原发性三叉神经痛的伽玛刀双靶点治疗

目的 探索使用双靶点来改进伽玛刀治疗三叉神经痛的技术，提高有效率，减少复发率。方法 55例病人接受了伽玛刀双靶点治疗，9例失随访。87％的病人术前有手术史。一个靶点放在三叉神经根近桥脑处，另一个放在近半月神经节处，中心剂量84～90Gy，周边剂量42～45Gy，桥脑临界剂量20Gy。结果 随访4～72个月(平均30个月)。术后疼痛消失时间为2h～16个月(平均4个月)。按疼痛缓解评分，在随访时点，总有效率为95．7％，面部感觉异常等并发症的发生率为10．8％。经统计学分析，某些因素与疗效相关。结论 采用伽玛刀双靶点治疗三叉神经痛，因增加了辐射容量，比单靶点的成功率高、复发率低，并发症发生率与双靶点相近。特别值得一提的是，当病人术前有沿三叉神经注射史的，双靶点治疗比单靶点治疗的优越性更明显。     

伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛50例疗效分析

目的评价伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的安全性,有效性和预后因素。方法原发性三叉神经痛50例接受了伽玛刀治疗,治疗部位位于三叉神经根近脑干侧,采用4mm准直器,双靶点治疗,周边剂量：35-40Gy;中心剂量：70-80Gy。结果随访：10-40个月（平均18个月）;术后疼痛缓解时间：1天～20个月（平均3．5个月）;总有效率为总有效率为90％（45／50）;面麻3例;并发症发生率为6％。结论伽玛刀治疗三叉神经痛安全有效,并发症少,在达到有效治疗剂量（70-90Gy）的同时,适当扩大照射体积可能提高疗效。     

伽玛刀双靶点治疗原发性三叉神经痛的临床研究

目的 评价使用伽玛刀双靶点治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效和安全性.方法 对32例原发性三叉神经痛病人采用双靶点治疗,以三叉神经根近桥脑处和近半月节处为照射靶点,中心剂量84～90 Gy,周边剂量42～45 Gy,桥脑临界剂量＜20 Gy.结果 本组32例获随访,均有疼痛缓解,按BNI评分,有效率为96.9%.起效时间平均4.2个月(1 d～26个月).8例(25%)复发,8例(25%)出现并发症.结论 双靶点治疗能有效缓解三叉神经痛,提高患者生活质量.     

旋转式伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的初步研究

目的：探讨原发性三叉神经痛的旋转式伽玛刀治疗方法并分析其结果。方法：选择难治性原发性三叉神经痛患者45例，应用1．5TMR定位，以OUR－XGD治疗规划系统(r-TPS）作治疗规划，OUR－XGD旋转式伽玛刀进行治疗，治疗靶点三叉神经根入脑桥段，4mm准直器，1－2个等中心点，中心剂量75Gy,90Gy,100Gy三组，50％等剂量曲线覆盖靶点，脑干边缘剂量11．2-15.0Gy。结果：本组37例获随访，为期4－49个月。疼痛完全消失22例，明显缓解10例，轻度缓解3例，无效2例，复发4例，显效率86．5％，有效率94．6％，复发率10．8％，结论：复发症状较治疗前为轻，并发面部轻度麻木2例，面部麻木＋眼干涩感1例，张口稍困难1例，无死亡。结论：作为三叉神经痛的疗法，旋转式伽玛刀可以治疗各种类型的原发性三叉神经痛，且具有安全，高效和无创的优点，可作为长期药物治疗无效者的首选外科手段，75－80Gy是安全有效的治疗剂量，增大剂量至90Gy或更大可缩短平均起效时间，剂量达90Gy及以上时有效率可能升高但发生并发症的可能性也较大。     

三叉神经痛伽玛刀放射外科治疗（附43例分析）

目的：评价伽玛刀（γ－刀）放射外科治疗三叉神经痛（TN）43例治疗结果。方法：采用1．5TD磁共振成像（MRI）、GammaPlan治疗计划系统,Leksellγ－刀治疗34例非肿瘤性TN,治疗靶点在三叉神经感觉根桥脑进入区,单个4mm准直器,最大剂量72－90Gy,50％等计量线限定靶点;9例颅底肿瘤的症状性三叉神经痛边缘剂量12－15Gy。结果：随访3－28个月,平均随访期14．8个月,疼痛100％缓解占69．8％,疼痛缓解＞80％占18．6％,疼痛缓解＞50％占46％,总有效率93％,非肿瘤性TN总有效率90l％。缓解疼痛＜50％3例（7．0％）。3例疼痛缓解后分别在5、9和17个月复发。无效和复发病人经再次治疗后疼痛有效缓解。全组病人无任何并发症,无死亡。结论：γ－刀是治疗三叉神经痛安全和有效的治疗方法。     

