瘤腔内注射凝血酶治疗假性动脉瘤

目的　探讨瘤腔内注射凝血酶治疗股动脉假性动脉瘤的安全性和可行性。方法　 2 0 0 0年 1月至 2 0 0 1年 10月 ,冠状动脉介入诊疗术后发生股动脉假性动脉瘤 5例 ,其中男性 3例 ,女性 2例 ,年龄 38～ 72岁 ;发生于造影术后 2例 ,发生于支架置入术后 3例 ,此 5例均在超声定位下采用瘤腔内注射凝血酶的方法治疗股动脉假性动脉瘤 ,所有病例均在治疗后 2 4h复查超声。结果　 4例患者一次性瘤腔内注射凝血酶 5 0 0U后即刻闭合瘤腔 ,1例注射凝血酶 5 0 0U后动脉与瘤腔通道血流明显减弱 ,在超声引导压迫下 5min后闭合。无肢体栓塞、过敏反应等发生 ,所有病例 2 4h后复查无复发。结论　瘤腔内注射凝血酶是一种简单、安全、快速、有效的治疗假性动脉瘤的无创方法 ,可作为临床治疗假性动脉瘤的首选方法。     

超声引导下瘤腔内注射凝血酶治疗医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤

目的:探讨超声引导下瘤腔内注射凝血酶治疗医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤的可行性和安全性。方法:3例女性患者因行股动脉穿刺于术后3~4d发生4处股动脉假性动脉瘤,均在彩色多普勒超声定位下通过瘤腔内注射凝血酶进行治疗,治疗后即刻超声复查,并定期随访。结果:3例患者4处假性动脉瘤一次性注射凝血酶500U后瘤腔即刻闭合,随访10~100d,假性动脉瘤无复发。无肢体栓塞和过敏反应等并发症发生。结论:瘤腔内注射凝血酶治疗医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤是一种创伤小、有效、安全的方法,可作为临床首选的治疗方法。     

彩色多普勒超声在医源性假性动脉瘤诊断及治疗中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对股动脉假性动脉瘤诊断及疗效监测的价值。方法选取28例经股动脉穿刺介入治疗术后发生股动脉假性动脉瘤患者。超声监控探头垂直加压压迫假性动脉瘤通道或破口直至内无血流通过。压迫失败后在超声引导下瘤腔内注射凝血酶,24 h、1个月后复查超声。结果 28例中21例一次性压迫2h后瘤腔闭合,7例压迫2次失败后于超声引导下瘤腔内注射凝血酶,取得较满意效果。结论彩色多普勒超声诊断股动脉假性动脉瘤准确率高,超声引导下治疗假性动脉瘤疗效可靠且较为安全。     

超声引导下凝血酶注射治疗股动脉假性动脉瘤36例

目的探讨超声引导下凝血酶注射（UGTD治疗医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤（PSA）的安全性和可行性。方法2000年1月至2007年2月，对36例经皮股动脉路径行冠状动脉介入诊疗术后发生的股动脉PSA进行了UGTI，其中男21例，女15例，年龄34482（63．5±10．8）岁。造影术后发生11例，支架置入术后发生25例。凝血酶注射成功后平卧4～6h，所有病例均在治疗后1～3d复查超声，30d临床随访。结果36例患者，单囊腔PSA32个，复合囊腔PSA4个（≥2个腔），瘤腔平均为（2．98±1．30）cm×（1．84±0．75）cm，凝血酶注射剂量为250～1000（644．29±239．10）U，34例患者1次UGTI即刻闭合瘤腔，2例注射凝血酶500U后动脉与瘤腔通道血流明显减弱，在超声引导压迫下5min闭合。UGTI治疗PSA成功率为94．4％0（34／36）。1例注射凝血酶1000U后虽然瘤腔闭合，但股浅动脉内血栓形成，行外科手术治疗。1例注射凝血酶500U后瘤腔闭合，但2min后出现寒颤、高热过敏反应，对症处理后好转。术后1d复发2例，1例超声引导压迫后瘤腔闭合，另1例再次注射凝血酶1000U成功闭合，30d临床随访无复发，UGTI治疗PSA复发率为5．6％（2／36）。结论UGTI治疗股动脉PSA是一简单、安全、快速、耐受好的方法，可作为临床治疗PSA的首选方法。     

