肝段切除联合手术加胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石

目的　探讨肝内胆管结石外科治疗的方法和效果。方法　近 12年来对 2 3 0例肝内胆管结石患者 ,根据结石的部位和肝胆系统的病理改变分别选择不同的手术 ,配合使用纤维胆道镜取石等综合措施治疗。结果　 (1)行肝段 (叶 )切除 胆管空肠Y型吻合 10 3例 ,优良 91.8% ;(2 )行肝胆管切开取石、解除狭窄后与空肠Y型吻合 45例 ,优良 81.2 % ;(3 )行单纯胆道探查取石 T管引流72例 ,优良 69.3 % ;(4 )行胆总管十二指肠吻合 4例及右肝段切除 T管引流 6例。结论　对肝胆管结石患者应采用肝段 (叶 )切除联合手术或高位胆管切开取石肝胆管空肠Y型吻合手术 ,并配合术中、术后纤维胆道镜取石 ,有利于提高疗效。     

肝胆道复发结石再手术58例的治疗体会

目的 探讨肝胆道复发结石再手术的治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析经手术治疗肝胆道复发结石58例,其中肝内胆管复发石12例,肝外胆管复发石24例,肝内、肝外胆管复发石22例,手术行胆道探查、取石加T管引流28例,肝叶(或段)切除25例,胆肠内引流5例。术中应用纤胆镜18例,术后纤胆镜应用30例。结果 治愈57例,死亡1例。结石取净率达94.7％。结论 为减少肝胆道复发结石再手术率,提高远期治疗效果,必须有充分的术前准备;肝叶切除是治疗肝内胆管复发结石的首选方法;纤胆镜在肝胆道复发结石临床应用有重要意义。     

肝胆管结石并胆管狭窄的外科治疗

笔者回顾性分析83例肝胆管结石并狭窄患者的临床资料。 全组肝胆管结石并狭窄占同期肝胆管结石病例的31.8%。均手术治疗,常规高位胆管切开取石,同时行肝部分切除13例;附加胆肠内引流72例,T管或U型管外引流11例。术后死亡2例（2.4%）。70例随访1～18年,疗效优者51例（72.8%）,良好6例（8.5%）;术后残留结石8例（11.4%）,结石复发5例（7.1%）。笔者体会肝胆管结石常合并胆管狭窄,应采取高位胆管切开取石、整形,结合肝部分切除,胆肠内引流等手术治疗,可获得满意效果。     

术中胆道镜在肝胆管结石手术中的应用

目的探讨术中使用纤维胆道镜在肝内胆管结石外科手术治疗中的临床应用方法及价值。方法回顾分析我院1991年2月至2011年2月外科手术治疗肝内胆管结石病人352例,根据结石部位的不同采取不同的手术方式,包括胆总管探查术、肝左外叶切除、肝左外叶切除+胆总管探查术、肝左叶切除术、肝左叶切除术+胆总管探查术、肝右后叶切除术、右肝叶切除+胆总管探查术、联合肝叶切除+胆总管探查术,分析术中应用胆道镜取石后不同部位的手术后残石率及术后胆道镜再取石后残石率。结果不伴有肝内胆管狭窄的单纯性左肝外和/或左肝内叶结石行胆总管切开取石78例,术后胆道镜取石后无结石残留;孤立性肝内胆管结石行肝左外叶切除、肝左叶切除或肝右后叶切除术119例,可获治愈性效果,无结石残留;肝左外叶切除+胆总管探查术、肝左叶切除术+胆总管探查术、右肝叶切除+胆总管探查术、联合肝叶切除+胆总管探查术,手术后残石率及术后胆道镜再取石后残石率分别为9.5%、2.3%、14.6%、20.9%及4.8%、0%、6.3%、13.9%,总计352例病人术中应用胆道镜取石后残石率及术后胆道镜再取石后残石率分别为5.7%(20/352)、2.8%(10/352)。结论孤立性肝内胆管结石行肝叶切除,可手术治愈结石病,不同部位的肝内胆管结石病外科手术治疗术中应用纤维胆道镜取石,可减少残石率,结合手术后的胆道镜取石,能更加显著降低残石率。     

左肝外叶切除联合术中经残端胆管行胆道探查治疗肝胆管结石的临床研究

目的：探讨肝叶切除联合术中经胆管残端进行胆道探查对肝胆管结石的治疗效果。 方法：22例肝胆管结石患者,行左肝外叶切除,术中以胆道镜经肝断面残端胆管进行胆道探查、取石,术后不放置胆道引流。 结果：所有患者均痊愈,术后1个月复查无胆道结石。14例患者经肝外胆管取出结石,其中2例结石术前未能发现。肝外胆管直径6~8?mm 6例,其中2例存在结石;8.1~10?mm 9例,其中7例存在结石;10.1~15?mm 7例,5例存在结石。所有患者胆道下端均通畅。3例出现术后并发症,其中1例为膈下感染,2例为切口感染。 结论：对左肝区域性肝胆管结石患者,肝左外叶切除联合术中经残端胆管胆道探查是理想的治疗方法。     