伽玛刀立体定向放射外科治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效观察

目的观察伽玛刀治疗原发性三又神经痛的近期临床疗效。方法应用伽玛刀治疗35例原发性三叉神经痛患者,选择4mm准直器沿患侧三叉神经根走向设置前后2个靶点,取50％等量曲线包绕,边缘剂量35～42Y,靶中心剂量75-90Gy,三又神经受照长度8～10mm,脑干临界剂量〈20Gy。结果35例原发性三叉神经痛患者随访3～30个月,一次性治疗总有效率为94．2％（33／35）,其中治愈20例（57．1％）,疗效显著8例（22．9％）,显效5例（14．3％）,无效2例（5．7％）。2例无效病例1年后行第二次伽玛刀治疗,疼痛完全缓解,二次治疗总有效率为100％。结论伽玛刀治疗ITN安全、有效,可以作为药物难治性三又神经痛的首选治疗方法。     

原发性三叉神经痛的LEKSELL-C伽玛刀治疗

目的 探讨伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的方法和效果.方法 对28例原发性三叉神经痛采用LEKSELL-C型伽玛刀治疗,均沿三叉神经走行在三叉神经根近桥脑处选择双靶点治疗.中心剂量75～85Gy,50%等剂量线限定靶点.结果 随访3～11个月,疼痛消失时间平均在术后3.5个月.按疼痛缓解评分,在随访时点,总有效率为96%.结论 LEKSELL-C型伽玛刀是治疗原发性三叉神经痛安全和有效的方法之一.     

伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛临床随访疗效分析

目的总结分析伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛（ITN）的效果。方法对132例ITN患者进行了伽玛刀治疗，随访77例，其中早期选择三叉神经根邻近半月节处照射治疗16例，后期选择三叉神经根人脑桥处（脑桥段）照射治疗6例；选用4mm单准直器照射56例，多准直器照射21例；照射中心剂量〈70Gy27例，70-90Gy50例。结果随访3～47个月，平均25．6个月，66例（85．7％）有效，其中完全缓解41例（53．2％），部分缓解25例（32．5％）；无效11例（14．3％）；出现相关并发症（面部麻木）13例（16．9％）。结论 伽玛刀治疗1TN有良好效果，是一种安全、成熟、副作用少的治疗技术。     

重复伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的临床研究

目的 探讨重复伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛(TN)的可行性、相关标准、疗效.方法 选择自1995年1月至2006年2月接受初次伽玛刀(GK1)治疗的277例TN患者.靶点选择三叉神经感觉根近桥脑处,中心剂量为70～80 Gy;对其中23例无效和15例复发者行第二次伽玛刀(GK2)治疗,中心剂最为65～80 Gy,50%等剂量线限定靶点,33例仍将三叉神经感觉根近桥脑处作为靶点,5例采用双靶点治疗.结果 (1)GK2治疗后疼痛缓解时间:GK2治疗后所有患者均得到满意的电话随访,随访时间为12～108个月(平均55个月),出现疼痛缓解时间为1～180 d(平均120d).(2)治疗有效率:GK1治疗后有效率为91.7%(254/277);GK2治疗后为84.2%(32/38),其中GK1治疗后23例无效者和15例复发者治疗有效率分别为73.9%(17/23)和100%(15/15),两组差异有统计学意义(P=0.045).(3)并发症:GK1治疗后发生面部麻木或麻痹30例(10.8%),GK2治疗后新发生8例,新并发症的发生率为21.1%.结论 伽玛刀是治疗TN安全有效的方法,严重副反应少.初次治疗后无效或复发者再次行伽玛刀治疗仍然有效,且复发者效果好于无效者.     

伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛56例疗效分析

目的 :探讨伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效 ,判定治疗剂量与其疗效的关系。方法 :用伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛 5 6例 ,选择靶点为三叉神经根近端 ,选用 4mm准直器 ,靶点中心剂量为 70～ 90Gy ,并对不同治疗剂量组之间疗效行统计学处理。结果 :5 6例随访 3～ 5 4个月 (平均 31 2个月 ) ,疼痛完全消失 30例 (5 3 6 % ) ,疼痛基本消失 14例 (2 5 % ) ,疼痛缓解 >5 0 %者 7例 (12 5 % ) ,无效 5例 (8 9% ) ,总有效率 91%。中心剂量 <80Gy和≥ 80 %Gy两组在显效率方面存在显著差异 (P <0 0 5 )。 结论 :伽玛刀是治疗原发性三叉神经经一种安全和有效的方法。最佳治疗中心剂量一般考虑为 75～ 90Gy ,产生最佳放射生物学效应的剂量点可能为 80Gy。     

