方法验证转移确认

编者按分析方法验证是对所采用的分析方法是否适合于相应检测要求进行考核的活动,分析方法转移是方法建立者和方法接受者之间输送方法技术的传递活动,分析方法确认是对方法使用人员是否具有正确操作能力的考核活动。方法的验证、转移和确认是建立和重现一个好的分析方法不可缺少的重要组成部分,也是药品检验实验室质量管理体系重点强调的内容。本期结合现阶段药检系统实验室质量管理需求,设立"方法验证转移确认"专栏,对药品分析方法验证、转移和确认概念进行解析,梳理我国药品检验所日常检验工作中方法验证、转移和确认的有关内容,为药品检验分析质量管理工作提供参考。     

药品微生物经典分析方法的验证探讨

本文通过研读分析药品、食品和环境微生物分析方法验证的相关规范性文件,结合药品微生物分析实践,对药品微生物经典分析方法的验证进行了研究,总结了微生物分析方法验证的考察指标,包括专属性、灵敏度、精密度、检测限和定量限、线性、范围、耐用性及方法适用性等,并阐述了各指标在药品微生物分析中的含义、测量方法、影响因素和可接受标准。为规范经典微生物分析方法的验证,获得可靠的微生物检验结果及建立相关指导原则,提供了参考依据。     

HPLC分析方法验证中有关问题再探讨

分析方法验证以指导原则的形式被收录于《中国药典》,但在验证的执行过程中,不同业者间存在理解和操作方面的差异。本文归纳分析HPLC方法验证实际操作过程中一些亟待探讨的问题：如空白辅料峰的处理、含量均匀度的精密度验证、耐用性验证的项目等,以便在实际工作中顺利按照法规要求进行药物质量控制。     

中药质量标准的研究进展(下)

4 中药质量标准分析方法验证指导原则中药质量标准分析方法验证的目的,是证明采用的方法是否适合于相应的检测要求。在建立中药质量标准时,分析方法需经验证;在处方、工艺等变更或改变原分析方法时,也需对分析方法进行验证。需验证的分析项目有:鉴别试验、限量检查和含量测     

可提取物和浸出物定性定量分析方法的发展近况

药品包装材料可提取物和浸出物研究是相容性研究的重要组成部分。可提取物和浸出物是一种包含痕量挥发物、半挥发物、不挥发性物及痕量元素杂质的复杂样品,必须使用正交、专属、灵敏的分析方法进行全面分析。本文系统介绍了可提取物和浸出物的来源、色谱质谱联用技术在分析可提取物和浸出物中的应用,以及未知物的鉴定策略。     

分析方法验证、转移和确认概念解析

分析方法验证、转移和确认的目的是证明分析方法的适用性,对保证检测结果的一致性、可靠性和准确性具有重要作用。方法验证、转移和确认的概念不同,适用范围不同,在实际工作中存在一些模糊概念,而且也存在使用不当的情况。鉴于上述情况,本文详细阐述药品方法验证、方法转移、方法确认的联系、区别、适用范围,为药品检验检验相关工作提供参考。     

HPLC检查非残溶杂质分析方法验证的实例解析

目的:对于用HPLC检查非残留溶剂杂质的分析方法验证问题,通过实例解析进行探讨,以便更好地操作和指导工作。方法:通过具体介绍,解析实例,更直观、全面地阐述分析方法验证的要求。结果与结论:分析方法验证,无论在质量保证工作,还是在药品注册活动中,都非常重要,企业必须结合具体情况,提出适宜方案,并且认真贯彻实施。     

生物药物分析方法验证体系的研究

目的:探讨生物药物分析方法验证中存在的问题及改良策略。方法:分析国内外对于生物药物分析方法验证的理念、特点及研究进展,将质量源于设计的理念同传统方法验证理念进行比较研究。结果与结论:将指标化、终点化控制的传统验证体系改良为可视化、可溯源、立体化过程控制的方法验证系统。将方法建立及验证工作有机融合一体,为高质量数据提供保障。这个体系不但可有效整理记录方法建立及验证过程,利于分析方法转移过程中有效信息的传递,也有利于生物药物分析方法的评价和研究。     

欧美原料药进口注册文件中的分析方法验证

目的:促进我国企业原料药的国际注册工作。方法:结合欧美原料药注册管理的要求,对其中的分析方法验证部分进行全面阐述,并提出具体的操作方法。结果与结论:分析方法验证无论在质量控制中,还是在国际药品注册活动中,都是非常重要的内容,我国企业必须给予高度的重视。     

人体苯磺酸氨氯地平生物分析方法验证问题的探讨

目的探讨国内进行生物分析方法验证存在的问题。方法分析2001年至2013年含测定人体苯磺酸氨氯地平浓度的生物分析方法验证的20篇文献(除去相同试验的文献),并与欧盟生物分析方法验证指导原则进行对比。结果与结论国内的试验单位进行生物分析方法验证时在基质效应、稳定性的验证方面需要加强;建议增加残留、稀释完整性、已测样品再分析、系统适用性等方面的内容以提高生物分析的质量。我国的药品申报者、生物分析研究单位,应充分认识到生物分析方法验证的意义和重要性,关注科学和法规的不断发展,开展系统、合理的方法学验证工作,以保证药物安全性、有效性研究的科学性。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.