘坏死l例，换药后自愈。结论 跟骨外侧入路开放复位可塑形钛板螺钉内固定，必要时植骨术是治疗跟骨骨折的有效方法。     

切开复位克氏针结合跟骨重建钢板内固定＋植骨术治疗跟骨骨折

目的探讨切开复位克氏针结合跟骨重建钢板内固定植骨术治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法对38例（38足）SandersⅢ型、Ⅳ型跟骨骨折均采用切开复位克氏针结合跟骨重建钢板内固定＋植骨术治疗,术中克氏针维持塌陷的关节面复位,跟骨外侧缘放置重建钢板和植骨,术后测量Bhler角和Gissane角,评价跟骨骨折的复位情况。结果患者均无感染和皮肤坏死,复查X线片提示Bhler角和Gissane角分别为24°～42°和98°～137°,骨折均达骨性愈合,愈合时间10～16（13±3）周,按Maryland足部评分系统评价术后功能：优26足,良10足,差2足,优良率94.7%。结论采用切开复位克氏针结合跟骨重建钢板内固定＋植骨术治疗SandersⅢ型、Ⅳ型跟骨骨折手术方法简单,疗效满意。     

植骨在手术治疗跟骨关节内骨折中的作用

目的通过前瞻性随机研究,观察植骨在切开复位内固定治疗关节内跟骨骨折中是否有益。方法2001年1月至2005年12月收治需要手术治疗的闭合性关节内跟骨骨折110例,随机分为植骨组和非植骨组。采用“L”形外侧延长切口,直视下显露整个跟骨外侧壁、距下关节后关节面及跟骰关节,给予跟骨骨折复位。对于植骨组采用自体髂骨植骨填充复位后的骨缺损,而非植骨组则不进行植骨。随后将塑形良好的跟骨解剖重建板放置于跟骨外侧壁以固定跟骨骨折。手术前后摄片测量Bohler角,术后采用美国矫形足踝协会踝后足评分标准进行患者的功能评价。结果手术前后植骨组和非植骨组的Bohler角增加没有统计学差异,术后6个月Bohler角的丢失也没有统计学差异,术后6个月、1年及2年的足功能评价也没有差异。结论在手术治疗关节内跟骨骨折中植骨并不具有优势。     

跟骨关节内骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨跟骨关节内骨折的手术治疗.方法 2005年3月至2008年12月共收治19例(25足)跟骨关节内骨折患者,男13例,女6例;年龄17～36岁,平均27岁.骨折按照Sanders分型:Ⅱ型8足,Ⅲ型12足,Ⅳ型5足.术中采用开放复位H型钢板内固定,复位后跟骨后关节面骨质缺损明显者取自体髂骨植骨.结果 本组2例3足失访,其余17例(22足)患者获8～37个月(平均10个月)随访.跟结节角由术前10.3°±5.8°恢复至术后39.2°±2.3°,跟骨体-丘部高度由术前(37.2±3.0)mm恢复至术后(43.8±2.0)mm,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).术后6个月X线片示骨折全部获骨性愈合,对比术后X线片末见明显骨关节炎征象.术后根据Kerr标准评定:优15足,良6足,可1足,优良率为95.5%.结论 开放复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨骨折充分恢复了跟结节角、距下关节面的平整,可维持相关动力装置的正常张力,消除了移位骨折块对软组织的不良刺激.     

保留距下关节的跟骨截骨矫形术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的以保留距下关节的跟骨截骨矫形术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合,并探讨其适应证及优缺点。方法1998年11月至2003年5月,对伤后1～9个月,共24例(26足)跟骨骨折畸形愈合采用保留距下关节的跟骨截骨矫形术进行治疗。患者平均年龄32.6岁(28～42岁)。患者术前均摄跟骨侧位、轴位及足斜位X线片,并行CT三维重建检查。骨折按Sanders分型,Ⅱ型13足(Ⅱb9足,Ⅱc4足),Ⅲ型13足(Ⅲac8足,Ⅲab5足)。选择跟骨外侧改良“L”形切口,用骨刀切除外膨的跟骨外侧壁,然后将后关节面骨折块向上、向后撬起复位后关节面。跟骨内骨缺损处采用自体骨植骨,其中髂骨植骨19足,劈下的跟骨外侧壁植骨7足。最后以钢板螺钉固定。结果21足术后获得9～22个月(平均14.5个月)随访。所有患者术后均未发生切口感染、螺钉断裂及跟骨内翻等并发症。截骨植骨处愈合时间平均为11.2周(10.5～13.3周)。按Maryland足部评分标准评价术后功能,优8足,良10足,可3足,优良率为86%。术后X线检查见Bhler角、Gissane角、距骨倾斜角、跟骨宽度及丘部高度的恢复接近正常。结论保留距下关节的跟骨截骨矫形术是治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合的有效方法之一,具有跟骨畸形矫正明显、后足外形及功能恢复满意等优点。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.