神经肌蒂移植术治疗声带麻痹的对比实验研究

目的;比较不同神经肌蒂环榴后肌移植术治疗声带麻痹的疗效,为临床选择术式提供参考。方法：建立联合性喉麻痹模型。分别用颈袢胸骨舌骨肌肌蒂（简称颈袢组）和副神经胸锁乳突肌肌蒂（简称副神经组）移植于环杓后肌,以恢复声外展功能,术后４个月,分别进行录音,直达喉镜和电视喉动态镜观察声带运动并录像,喉肌电图检查,环榴后肌透射电子显射镜检查和酶组织化学检查,并进行电脑图像定量分析。结果：术后颈袢组和副神经组犬吠声     

不同延期神经再支配环杓的肌方法的疗效观察

探讨环杓后肌延期神经再支配的方法及时机。方法：将２９只狗分成三组，两个实验组在喉返神经切断后即刻、４、６、８、１０、１２个月分别将膈神经与喉返神经吻合选择性支配环杓后肌和颈袢神经一胸骨甲状肌蒂植入环杓后肌。     

不同延期神经再支配环杓后肌方法的疗效观察

目的：探讨环杓后肌延期神经再支配的方法及时机。方法：将２９只狗分成三组，两个实验组在喉返神经切断后即刻、４、６、８、１０、１２个月分别将膈神经与喉返神经吻合选择性支配环杓后肌和颈袢神经—胸骨甲状肌蒂植入环杓后肌，对照组喉返神经切断后各时间不作任何手术。结果：两个实验组６个月后行喉镜、神经肌电及肌收缩力、组织化学证实：神经吻合组各时间效果明显好于神经肌蒂植入组，但两种术式疗效均随病程延长而下降。结论：神经吻合法延期神经再支配环杓后肌６个月内效果较好，而神经肌蒂植入法治疗环杓后肌麻痹最好不晚于失神经后４个月，否则效果不佳     

环杓后肌延期神经再支配后收缩特性的定量分析

为观察延期神经再支配环杓后肌的收缩特性，比较不同神经再支配方法的疗效，我们选择２４只犬，在右喉返神经切断后，于即刻，４，６，８，１０和１２个月时，分别以２只犬行选择性膈神经与喉返神经吻合（切断内收肌支）支配右环杓后肌（神经吻合组）；另１２只犬分别以２只行颈袢胸骨甲状肌蒂植入右环杓后肌（神经植入组）。组后饲养６个月，测定环杓后肌收缩强度及时间。结果表明，两组术侧的环杓后肌收缩力恢复率随病程延长而下降     

膈神经替代喉返神经修复治疗双侧声带麻痹

目的 探讨膈神经喉返神经吻合和内收肌支环杓后肌植入术（膈神经手术）治疗双侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹的有效性、可行性。方法 第二军医大学长海医院耳鼻咽喉科1999年8月－2001年7月治疗外伤性双侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹6例。病程1周－18个月，一侧作膈神经手术，而另一侧作颈袢肌蒂环杓后肌植入术。手术前后电子喉镜、频闪喉镜观察声门大小、声珲运动、振动情况，噪音声学参数分析，喉肌电力产检查评价手术效果。结果 术后2－3周检查发现4例声门较术前增大2－3mm，但声带固定不动，2例无明显改善。术后6个月5例膈神经修复侧均恢复了较大幅度的吸气性声带外展功能，外展幅度可达3－5mm，而肌蒂植入侧仅轻微外展或固定不动，幅度均在1mm以内。此5例均顺利拔管，并能承受较大强度的体力活动，1例仍在随访中。术后4个月6例肌电图检查显示膈神经修复侧自发、诱发电位均明显大于肌蒂植入侧，自发电活动与肋间肌基本同步，而较肌蒂植入侧延迟100－200ms。声音估价显示3例声嘶术后较术前好转，2例无变化。术后半年肺功能均恢复正常。结论 膈神经喉返神经吻合内收肌支环杓后肌植入术安全可行，较颈袢肌蒂植入术更能有效地恢复声带吸气性外展运动，值得临床推广应用。     