冠脉介入术并发假性股动脉瘤的无创治疗

目的：探讨在彩超引导下运用压迫加瘤腔内注射凝血酶治疗股动脉假性动脉瘤的安全性和可行性。方法：2001年1月至2003年8月，冠状动脉介入诊疗术后发生股动脉假性动脉瘤9例，在超声定位下先压迫瘤颈，然后一次性向瘤腔内注射凝血酶500U，5分钟后瘤腔完全闭合，局部用绷带加压包扎6小时。结果：治疗成功率为100％。无肢体栓塞、过敏反应等并发症发生，临床随访15天无1例复发。结论：在彩超引导下压迫加瘤腔内注射凝血酶治疗股动脉假性动脉瘤是一种安全、经济、耐受好，易接受的无创方法。     

超声引导下注射小剂量凝血酶治疗股动脉假性动脉瘤的临床体会

目的探讨超声引导下注射小剂量凝血酶治疗股动脉假性动脉瘤方法和疗效。方法9例经股动脉入路心脏介入性手术后并发假性动脉瘤的患者在超声引导下在瘤腔内注射小剂量凝血酶（〈100U）。结果9例均取得成功,次日、1周、1个月后复查未复发,无任何并发症。结论超声引导下注射小剂量凝血酶治疗股动脉假性动脉瘤安全、有效,有较高的临床价值。     

超声显像引导注射凝血酶治疗假性动脉瘤

目的初步评价彩色多普勒超声显像引导下瘤内注射凝血酶治疗医源性假性动脉瘤的价值。方法采用20G细针穿刺,行超声引导瘤内注射凝血酶栓塞治疗3例医源性假性动脉瘤,凝血酶总量≤500U。结果2例股动脉假性动脉瘤患者一次栓塞获得成功,凝血酶用量500U,血栓形成时间1~3min;1例桡动脉假性动脉瘤栓塞治疗后残留瘤腔,行手术切除痊愈。结论超声显像引导注射凝血酶治疗医源性假性动脉瘤操作简便,安全有效。     

超声引导注射凝血酶治疗股动脉假性动脉瘤9例

目的 观察彩色多普勒超声引导下瘤内注射凝血酶治疗股动脉医源性假性动脉瘤的临床疗效。方法 采用20G细针穿刺,在超声引导于假型动脉瘤颈处注射凝血酶治疗9例医源性假性股动脉瘤,每例凝血酶剂量300～500U。结果 股动脉假性动脉瘤9例在超声引导注射凝血酶进行栓塞治疗均获成功,血栓形成时间1～5min,未见股动脉栓塞等严重并发症。结论 超声引导注射凝血酶治疗医源性假性动脉瘤操作简便,安全有效。     

超声引导下凝血酶注射治疗假性动脉瘤的价值

目的：探讨在经皮超声引导下注射凝血酶（UGTI）治疗假性动脉瘤的应用价值。方法：对于27例介入术后股动脉假性动脉瘤（PsA）,采用彩超引导下假腔内注射凝血酶致栓塞治疗,观察疗效,血栓形成时间和凝血酶的用量。并在治疗后10min、1d、5d、15d复查彩超。结果：瘤内血栓形成迅速,时间为2～4min,凝血酶用量为（350±150）IU（250IU／m1）;治愈率100％。患者均系一次治疗成功,无过敏反应等并发症发生。27例患者术后随访,均无复发。结论：超声引导下凝血酶注射治疗具有创伤小,操作简便,疗效确切的优点,可作为经股动脉介入治疗术后形成的假性动脉瘤的首选治疗方法。     

