糖基化修饰的树突状细胞疫苗激发的骨髓瘤特异性T细胞免疫反应

探讨经糖基化修饰的肿瘤相关糖抗原冲击树突状细胞(DC)后,所得DC疫苗对骨髓瘤患者自身T细胞的刺激作用。采用化学方法及细胞生物工程法,使骨髓瘤细胞表达新肿瘤相关抗原N-丙酰多聚唾液酸(NPrPSA);在无血清培养条件下用GM-CSF/IFN-α及TNF-α诱导培养多发性骨髓瘤(MM)患者外周血单核细胞DC,继用表达新抗原的肿瘤细胞冲击制备DC疫苗,并与MM患者自身T细胞共同温育,流式细胞仪分析CD4+CD29+、CD8+CD28+及CD69+T细胞。结果显示糖基化修饰的骨髓瘤DC疫苗与正常细胞相比,可明显诱导CD4+及CD8+T细胞的活化。糖基化修饰的DC疫苗可激发骨髓瘤特异性T细胞免疫反应,将为靶向性杀伤骨髓瘤细胞奠定基础。     

SARS-CoV S DNA疫苗诱导特异性T细胞及相关细胞因子的特性研究

目的 小鼠经皮下SARS-CoV S DNA疫苗免疫后，研究其特异性T细胞及相关细胞因子的特性。方法SARS-CoV S DNA疫苗免疫BALB／c小鼠后，获取淋巴细胞悬液。经S抗原多肽刺激后，采用ELISA检测细胞培养上清液中IFN-γ／的水平，利用流式细胞仪在单个细胞水平上检测IFN-γ和IL-2的表达及其关系。结果 当S混合多肽刺激后，DNA疫苗免疫小鼠的淋巴细胞产生大量的IFN-γ，与对照鼠相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。细胞亚群分析的结果表明，IFN-γ^＋和IL-2^＋的CD4^＋T细胞百分率明显高于CD8^＋T细胞。单独产生IL-2的细胞占大多数，其次为IFN-γ和IL-2双阳性细胞，只产生IFN-γ的细胞很少。结论 SARS-CoV S DNA疫苗免疫小鼠后可以诱导抗原特异性CD4^＋和CD8^＋T细胞的产生。     

CD4+CD25+T细胞在CD8+T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中的调节作用

实验旨在研究CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞在CD8^＋T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中的调节作用。将小鼠脾脏中分离的单个核细胞分为两组．即去除CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞组和未去除CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞组,测定树突状细胞提呈的肿瘤抗原多肽刺激不同T细胞增殖活性、细胞因子IFN一1分泌,以及多肽特异性CD8^＋T细胞对同源性胃癌细胞株MFC的杀伤活性。结果显示预先去除未致敏T细胞中的CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞,所诱导的特异性CD8^＋CTL对肿瘤细胞免疫应答增强,表现为反应性T细胞对树突状细胞提呈的肿瘤抗原多肽增殖反应增强,IFN-γ分泌量提高及CD8＋T细胞对MFC杀伤活性增强。这些结果表明。预先去除未致敏T细胞中的CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞,肿瘤抗原多肽修饰的树突状细胞肿瘤疫苗效能可明显增加。CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞在CD8^＋T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中起下调作用。     

CD40配基化的肿瘤特异性树突状细胞介导Th1细胞分化的研究

目的：探讨CD40配基化的肿瘤特异性DCs在介导Th1细胞分化中的作用。方法：采用GM-CSF和IL-4联合方案体外诱导小鼠髓系DCs，并利用mCD40L-CHO和TNF-α分别刺激凋亡肿瘤细胞负载的DCs制备DCs瘤莆；^3H-TdR掺入试验检测DCs对T淋巴细胞的促增殖效应；ELISA测定细胞培养上清中IL-10、IFN-1、IL-12的含量；胞内染色和流式细胞术检测经成熟DCs活化的T细胞中CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋T和CD4^＋IL-4^＋T的比例。结果：体外刺激T细胞增殖能力在CD40配基化DCs组最高（P〈0．05），CD40配基化DCs能更有效地促进活化T细胞分泌IFN-γ和介导CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋T细胞的分化（P〈0．05）。同时，CD40配基化DCs分泌IL-12的量也明显高于TNF-α组（P〈0．05）。结论：CD40配基化的肿瘤特异性DCs体外能有效介导Th1细胞的分化。     

IL-12和CpG疫苗佐剂体内对特异性CD4+T细胞免疫应答的影响

目的：观察IL-12和CpG作为疫苗佐剂在体内促进抗原特异性CD4^＋T细胞的分化和IFN-γ的产生异同.方法：自CD4^＋T细胞受体转基因（TCR-Tg）小鼠脾和淋巴结分离CD4^＋T细胞,体外利用CFSE进行标记,然后被动输给相同基因的正常小鼠.经OVA、OVA＋IL-12或OVA＋CpG免疫后,观察抗原特异性CD4^＋T细胞的组织分布,IFN-γ的表达以及与细胞分裂之间的关系.结果：未经OVA抗原免疫的小鼠,抗原特异性CD4^＋T细胞未见有增殖反应.当经OVA抗原免疫后,可见脾和肺组织中细胞增殖;IFN-γ＋细胞在脾脏、淋巴结和肺组织表达的阳性率很低,其范围为0.93%～2.17%.当经OVA＋IL-12免疫后,IL-12促进IFN-γ的表达,阳性率为4.53%～26.79%;而经OVA＋CpG免疫后,CpG只促进淋巴结中IFN-γ的表达（3.84%）.IFN-γ表达的细胞主要为分裂3～5次的细胞.结论：IL-12和CpG作为疫苗佐剂均可促进IFN-γ产生,促进细胞免疫应答.     