膈神经替代喉返神经修复治疗双侧声带麻痹

目的　探讨膈神经喉返神经吻合和内收肌支环杓后肌植入术 (膈神经手术 )治疗双侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹的有效性、可行性。方法　第二军医大学长海医院耳鼻咽喉科 1999年 8月～2 0 0 1年 7月治疗外伤性双侧喉返神经损伤声带麻痹 6例。病程 1周～ 18个月 ,一侧作膈神经手术 ,而另一侧作颈袢肌蒂环杓后肌植入术。手术前后电子喉镜、频闪喉镜观察声门大小、声带运动、振动情况 ,嗓音声学参数分析 ,喉肌电图检查评价手术效果。结果　术后 2～ 3周检查发现 4例声门较术前增大 2～ 3mm ,但声带固定不动 ,2例无明显改善。术后 6个月 5例膈神经修复侧均恢复了较大幅度的吸气性声带外展功能 ,外展幅度可达 3～ 5mm ,而肌蒂植入侧仅轻微外展或固定不动 ,幅度均在 1mm以内。此 5例均顺利拔管 ,并能承受较大强度的体力活动 ,1例仍在随访中。术后 4个月 6例肌电图检查显示膈神经修复侧自发、诱发电位均明显大于肌蒂植入侧 ,自发电活动与肋间肌基本同步 ,而较肌蒂植入侧延迟 10 0～ 2 0 0ms。声音估价显示 3例声嘶术后较术前好转 ,2例无变化。术后半年肺功能均恢复正常。结论　膈神经喉返神经吻合内收肌支环杓后肌植入术安全可行 ,较颈袢肌蒂植入术更能有效地恢复声带吸气性外展运动 ,值得临床推广应用     

杓状软骨内移联合喉返神经修复术治疗单侧声带麻痹

目的 探讨杓状软骨内移联合颈袢喉返神经吻合术治疗长期喉返神经损伤单侧声带麻痹的疗效.方法 病程3～22年外伤性喉返神经损伤单侧声带麻痹患者12例,行患侧杓状软骨内移的同时,作颈袢喉返神经吻合术.治疗前后以电子喉镜、频闪喉镜、声音评估、嗓音声学参数分析和喉肌电图检查等评价治疗效果.结果 所有患者杓状软骨内移术后即刻声嘶均明显好转,但无恢复正常者,声学四参数频率微扰、振幅微扰、标化噪音能量和最长发声时间分析均明显好转,差异均有显著性意义(P值均＜0.05);喉镜检查见杓状软骨明显内移,声门后裂隙消失9例,缩小3例.术后12个月时声音恢复正常、明显好转、好转、无改善分别为9、3、0、0例;声学四参数较术后即刻又有明显好转,差异均有显著性意义(P值均＜0.05);术侧声带虽未恢复运动,但肌张力和肌体积与健侧基本对称.肌电图检查显示术后12个月声带肌恢复与健侧同步的密集型自发电位.结论 杓状软骨内移联合颈袢喉返神经吻合治疗长期喉返神经损伤单侧声带麻痹能恢复患者的正常发音功能.     

延期神经吻合术重建声带内收功能的实验研究

建立单侧喉麻痹动物模型，实验组喉麻痹后不同时间作颈袢主支与喉返神经内收肌支的延期吻合术。术后６个月，发现喉麻痹６、８、１０个月作神经吻合术的动物声带能恢复不同程度的内收功能，肌张力为健侧的６０％以上，内收肌运动终板分布、形态基本正常。喉麻痹１２、１８个月作神经吻合术的动物声带固定，肌张力为健侧的２３～５４％，内收肌运动终板分布弥散，但仍很丰富，肌纤维结构良好。行神经吻合的动物均恢复一定程度的诱发肌电图去极化幅度。结果表明，延期神经吻合术能使内收肌获得再神经支配，并恢复部分喉功能。     

几丁质管桥接喉返神经缺损的实验研究

为在恢复神经再支配手术治疗喉返神经损伤所致的喉麻痹中,探索一种新的可避免神经误向支配的方法,采用非神经生物材料几了质管,桥接狗喉返神经干的缺损,并用自体神经移植作为对照组.术后5个月,组织学、组织化学和电生理等检测,显示两组动物的喉内肌皆获得神经再支配.实验组术侧声带较明显恢复了和健侧一致的内收和外展运动,甲杓肌(Thyroarytenoid,TAM)和环杓后肌(Posterior cricoarytenoid musdes,PCAM)也分别出现了相应的生理性自发肌电;对照组的术侧声带无明显的运动,TAM和PCAM则在呼气期和吸气期均出现不规则的持续密集自发肌电.提示几丁质桥接喉返神经干缺损可使其定向性再生,选择性支配喉内肌.     