肝切除治疗肝内胆管结石疗效评价

目的:评价肝切除治疗肝内胆管结石的疗效。方法:回顾性分析6年来采用不同手术方法治疗的178例肝内胆管结石患者临床资料，比较各种治疗方法的疗效。 结果:行胆总管切开取石，T管引流37例（20.79%），肝切除、胆总管探查取石、T管引流141例（79.21%）。149例（83.71%）获得随访，随访时间1～6年。肝切除组与胆总管切开取石组的术后残石率、结石复发率分别为6.67%和20.69%（χ2=3.86,P<0.05）及8.33%和24.14%（χ2=4.30,P<0.05）。 结论:肝切除治疗肝内胆管结石可明显提高其疗效。     

合并尾状叶结石的肝内胆管结石20例临床分析

目的 探讨合并尾状叶结石的肝内胆管结石的合适的诊治方法.方法 20例合并尾状叶结石的肝内胆管结石,采用肝尾状叶切除联合左外叶切除10例,采用左外叶切除联合尾状叶胆管切开取石T管引流5例,肝右叶切除联合尾状叶切除1例.肝左叶切除联合尾状叶胆管切开取石T管引流2例,肝右后叶切除联合尾状叶切除2例.结果 并发胸腔积液12例,切口感染1例,胆漏2例,死亡1例.随访2年,2例联合尾状叶胆管切开取石T管引流患者仍有胆管结石复发,间断出现胆道感染症状.结论 联合尾状叶切除术可以达到良好的远期效果,是合并尾状叶结石的肝内胆管结石的较好的治疗方法.     

肝胆管结石外科治疗的远期结果

肝胆管结石是亚洲的常见病，作者报告了台北长庚纪念医院1984．1～1988．12收治614例肝胆管结石病人的随访结果。614例病人接受了外科手术或经友经肝胆管镜取石治疗。其中427例随访了4～10年。427例中手术治疗380例，47例行经友经肝胆镜治疗。肝胆管结石分布：左肝管结石270例，右肝管结石107例，双侧肝内胆管结石81例，胆总管结石411例。合并胆管狭窄的部位：左肝管241例，右肝管101例，双侧肝内胆管81例，肝门部胆管35例，胆总管远端61例。治疗方法：胆总管探查取石566例，胆囊切除290例，肝左外叶切除128例，左半肝切除15例，肝右叶部分…     

肝内胆管结石外科手术方法探讨

目的: 探讨肝内胆管结石并狭窄的手术治疗方法及其效果。方法: 总结8年间住院的165例肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄患者的外科手术治疗情况。其中A组85例行肝叶(或肝段)切除的各种术式，同时行胆管空肠吻合40例，肝断面扩张胆管、肝门胆管与空肠双口吻合10例，T管和U管引流分别为21例和14例；B组80例行非肝叶(或肝段)切除术的各种术式，其中胆总管切开取石+T管引流23例，胆总管切开取石+U形管引流15例，胆肠吻合+胆总管取石42例。肝门部肝胆管狭窄整形46例。结果: A组无手术死亡；随访2～7年，术后残留结石4例，残石率4.71%；症状复发3例，复发率3.53%，无再手术者。B组无手术死亡；B组随访2～7年，术后残留结石12例，残石率15.00%。10例术后常有上腹隐痛或发热，症状复发率12.5%。术后经胆道镜取石5例，其余6例中有3例再次行肝叶切除治愈。结论: 肝段(叶)切除联合其他手术是治疗肝内胆管结石较为理想而有效的手术方式。     

肝内胆管结石的外科治疗（附67例报告）

目的 探讨肝内胆管结石外科治疗效果。方法 收集总结手术治疗肝内胆管结石病人67例，分析肝内结石诊断，手术时机，手术方式等。结果 67例病人，64例治愈，1例死亡，2例病情恶化自动出院，术后残余结石20例，经T管窦道胆道镜取石，18例取净肝内残石。结论 肝内胆管结石是外科治疗的一个难题。尽量将急诊手术变择期手术，肝叶切除是治疗肝内胆管结石的最佳方法，术中采用切开肝门部胆管直视下取石并经肝切除的断面与其会师取石。术中，术后配合胆道镜取石可降低肝胆管残石率。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.