复发性三叉神经痛的伽玛刀放射外科治疗分析

目的研究伽玛刀放射外科治疗复发性三叉神经痛的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析对曾经接受过微血管减压术（MVD）,伽玛刀放射外科（GKRS）,射频（RF）或封闭治疗后疼痛复发的患者59例,并与同期未行上述治疗的28例患者进行对比分析,评价患者经GKRS治疗后的疼痛控制率及并发症发生率。结果伽玛刀治疗后平均随访时间33个月（8-62个月）。疼痛控制有效率在MVD组为69.2%;GKRS复发组为83.3%;RF组为87.5%;封闭组为75.0%;GKRS组为89.3%;各组之间无统计学差异（P=0.516）。面部感觉异常发生率在MVD组为15.4%;GKRS复发组为33.3%;RF组为25.0%;封闭组为25.0%;GKRS组为14.3%;各组之间无统计学差异（P=0.579）。结论伽玛刀放射外科治疗三叉神经痛疗效确切,不良反应发生率低,是TN复发患者的较好的治疗方式。     

The Treatment Outcome of Elderly Patients with Idiopathic Trigeminal Neuralgia : Micro-Vascular Decompression versus Gamma Knife Radiosurgery

Objective

This study was designed to compare the efficacy of micro-vascular decompression (MVD) and Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for elderly idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia patients by analyzing the clinical outcome.

Methods

In the past 10 years, 27 elderly patients were treated with MVD while 18 patients were treated with GKRS (>65-years-old). We reviewed their clinical characteristics and clinical courses after treatment as well as the treatment outcomes. For patients who were treated with MVD, additional treatment methods such as rhizotomy were combined in some areas. In GKRS, we radiated the root entry zone (REZ) with the mean maximum dose of 77.8 (70-84.3) Gy and one 4 mm collimator.

Results

The mean age was 68.1 years for MVD, and 71.1 years for GKS group. The average time interval between first presenting symptom and surgery was 84.1 (1-361) months, and 51.4 (1-120) months, respectively. The mean follow-up period after the surgery was 35.9 months for MVD, and 33.1 months for GKRS. According to Pain Intensity Scale, MVD group showed better prognosis with 17 (63%) cases in grade I-II versus 10 (55.6%) cases in GKRS group after the treatment. The pain recurrence rate during follow up did not show much difference with 3 (11.1%) in MVD, and 2 (11.1%) in GKRS. After the treatment, 2 cases of facial numbness, and 1 case each of herpes zoster, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, hearing disturbance, and subdural hematoma occurred in MVD Group. In GKRS, there was 1 (5.6%) case of dysesthesia but was not permanent. Three cases were retreated by GKRS but the prognosis was not as good as when the surgery was used as primary treatment, with 1 case of grade I-II, and 1 case of recurrence. The maximal relieve of pain was seen just after surgery in MVD group, and 1 year after treatment in GKRS group.

Conclusion

For trigeminal neuralgia patients with advanced age, MVD showed advantages in immediately relieving the pain. However, in overall, GKRS was preferable, despite the delayed pain relief, due to the lower rate of surgical complications that arise owing to the old age.     

Operative findings in cases of trigeminal neuralgia without vascular compression: proposal of a different mechanism.

Trigeminal neuralgia is known to be caused by vascular compression at the trigeminal root entry zone (REZ) and microvascular decompression provides good outcome in most of cases. However, in some cases, no vascular compression was observed at the REZ. Over the last 2(1/2) years, the first author operated on 53 cases of trigeminal neuralgia with microvascular decompression and encountered nine cases where no offending vessels were noted at or near the REZ. They were divided into two groups: five cases involving an initial operation and four cases involving a second operation. In the former, arachnoid thickening, angulation or torsion of the root axis were common findings. Dissection of thick arachnoid around the root along the whole length reversed the root to be straight and flaccid. Complete pain relief was noted in four of five cases. In one case of atypical pain, constant facial pain remained. In the latter four cases, where the first operations were done more than 4 years before, thick granulation was noted around REZ without new offending vessels in two cases. In the remaining two cases, where no offending vessels were noted in the first operation, thick adhesion of a distal portion of the root with dura on the pyramidal bone was noted. Meticulous dissection of t he whole length of the root was done and complete pain relief was obtained. Delayed but complete pain relief in these nine cases was noted. Based on operative findings, arachnoid thickening or granulomatous adhesion between the root and surrounding structures can cause an abnormal course of the trigeminal nerve root, which causes root angulation and/or torsion. They can also cause pulsatile movement of the trigeminal nerve root. This tethering effect can promote abnormal root stretching force, especially at REZ, which might promote hyperexitability of the nerve.This speculative mechanism suggests that it is important to make the root free along the entire length, especially at its distal portion in cases with no offending vessels.     