延期神经吻合术重建声带内收功能的实验研究

建立单侧喉麻痹动物模型，实验组喉麻痹后不同时间作颈袢主支与喉返神经内收肌支的延期吻合术，术后６个月，发现喉麻痹６、８、１０个月作神经吻合术的动物声带能恢复不同程度的内收功能，肌张力为健侧的６０％以上，内收肌运动终板分布，形态长期基本正常，喉麻痹１２、１８个月作神经吻合术的动物志带固定，肌张力为健侧的２３－５４％，内收肌运动终板分布弥散，但仍很丰富，肌纤维结构良好，行神经吻合的动物均恢复一定程度的诱     

Laryngeal reinnervation for unilateral traumatic recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries]

OBJECTIVE: To investigate 5 procedures of laryngeal reinnervation for unilateral vocal cord paralysis induced by traumatic recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. METHODS: 35 cases were selected for our study, all patients had unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, including 8 for nerve decompression, 6 for end to end anastomosis of recurrent laryngeal nerve, 16 for main branch of ansa cervicalis anastomosis to recurrent laryngeal nerve, 3 for nerve muscular pedicle and 2 for nerve implantation. All cases have been subjected to preoperative and postoperative voice recording, acoustic analysis, videolaryngoscopy, strobscopy and electromyography. RESULTS: It is found the adductory and abductory motion of the vocal cord restored in 5 cases with less than 4 months course who received nerve decompression. Although functional motion of vocal cord was not seen in two patients who received nerve decompression with a course longer than 4 months and one less than 4 months, and in all cases who received ansa cervicalis anastomosis and end to end anastomosis of recurrent laryngeal nerve, these procedures resulted in medialization of vocal cord and the mass and tension of the reinnervated vocal cord may become much the same as the contralateral normal vocal cord, thus resuming symmetric vibration of the vocal cords and physiological phonation. Nerve muscular pedicle technique and nerve implantation enabled adductory muscles to be reinnervated, thus improving severe hoarseness, but they didn't restore normal voice. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Nerve decompression seems to be the best procedure in laryngeal reinnervation; (2) Main branch of ansa cervicalis technique raises satisfactory reinnervation of adductor muscles; (3) Selection of the laryngeal reinnervation protocols should depend on the course, severity and type of nerve injury.     

Experimental Study on Reinnervation of Vocal Cord Adductors With the Ansa Cervicalis

The purpose of this study was to reestablish the adduction of the paralyzed vocal cord through reinnervation of the adductor muscles for unilateral vocal cord paralysis. In nine dogs, the adductor branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was anastomosed to the main branch of the ansa cervicalis. Six months later, various techniques of observation showed that seven of nine cases had excellent to good adduction during whining. Adduction was caused by reinnervation of the adductor muscles from the ansa cervicalis as demonstrated by laryngeal spontaneous and evoked electromyography, contraction tension, and various histologic findings. Therefore, the new technique could be a good treatment of unilateral vocal cord paralysis.     

Recurrent Nerve/Ansa Cervicalis Nerve Anastomosis: A Treatment Alternative in Unilateral Recurrent Nerve Paralysis

Sectioning of the right recurrent nerve was done in 5 mongrel dogs under general anaesthesia. The distal stump was anastomosed with the ansa cervicalis nerve branch to the sternothyroid muscle. Three to 5 months later the vocal cord movements during light and very light anaesthesia were videorecorded. Under light anaesthesia contraction and medial bulging of the reinnervated right vocal cord occurred in 4 of the dogs. Under very light anaesthesia there was also some adduction of the right vocal cord in these 4 dogs. The right recurrent nerve was then sectioned proximally to the anastomosis and stimulated electrically. In all 5 dogs we observed that electrical stimulation produced a strong adduction of the right vocal cord. Histochemistry of the right vocal and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles showed that reinnervation had taken place. The study indicates that in cases of unilateral vocal cord paralysis an anastomosis between the ansa cervicalis and the recurrent nerve will result in improved phonatory function of the affected vocal cord.     

Recurrent nerve/ansa cervicalis nerve anastomosis: a treatment alternative in unilateral recurrent nerve paralysis.

Sectioning of the right recurrent nerve was done in 5 mongrel dogs under general anaesthesia. The distal stump was anastomosed with the ansa cervicalis nerve branch to the sternothyroid muscle. Three to 5 months later the vocal cord movements during light and very light anaesthesia were videorecorded. Under light anaesthesia contraction and medial bulging of the reinnervated right vocal cord occurred in 4 of the dogs. Under very light anaesthesia there was also some adduction of the right vocal cord in these 4 dogs. The right recurrent nerve was then sectioned proximally to the anastomosis and stimulated electrically. In all 5 dogs we observed that electrical stimulation produced a strong adduction of the right vocal cord. Histochemistry of the right vocal and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles showed that reinnervation had taken place. The study indicates that in cases of unilateral vocal cord paralysis an anastomosis between the ansa cervalalis and the recurrent nerve will result in improved phonatory function of the affected vocal cord.     

