消心痛对犬急性右心室心肌梗死心源性休克血流动力学指标的影响

目的:观察消心痛联合补液对急性右心室心肌梗死(RVMI)心源性休克时血流动力学指标的影响.方法:结扎犬冠状动脉,造成大面积RVMI并发心源性休克模型.随机分为对照组、补液组和消心痛组.观察各组正常时、梗死后即刻以及给药后即刻、1 h、1周时的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心排血量(CO)、右心房压力(RAP)、右心室收缩压(RVSP)和左心室舒张末期压力(LVEDP)等血流动力学指标,并评价疗效.结果:模型成功后,MAP、RVSP及CO分别下降了45.41%、20.60%和36.14%,而RAP显著升高达(12.98±1.88)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa).快速补液后,RAP进一步升高,加重了血流动力学变化.结论:大面积RVMI并心源性休克时,快速扩容治疗在RAP≥13 mm Hg时会进一步损害左、右心室功能,消心痛可降低右心室后负荷,增加右心室每搏量,增加左心室前负荷,增加CO,能有效地纠正休克.     

大面积烧伤休克期心功能变化监测的研究

目的观察大面积烧伤休克期心功能监测对复苏的指导意义。方法对入院后置入Swan-Ganz漂浮导管的15例大面积烧伤病人,采用血流动力学监测仪,于入院时及伤后8、16、24、36、48 h连续监测患者的心排量(CO)、心排指数(CI)、每搏量(SV)、每搏指数(SI)、右房压(RAP)、肺动脉压(PAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、心率(Hr)。结果休克期实施有创心功能监测是安全的,无一例发生并发症,15例病人均平衡渡过休克期。结论大面积烧伤休克期实施有创心功能监测对指导复苏具有重要意义。     

急性心肌梗死并发心源性休克的治疗进展

1942年,心源性休克被首次报道,它是指各种原因引 起的心肌大面积缺血坏死,心脏泵血功能严重受损,心输出量锐减,组织灌注降低,导致机体终末器官功能障碍的一组临床综合征.80％的心源性休克是由急性心肌梗死(AMI)所致.70年过去了,尽管随着临床再灌注治疗的进展,AMI患者预后已有明显改善,但AMI所致心源性休克的发生率仍高达5％ ～8％,心源性休克病死率仍高达50％,是AMI死亡的最主要原因[1].本文就近年来国内外有关AMI并发心源性休克的诊断和治疗进展作一述评. 1 病因及诊断标准 AMI并发心源性休克病因包括[2]:①AMI相关的左心室功能衰竭;②AMI机械并发症,包括急性严重的二尖瓣反流、室间隔穿孔(VSR)和心脏游离壁破裂/心包填塞;③右心室梗死(RVI)所致的孤立型右室心源性休克. 心源性休克临床特征为低血压和组织低灌注.建议的诊断标准是:①持续性低血压.收缩压(SBP)低于80 m m Hg (1 mm Hg =0.t33 kPa),或平均动脉压较原基础测定值下降30 mm Hg以上;②临床有组织低灌注表现.四肢湿冷,少尿(＜30 ml/h)和(或)神志障碍等;③明确的血流动力学异常.心脏指数(CI) ＜1.8 L/( min·m2)(未经治疗),或＜2.0L/(min· m2)(己治疗),肺毛细血管楔压(PCWP) ＞18 mm Hg,右心室舒张末压(RVEDP) ＞15 mm Hg.然而,这种依赖临床特征的诊断方法存在敏感性和特异性不高.血流动力学指标和短期预后直接相关,但是也有不足之处.比如右心室梗死时,由于室间隔右移,可导致PCWP出乎意料的高;或者室间隔缺损时心输出量高于正常水平.     

严重烧伤患者休克期血流动力学监测及护理

总结血流动力学监测在５２例大面积烧伤患者休克期补液及休克期切痂中的护理经验。５２例患者均在入院后立即置入Ｓｗａｎ－Ｇａｎｚ漂浮导管,监测烧伤后血流动力学指标变化,指导休克期复苏及手术切痂。在监测指导下实施快速复苏,所有患者在烧伤后２４ｈ各项血流动力学指标恢复正常,无一例出现并发症。烧伤休克期实施有创血流动力学监测对指导复苏具有重要意义。只要进行精心护理,实施Ｓｗａｎ—Ｇａｎｚ导管监测是安全可靠的。     

PiCCO技术在1例心源性休克病人护理中的应用

脉波轮廓温度稀释连续心排量测量技术(pulse contour cardiac output,PiCCO)是一项全新的微创血流动力学监测技术,采用热稀释方法测量单次的心输出量(CO),并通过分析动脉压力波型曲线下面积来获得连续的心输出量.心源性休克的主要病理生理过程是心脏泵功能衰竭与循环的休克,由此引发的低血压及血流再分布可造成严重组织器官灌注不良,大幅度地增加了心源性休克病人的死亡率.PiCCO可监测常规血流动力学参数,还可监测以容积变化反应的心脏前负荷以及肺血管通透性的参数变化[1],根据参数调整输液速度和顺序,合理使用血管活性药物.     