超声引导下不同剂量凝血酶封闭治疗医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤的临床观察

目的:探讨超声引导下不同剂量凝血酶注射在医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤治疗中的有效性和安全性。方法:将我院2000年6月至2016年6月间,26例医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤患者随机分为两组,在超声引导下瘤腔内注射凝血酶,观察组13例注射凝血酶200~500U,对照组13例注射凝血酶500~1 000U。结果:观察组和对照组患者特征、注射凝血酶次数、治疗时间、成功率差异无统计学意义,对照组发生1例股浅动脉栓塞,1例足背动脉栓塞,观察组无不良反应发生。结论:超声引导下凝血酶注射治疗医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤,小剂量同样有效,而且可能会降低不良反应的发生。     

凝血酶栓塞治疗冠脉介入术后股动脉假性动脉瘤疗效观察

目的探讨瘤腔内注射凝血酶治疗股动脉假性动脉瘤的疗效和安全性。方法2006年1月至2008年4月心脏冠脉介入术后并发股动脉假性动脉瘤的患者,共33例,其中男12例,女21例,年龄58~72岁,平均66±16岁。其中8例选择性冠状动脉造影术,25例经皮冠状动脉内血管成形术。所有患者均使用GE LOGIQ 9彩色多普勒超声仪确诊,并在超声引导下进行瘤腔内注射凝血酶栓塞治疗。结果5例先行股动脉压迫治疗,无效后改用凝血酶注射栓塞治疗,其余28例首选超声引导下瘤腔内注射凝血酶栓塞治疗。其中31例一次性栓塞成功,2例经2次栓塞成功,总成功率100%。凝血酶用量200~800u。1例出现血管迷走性晕厥,12例患者注射凝血酶后均有体温轻度升高,自行好转。无动脉栓塞及静脉血栓形成、无凝血酶过敏表现、感染、出血等并发症。结论超声引导下瘤腔内注射凝血酶的治疗方法可缩短患者住院时间、花费少,而且简单、安全、成功率高,可作为治疗心脏冠脉介入术后假性动脉瘤的首选方法。     

Prospective randomized study comparing ultrasound-guided thrombin injection to compression in the treatment of femoral pseudoaneurysms.

PURPOSE: To compare in a randomized prospective study the treatment of femoral pseudoaneurysms with ultrasound-guided thrombin injection versus ultrasound-guided compression. METHODS: Thirty consecutive patients (22 men; mean age 67+/-8 years, range 53-82) with iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms were randomized to treatment with either ultrasound-guided compression (n=15) or injection of bovine thrombin (n=15). The primary outcome measure was thrombosis of the pseudoaneurysm within 24 hours. Secondary outcome measures were complications and hospitalization time (LOS). RESULTS: Thrombosis within 24 hours was achieved in 15 (100%) patients given thrombin versus 2 (13%) in the compression group (p<0.001). Of 13 pseudoaneurysms failing the initial compression treatment, 7 were retreated, 4 successfully. Thus, only 6 (40%) lesions were thrombosed within 48 hours after 1 or 2 compression sessions. The other 9 cases were successfully treated with thrombin injection. LOS was 2.8+/-1.5 days and 3.5+/-2.4 days in the thrombin and compression groups, respectively (p>0.05). No complications were noted in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided thrombin injection induces a fast, effective, and safe thrombosis of postcatheterization pseudoaneurysms. The technique is clearly superior to compression treatment and is recommended as the therapy of choice.     

Clinically guided closure of femoral arterial pseudoaneurysms complicating cardiac catheterization and coronary angioplasty

Femoral artery pseudoaneurysm formation is a significant problem in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and interventional cardiac procedures. It is especially more common with the use of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy and the use of intracoronary stents. We describe our initial experience with clinically guided bedside compression of femoral pseudoaneurysms in such patients. Eleven patients, 10 undergoing coronary angioplasty (including 3 with intracoronary stents) and 1 undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization, developed a femoral pseudoaneurysm. All patients had a femoral bruit and 9 had an expansile groin hematoma. The diagnosis was confirmed in each case by Doppler ultrasound. Seven patients were receiving heparin while 4 were on oral anticoagulants at the time of detection of the pseudoaneurysm. These patients underwent clinically guided graded external compression to close the pseudoaneurysm neck while maintaining femoral arterial flow. External compression for 104.1 ± 63 min resulted in successful clinical resolution of pseudoaneurysm in all patients without complications. The results were confirmed by Doppler ultrasound at least 12 hr later. Bedside compression of femoral pseudoaneurysms guided by clinical clues is simple and appears to be an effective and safe technique to manage this iatrogenic problem. © 1993 Wiiey-Liss, Inc.     