Laryngeal reinnervation

In the past, numerous experiments have been performed to attempt reinnervation of the paralyzed larynx. None have been consistently successful. Two experiments were performed in this study, one to restore abduction of a paralyzed vocal cord and one to restore adduction. To paralyze the vocal cord, the recurrent laryngeal nerve was sectioned in all dogs in both experiments. The first experiment was to restore abduction and was performed as follows. An intralaryngeal dissection was performed to separately identify the abductor and adductor branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The adductor branch was sectioned and ligated. Next the phrenic nerve was identified and sectioned. In the dog, the phrenic nerve will not reach the abductor branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, so it was sutured to the main trunk of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Since the adductor branch was severed, regenerating fibers from the phrenic nerve could only grow into the abductor branch and thus to the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. This experiment produced excellent return of abduction synchronous with inspiration. The second experiment was to restore adduction and was performed as follows. Intralaryngeal dissection was again done to identify the abductor and adductor branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. In addition, the motor branch of the superior laryngeal nerve was identified and transected as it entered the cricothyroid muscle. This branch was then anastomosed to the adductor branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The results of this experiment led to chronic adduction of the vocal cord throughout the respiratory cycle. Suggestions for future research include anastomosis of the ansa cervicalis to the abductor branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and anastomosis of the main trunk of the vagus nerve to either the abductor or adductor branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.     

功能性电刺激失神经环杓后肌的动态研究

为了研究电起搏器对失神经后不同时期环杓后肌的作用,我们选用14只狗分为喉返神经切断及吻合两组,分别在手术后即刻、2周、1、2、4、8、12个月进行观察,结果发现在神经切断及吻合即刻环杓后肌电刺激强度阈值较低(2伏),2周后达最高峰(7～10伏),4个月后,神经吻合组恢复到最初水平,神经切断组维持在6伏左右,并发现随病程延长环杓后肌萎缩加重.因此,电起搏器一定刺激强度在一定时间内对恢复萎缩环杓后肌的功能是有效的.     

Newer technique of laryngeal reinnervation: superior laryngeal nerve (motor branch) as a driver of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

This report analyzes the experience gained using two different techniques to reinnervate the paralyzed vocal cord. In the neurotization group, the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) motor branch-cricothyroid muscle pedicle was used to reinnervate the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. In the direct nerve anastomosis group, the SLN was anastomosed to the abductor branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), and the ansa hypoglossi (AH) to the adductor branch of the RLN. A third group of animals (control) had the right RLN sectioned without any anastomosis. About 5 to 6 months postoperatively the animals were killed painlessly and evaluated. The neurotization group revealed vocal fold mobilization on the right side to have an average of about half of the mobility of the left, normal side. After the RLN and SLN on the left were severed as well as the AH bilaterally, the vocal cord mobility was reduced to about one fourth. The direct nerve anastomosis group showed about fourfold less vocal cord mobility than the neurotization group. After the SLN, RLN, and AH were severed bilaterally, the control group showed no vocal cord mobility. The neurotization technique has been selected for further experimentation in human adults.     

颈袢亚分支植入术治疗单侧喉麻痹的实验研究

用１１只狗，分成实验组（７只）及对照组（４只），均切断左侧喉返神经和左侧喉上神经外支造成单侧喉麻痹。实验组将颈拌（舌下神经拌）主支的各亚分支植入声带内收肌中，对照组不作此神经修复术。６个月后行喉镜检查、喉肌电图检查、肌收缩力测定、组织化学检查及运动终板细胞化学电镜观察，证实实验组声带内收肌获得有效的再神经支配，声带内收为预计亚分支再神经支配的结果，未见吸气性声带内收现象。对照组声带内收肌无再神经支配征象。     

Does intralaryngeal motor nerve sprouting occur following unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis?

Reinnervation of paralyzed intralaryngeal muscles by axonal sprouting from adjacent intact muscles (the phenomenon of muscular neurotization) has been observed, but the source is uncertain. The potential for laryngeal reinnervation of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) from contralateral PCA motor nerve sprouting in a rabbit model was investigated. Unilateral PCA denervation was produced by vagotomy. The rabbits were examined for signs of PCA recovery for up to 6 months using fiberoptic endoscopy, electromyography (EMG), and histology. No return of vocal cord abduction, EMG activity, or any nerve sprouting across the midline from the intact PCA was found. We conclude that there is no significant spontaneous intralaryngeal muscular neurotization to the paralyzed PCA. The clinical ramifications of our data will be discussed.