大面积烧伤休克期心功能变化监测的研究

目的观察大面积烧伤休克期心功能监测对复苏的指导意义。方法对入院后置人Swan-Ganz漂浮导管的15例大面积烧伤病人，采用血流动力学监测仪，于入院时及伤后8、16、24、36、48h连续监测患者的心排量（CO）、心排指数（CI）、每搏量（SV）、每搏指数（SI）、右房压（RAP）、肺动脉压（PAP），中心静脉压（CVP）、心率（Hr）。结果休克期实施有创心功能监测是安全的，无一例发生并发症，15例病人均平衡渡过休克期。结论大面积烧伤休克期实施有创心功能监测对指导复苏具有重要意义。     

失血性休克延迟复苏对犬血流动力学和内脏灌流的影响

目的 研究延迟补液对失血性休克血流动力学和内脏灌流的影响.方法 Beagle犬14只,先期无菌手术行颈动脉、静脉置管,24 h后从颈动脉放血造成失血性休克,总失血量为全身血容量的42%.随机(随机数字法)分为延迟补液组(n=8)和立即补液组(n=6).失血后第1个24小时延迟补液组无治疗,立即补液组静脉输入3倍失血量的葡萄糖-电解质溶液.失血后24 h起2组犬均实施静脉补液.测定犬失血前和失血后2,4,8,24,48和72 h非麻醉状态下的循环血流动力学和肠道组织灌流指标,并记录失血后72 h病死率.结果 与失血前相比,两组犬平均动脉压、心排指数、全身血管阻力指数、左室内压最大变化速率、尿量以及肠黏膜血流量在失血后均大幅降低(P＜0.05),而全身血管阻力显著升高.从失血后4 h起,立即补液组上述指标逐渐恢复,失血后72 h除全身血管阻力和肠黏膜血流量外均恢复至失血前水平.延迟补液组上述指标则持续恶化,8例中有5例无尿,失血后4 h起各时间点平均动脉压、心输出量、尿量以及肠黏膜血流量均显著低于立即补液组(P＜0.05).失血后72 h病死率延迟补液组为5/8(62.5%),立即补液组为0.结论 延迟补液显著加重失血性休克犬血流动力学紊乱、延迟脏器组织灌流恢复,增加早期病死率.     

急性右心室MI的诊断和治疗（附10例临床分析）

单纯性右心室心肌梗塞(RVMI)较为少见。RVMI大多是左室下壁和后壁梗塞扩展到右室所致,过去均在尸检时发现。近年来随着超声心动图、血流动力学、放射性核素及冠状动脉造影等诊断技术的广泛应用,RVMI的诊断水平也提高了。1990年以来,我们共收治10例RVMI患者。现将临床资料分析如下:     

不同起搏方式对血流动力学的急性影响

目的：探讨不同起搏方式对病窦综合征患者血流动力学的急性影响。方法：Swan-Ganz漂浮导管测量14例病窦综合征患者起搏前及VVI、AAI、DDD起搏时血流动力学参数；并根据VVI起搏时室房传导的情况分组对比。结果：起搏前及起搏时，平均动脉压(MAP)无明显差异。AAI、DDD起搏时，右房压(RAP)、平均肺动脉压(PAP)、肺毛细血管楔嵌压(PCWP)与起搏前对比无明显改变，但较VVI起搏明显下降(P＜0．01)；心输出量(CO)较起搏前及VVI起搏时显著增加(P＜0．01)。AAI、DDD起搏间对比无显著性差异。VVI起搏时，RAP、PAP、PCWP较起搏前显著增加，室房传导组更为明显；无室房传导组较起搏前CO略有增加(P＜0．05)，而室房传导组CO改变不明显；室房传导组较无室房传导组RAP、PCWP显著增加(P＜0．05)。结论：AAI、DDD起搏可以显著增加CO，对血流动力学影响较小；VVI起搏特别存有室房传导时，可导致血流动力学明显异常；AAI、DDD起搏明显优于VVI起搏。     

液体复苏对重症脓毒症患者黏附分子及血流动力学的影响研究

目的探讨不同的补液速度对重症脓毒症患者的黏附分子及血流动力学的影响。方法回顾性分析2012年3月至2014年7月收治的43例重症脓毒症患者的临床资料,根据补液速度分为快速组(24例)和常规组(19)例。快速组患者采用快速液体复苏的方法,常规组采用常规补液速度进行复苏。比较两组患者的补液情况、血流动力学指标及黏附分子指标的变化差异。结果液体复苏后,两组患者的心率、中心静脉压、平均动脉压、血乳酸、凝血酶原时间(PT)、血小板计数(PLT)测定值较本组复苏前均显著的好转(P0.05),快速组各指标好转优于常规组患者(P0.05)。两组患者的复苏时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但快速组补液量显著的高于常规组,阿拉明用量显著低于常规组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组复苏后P选择素、细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)均较复苏前显著降低,且快速组降低更明显(P0.05)。结论对于重症脓毒症患者进行早期快速补液对于恢复患者的血流动力学指标,降低患者的黏附分子水平具有积极意义。     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.