超声波引导下压迫法与注射凝血酶法治疗心导管术后股动脉假性动脉瘤的比较

目的 :评价和比较超声引导下压迫法 (UGCR)和注射凝血酶法 (UGTI)治疗心导管术后股动脉假性动脉瘤 (PSA)的疗效和安全性。方法 :回顾性分析 2 1例心导管术后股动脉PSA的临床特征 ,以及序贯接受UGCR和UGTI法治疗的经过和结果。在彩色多普勒确定PSA后 ,UGCR法是用手压迫、加压包扎载瘤动脉近端和PSA颈部直至PSA瘤腔中血栓形成 ;UGTI法是超声波引导下将 18～ 2 0G针经皮穿刺使针头进入瘤腔内注射猪凝血酶。均于术后 2 4h、5～ 7d超声波复查。结果 :11例首次接受UGCR法治疗者中 4例成功 (首次成功率 36 .4 % ) ,5例接受重复压迫后有 1例成功 ,总成功率为 4 5 .5 % (5 / 11) ;UGCR治疗成功者的 5例中有 4例股动脉PSA最大直径 <2cm ,其中 2例接受抗凝剂治疗 ;在压迫中 10例有程度不等的局部不适、疼痛 ,有 8例在压迫中因局部疼痛而采用药物止痛 ,有 2例因出现血压增高、心绞痛发作而被迫放弃 ;UGCR治疗失败的 6例中 ,有 1例接受了外科手术治疗 ,5例改行UGTI治疗成功。采用UGTI治疗 15例股动脉PSA ,其中 10例首次接受UGTI治疗有 9例成功 (首次成功率 90 % ) ,6例为经重复UGTI治疗成功 ,UGTI总成功率为 10 0 %。单纯型PSA有 9例均一次性治疗成功 ,而 6例复杂型PSA需 2次或以上重复注射凝血酶。实际注射凝血酶剂     

Compression repair versus low-dose thrombin injection for the treatment of iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysm: a retrospective case-control study.

BACKGROUND: It has been shown that thrombin injection is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysm. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the use of ultrasound-guided low-dose thrombin injections with ultrasonographically-guided compression repair in the treatment of iatrogenic femoral arterial pseudoaneurysm. METHODS: We compared two cohorts of patients treated for iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysm: the first included 38 patients who underwent ultrasonographically-guided compression repair as a first-step approach between January 1998 and November 2002; the second included 21 patients treated with ultrasound-guided low-dose thrombin injection between December 2002 and December 2003. RESULTS: Both groups had similar demographic characteristics and aneurysm sizes (p = 0.72). Compression was successful in 24/38 patients (63%); the 14 persistent aneurysms were surgically repaired (37%). The primary thrombin injection of a mean dose of 185+/-95 U/ml (range 100-400 U/ml) successfully obliterated all of the 21 pseudoaneurysms (success rate 100 vs 63% in the compression group, p = 0.004). Thrombosis occurred within an average of 12+/-15 s of thrombin injection. Sedation was used in 42% of the patients undergoing compression and in none of those receiving thrombin (p = 0.001). The duration of hospitalization was significantly longer in patients undergoing compression therapy (9.8+/-5.6 vs 5.6+/-1.4 days, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided low-dose thrombin injection appears to be more effective in reducing the need for surgical repair when used to treat iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysm, is better tolerated by the patients, and requires a shorter hospital stay.     

