复方三黄消炎片中栀子苷含量测定研究

目的：高效液相色谱法测定复方三黄消炎片中制栀子有效成份栀子苷的含量。方法：流动相为甲醇-0．1％磷酸水溶液（20：80）；色谱柱为C18柱；紫外检测波长为238nm。结果：栀子苷在0．6～3μg范围内线性关系良好。平均回收率％=99．67（n=5），RSD=1．5％。结论：该方法灵敏度、专属性高、重现性好，快速简便。     

HPLC法测定解郁安神片中栀子苷的含量

目的：本文建立测定解郁安神片中栀子苷含量的高效液相色谱法，以评价其制剂的质量。方法：采用C18柱（SHISEIDOCAPCELL，4．6mm×150mm）；以乙腈-水（15：85）为流动相；检测波长为238nm。结果：栀子苷在6．172—61．72mg·L^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9999，n=5），平均回收率为100．7％（RSD=1．0％，n=6）。10批解郁安神片样品中栀子苷的含量为1．428—1．498mg／片。结论：该方法操作简便，测定结果准确，重现性好，可用于解郁安神片中栀子苷的含量测定。     

栀子利咽茶剂中栀子甙的含量测定

本文应用薄层一紫外分光光度法测定了栀子利咽茶剂中栀子甙的含量，其薄层吸附剂为硅胶ＧＦ－２５４，展开剂为氯仿－甲醇，最大吸收波长为２３７ｎｍ，平均回收率为９６．４％。     

大孔树脂同步分离栀子中栀子苷和栀子黄色素工艺研究

目的研究大孔树脂同步分离纯化栀子药材中的栀子苷和栀子黄色素。方法通过比较不同大孔吸附树脂静态吸附栀子黄色素的能力,并对最佳大孔吸附树脂纯化工艺进行筛选。结果HPD-100型树脂综合性能最佳,其纯化工艺为：上样液浓度A440在60左右,以流样速度1—3mL．min^-1上样;水洗8～10BV;25％乙醇冲洗3～5BV体积;70％乙醇冲洗至洗脱液无色。结论栀子苷得率70％、栀子黄色素（色价100～500、OD小于0．8甚至达到0．3）得率80％（折算至栀子药材含量）,说明此工艺可行。     

HPLC法同时测定银翘解毒合剂中栀子苷与黄芩苷的含量

目的：建立银翘解毒合剂中同时测定栀子苷和黄芩苷的HPLC方法。方法：色谱柱：AgilentZORBAXSB—C18（150mm×4．6mm,5μm）,流动相：乙腈-0．5％冰醋酸梯度洗脱,流速：1．0ml·min^-1,检测波长：238nm,柱温：25℃。结果：栀子苷进样量在0．084-1．05μg范围内线性关系良好,回归方程Y=1422．6X＋3．377,r=0．9998（n=5）;黄芩苷进样量在0．23～4．56vg范围内线性关系良好,回归方程Y=1164X＋47．201,r=0．9998（n=5）。平均加样回收率栀子苷为99．65％,RSD=1．44％（n=6）;黄芩苷为100．01％,RSD=0．23％（n=6）。结论：该法快速简便,专属性强,重现性好,能用于银翘解毒合剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定壮西-25中栀子苷含量

采用HPLC法测定壮西～25中栀子苷的含量。选用ODS-ZHYPERSIL色谱柱，流动相：乙腈-水（13：87），流速：1．0mL·min^-1，检测波长：238nm。栀子苷在0．09876-0．8230μg范围内呈良好的线性关系r=0．9999。平均回收率为99．6％，RSD=1．2％，本方法重现性好，专属性强，可作为本品质量控制方法。     

HPLC测定小儿退热口服液中栀子苷含量

目的采用HPLC测定小儿退热口服液中栀子苷的含量。方法选用Hypersil C18色谱柱，流动相：乙腈-水(10：90)，检测波长：238nm，流速：1．0ml／min，柱温：室温。结果栀子苷线性关系良好(r=0．9999)，平均回收率达96．9％(RSD=1．33％)。     

用薄层扫描法测定清热解毒注射液中的栀子甙

栀子甙为清热解毒注射液中栀子的主要成分。采用薄层扫描法[1]测定其含量，具有直接点样展开、快速、简便、灵敏度高等优点，平均回收率97．99％，变异系数1．55％，这为本品的质量控制提供了可靠的依据。     

双波长HPLC同时测定熊胆丸中栀子苷和黄芩苷的含量

目的建立HPLC同时测定熊胆丸中栀子苷和黄芩苷含量的方法。方法色谱柱为HibarC18柱（150mm×4．6mm,5gm）;流动相：A相为0．2％磷酸水溶液,B相为乙腈;梯度洗脱,B：15％（0～9min）,15％-25％（9-0min）,25％（10～17min）;流速为1．0mL·min-1;柱温为室温;检测波长分别为240nm（栀子苷）,278nm（黄芩苷）。结果栀子苷、黄芩苷保留时间分别为4．5,15．6rain左右,进样质量分别在0．08～0．8,0．23～2.3μg内线性关系良好,线性回归方程分别为Y=1413．8X＋20．75,r=0．9998（n=5）;Y=2788．X＋11．4,r=0．9999（n=5）,平均回收率分别为96．0％,103．6％,RSD分别为1．75％,2．01％。结论该法快速、准确,重复性、精密度良好,适用于测定熊胆丸中栀子苷和黄芩苷的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定牛黄上清片中栀子苷的含量

目的：建立牛黄上清片中栀子苷的含量测定方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法测定牛黄上清片中栀子苷的含量。色谱柱：DikmaKromasil C18柱（250×4．6mm,5μm）;流动相：乙腈-水（15：85）;检测波长：238nm;柱温：25℃;流速：1．0ml/min;进样量：10．0μl。结果：栀子苷在0．4204～4．204μg范围内有良好的线性关系（r=0．9998）,平均回收率为98．03％,相对标准差（RSD）为1．15％（n=6）。测得牛黄上清片中栀子苷的平均含量为2．3848mg／g。结论：该方法简便易行、快速准确,具有良好的重复性和回收率,可作为牛黄上清片中栀子苷的定量分析方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.