Long term outcomes of gamma knife radiosurgery for typical trigeminal neuralgia-minimum 5-year follow-up

Objective

Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is the least invasive surgical option for patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN). However, the indications and long term outcomes of GKRS are still controversial. Additionally, a series with uniform long-term follow-up data for all patients has been lacking. In the present study, the authors analyzed long-term outcomes in a series of patients with TN who underwent a single GKRS treatment followed by a minimum follow-up of 60 months.

Methods

From 1994 to 2009, 40 consecutive patients with typical, intractable TN received GKRS. Among these, 22 patients were followed for >60 months. The mean maximum radiation dose was 77.1 Gy (65.2-83.6 Gy), and the 4 mm collimator was used to target the radiation to the root entry zone.

Results

The mean age was 61.5 years (25-84 years). The mean follow-up period was 92.2 months (60-144 months). According to the pain intensity scale in the last follow-up, 6 cases were grades I-II (pain-free with or without medication; 27.3%) and 7 cases were grade IV-V (<50% pain relief with medication or no pain relief; 31.8%). There was 1 case (facial dysesthesia) with post-operative complications (4.54%).

Conclusion

The long-term results of GKRS for TN are not as satisfactory as those of microvascular decompression and other conventional modalities, but GKRS is a safe, effective and minimally invasive technique which might be considered a first-line therapy for a limited group of patients for whom a more invasive kind of treatment is unsuitable.     

三叉神经痛的伽玛刀治疗

目的　探讨伽玛刀治疗三叉神经痛（ＴＮ） 的方法和疗效。方法　采用１－５ Ｔ ＭＲ 影像、ＧａｍｍａＰｌａｎ 定位和治疗计划,Ｌｅｋｓｅｌｌ 伽玛刀（γ刀） 治疗７５ 例ＴＮ,其中６５ 例非肿瘤性ＴＮ,治疗靶点在三叉神经感觉根入桥脑区,单个４ ｍｍ 准直器,中心剂量７０～９０ Ｇｙ,５０ ％ 等剂量线限定靶点;１０ 例颅底肿瘤性三叉神经痛以肿瘤为照射靶区,中心剂量２０ ～３０ Ｇｙ,周边剂量１０ ～１５ Ｇｙ。结果　随访３ ～３８ 个月,全组疗效优者占５７－３％ ,良占３０－７ ％ ,有效占５－３％ ,总有效率９３－３％ ,非肿瘤性ＴＮ总有效率９２－３ ％ 。４ 例于５ ～１７ 个月疼痛复发。全组病人无任何并发症,无死亡。结论　伽玛刀是治疗三叉神经痛安全和有效的治疗方法。     

Clinical outcomes of 114 patients who underwent Gamma-knife radiosurgery for medically refractory idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia

The optimal radiation dose and target of Gamma-knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for medically refractory idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (TN) are contentious. We investigated the effects and trigeminal nerve deficits of GKRS using two isocenters to treat a great length of the trigeminal nerve. Between January 2005 and March 2010, 129 patients with idiopathic TN underwent GKRS at the West China Hospital of Sichuan University. A maximum central dose of 80-90 Gy was delivered to the trigeminal nerve root with two isocenters via a 4 mm collimator helmet. One hundred and fourteen patients were followed-up periodically by telephone interview to determine the effects, trigeminal nerve deficits and time to the onset of pain relief. The mean follow-up duration was 29.6 months. One hundred and nine patients had complete or partial pain relief and the treatment failed in five patients. Nine patients experienced a recurrence after a mean time of 12.7 months, following an initial interval of pain relief. There were no significant differences between patients with different grades of pain relief with respect to central doses. The mean time to the onset of pain relief was 3.6 weeks. The time to the onset of complete pain relief was significantly shorter than that for partial pain relief. Forty-nine patients reported mild-to-moderate facial numbness and one patient experienced paroxysmal temporalis muscle spasms two weeks after the treatment. GKRS treatment for medically refractory idiopathic TN with two isocenters resulted in an initial pain improvement in 95.6% of patients. The early response to the treatment might suggest a good outcome but, given the high incidence of nerve deficits, GKRS for TN with two isocenters is not recommended as a routine treatment protocol.