Diagnosis of vascular complications at the puncture site after cardiac catheterization

OBJECTIVES: Cardiac catheterization is increasingly used for the diagnosis or treatment of coronary artery disease. Previous studies that revealed the incidence of complications such as arteriovenous fistula and pseudoaneurysm were based on retrospective analysis of cohorts referred to vascular surgery. This study was designed to determine the incidence of arteriovenous fistula and pseudoaneurysm after percutaneous transluminal angiography. METHODS: All 557 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization were examined by ultrasonography from March 1, 2001 to April 1, 2002, to investigate the occurrence of arteriovenous fistula and pseudoaneurysm at the puncture site. RESULTS: Pseudoaneurysm was found in 16 patients (2.9%), and arteriovenous fistula in 12 patients (2.2%). Pseudoaneurysm in 7 patients (43.8%) and arteriovenous fistula in 6 patients (50.0%) were diagnosed only by ultrasonic examination. There were more female patients (9 patients, 56.3%) than male with pseudoaneurysm (p < 0.01). The puncture site was located after the division of the deep femoral artery and superficial femoral artery in all patients with complications. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonic examination was useful for diagnosis of complications such as arteriovenous fistula and pseudoaneurysm after cardiac catheterization.     

Pseudoaneurysm of femoral artery after catheterisation: treatment by a mechanical compression device guided by colour Doppler ultrasound

Background—Femoral artery pseudoaneurysm is a significant complication in patients undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic catheterisation. First choice treatment for pseudoaneurysm is freehand ultrasound guided compression repair, which is time consuming and uncomfortable for the patient and operator.
Aim—To explore a mechanical compression device (FemoStop) as an alternative treatment for iatrogenic femoral artery pseudoaneurysm.
Methods—Fourteen patients with pseudoaneurysm were considered for treatment with FemoStop after a brief freehand ultrasound guided compression repair to confirm the compressibility of the lesion. The FemoStop compression was applied for 20 minutes. The result was controlled with colour Doppler ultrasound, and a second cycle of 20 minutes followed if necessary.
Results—FemoStop compression was successful in 13 of the 14 patients. The mean compression time was 33 minutes (range, 20-60). The mean number of compression periods was 1.6 (range 1-3). FemoStop compression was successful in all 11 patients not taking anticoagulants and in two of three patients receiving anticoagulants. The mean compression time in patients given oral or intravenous anticoagulants was longer (50 v 27 minutes). Colour Doppler ultrasound 12 hours after the procedure indicated no recurrence of pseudoaneurysm in the 13 patients with initial success.
Conclusions—FemoStop compression for iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm is feasible, and as safe and effective as freehand ultrasound guided compression repair. It is more comfortable for the patient and operator, and probably more economical than freehand compression.

Keywords: pseudoaneurysm;  femoral artery;  angiography complications;  FemoStop     

Femoral pseudoaneurysm due to diagnostic or interventional angiographic procedures

The authors investigated the incidence of, diagnostic methods for, and treatment strategies for iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms in their hospital and compared the results with those in the literature. The hospital records of 25,273 patients who had coronary or peripheral angiography and angioplasty in Sani Konukoglu Medical Center from September 1997 to December 2002 were collected retrospectively. All the complications were detected and femoral pseudoaneurysm cases were selected. Diagnostic criteria and treatment strategy were documented. All results were compared with the literature. Femoral pseudoaneurysm was the second in number of complications and bleeding the first. Twenty-eight patients with pseudoaneurysm were diagnosed with color Doppler ultrasound (US) imaging (0.11%). Eleven of these closed spontaneously within 3-7 days. Image-guided compression therapy was applied to the remaining 17 and was effective in 10. The remaining 7 patients were operated on successfully. In this series the incidence of iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysm was comparable with the literature (0.02%-2%). Color Doppler US is the best diagnostic tool for this complication, and no other method was necessary. Eleven cases of spontaneous closure may show a rather benign prognosis, but close follow-up is advised. Image-guided compression is also an effective and noninvasive method of therapy for this complication. In late cases with a thick neck, surgery should be done immediately. It is easy to prevent rather than treat this complication. The similar incidence in the literature and in this series shows that a number of complications are to be expected, and so prompt and early diagnosis and effective treatment are very important. Application of good external compression after catheterization, selecting the thinnest introducer, use of B-mode and color Doppler US imaging for suspected cases, and image-guided compression therapy are also effective in early cases with a thin neck of the aneurysm.