霉酚酸对系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血单个核细胞细胞因子分泌及Th亚群的影响

目的研究霉酚酸（mycophenolic acid,MPA）对系统性红斑狼疮（systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE）患者外周血单个核细胞（PBMCs）细胞因子分泌及Th细胞亚群的作用。方法分离SLE患者及健康对照的外周血单个核细胞（PBMCs）,加入MPA或对照药物地塞米松（DEX）培养48h,用ELISA法测培养上清中IL-10、IL-12及IFN-γ的水平,用三色流式细胞术检测培养细胞中CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋IL-10^-T细胞、CD4^＋IFN-γ^-IL-10^＋T细胞及CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋IL-10^＋T细胞百分率。结果①MPA可使SLE患者PBMCs培养上清中IL-10、IL-12及IFN-γ的分泌显著降低,而DEX却使IL-10分泌水平增高。②MPA可降低SLE患者培养的PBMCs中CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋IL-10^-T、CD4^＋IFN-γ^-IL-10^＋T及CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋IL-10^＋T细胞比率,而DEX在使CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋IL-10^＋T细胞亚群比率增高的同时,却使CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋IL-10^-T细胞亚群的比率降低。结论MPA可抑制SLE患者PBMCs细胞因子分泌,并降低SLE患者外周血培养的PBMCs中Th亚群比率。     

SARS康复者M抗原特异性记忆性T细胞免疫应答的探讨

目的探讨SARS患者康复后,外周血单个核细胞（PBMCs）中是否存在SARS-CoV M抗原特异性T细胞。方法从完全康复期SAILS患者和健康人外周血中分离PBMCs,体外经M混合多肽刺激后,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）、酶联免疫斑点试验（ELISpot）及流式细胞仪检测技术,分析抗原特异性T淋巴细胞的反应性。结果在未经任何抗原刺激的情况下,PBMCs几乎不分泌IFN-γ。当SARS-CoV M混合多肽刺激后,SARS康复期患者的PBMCs分泌大量的IFN-γ,并可检测出高频率的IFN-γ产生细胞。与健康刺激组及康复期SAILS患者未刺激组相比,差异显著（P〈0．05）。流式结果显示,SAILS康复期患者PBMCs经M多肽刺激后,分别有0．11％CD4^＋和0．16％CD8^＋T淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ。根据IFN-γ和IL-2的表达与否,可将CD4^＋T细胞分为三个亚群：IFN-γ^-IL-2^＋、IFN-γ^＋IL-2^＋和IFN-γ^＋IL-2^-。结论SARS-CoV感染后,机体可以产生针对SARS-CoV M蛋白的抗原特异性细胞免疫反应,其免疫记忆可以在体内维持很长时间。     

CTL识别的HLA-A2限制性人卵巢癌相关抗原OVA66表位的鉴定

目的：鉴定CTL识别的HLA—A2限制性人卵巢癌相关抗原OVA66表位。方法：以细胞因子从外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中诱导树突状细胞(DC)，通过形态学观察和流式细胞术进行鉴定。用表位预测法选取并合成两种肽分子，分别脉冲成熟的DC，并刺激HLA—A2^ 健康人自体CD8^ T细胞，1wk后，用脉冲肽的自体PBMC以每7d的间隔刺激该CD8^ T细胞3次。以共接受4次抗原肽刺激的T细胞作为CTL，用乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放试验，检测CTL对靶细胞的杀伤效应。用酶联免疫斑点法(ELISPOT)．检测CTL中抗原特异性分泌IFN-γ的T细胞数。结果：形态学和流式细胞术的结果显示．PBMC可诱生成熟的DC。肽1235(FLPDHINIV)诱导的CTL．可特异性杀伤1235脉冲的T2细胞和OVA66^ 、HLA—A2^ 的SW480细胞，且L235诱导的特异性分泌IFN-γ的T细胞数增加。结论：卵巢癌相关抗原OVA66的HLA—A2限制性CTL表位1235．能激发对肿瘤抗原的特异性免疫应答，为制备肿瘤特异性肽疫苗奠定了实验基础。     

负载甘露糖化抗原的DC诱导的特异性杀伤

目的：探讨甘露糖化肿瘤疫苗在抗肿瘤免疫中的作用。方法：纯化出目的蛋白HER-2／neu胞外配体第2结构域（RLD2），并对其进行糖基化修饰，自外周血单核细胞诱导产生CD83^＋的DC，利用DC表面的甘露糖受体，使DC负载甘露糖基化的目的抗原mRLD2（mL2），并致敏T淋巴细胞，观察CTL特异性杀伤SKBR-3细胞的效果。结果：较之未进行糖基化修饰的目的蛋白RLD2（T2），mL2能促进DC的成熟，并能诱导出具有更强杀伤效力的CTL。结论：本实验的结果为开展新型甘露糖化肿瘤疫苗的研制提供了理论依据。     

凋亡癌细胞抗原致敏IL-23基因转染的树突细胞抗肿瘤免疫反应的研究

目的：探讨IL-23基因转染的树突状细胞（DC）负载癌细胞抗原后诱导的免疫应答对小鼠胰腺癌细胞的抑制作用。方法：克隆并构建IL-23基因真核双表达载体，转染DC并负载肿瘤抗原后制备成疫苗。观察各组脾脏T淋巴细胞IFN-γ和IL-4的分泌量以及DC诱导的CTLs对胰腺癌细胞的杀伤作用。结果：基因测序证实IL-23基因克隆及双表达载体构建成功，转染后DC对共刺激分子MHC-Ⅰ和MHC-Ⅱ的表达增强。接种IL-23修饰DC疫苗后小鼠的免疫防御能力显著增强；DC介导的免疫应答促进了IFN-γ生成型Thl细胞的产生，IL-23转染组IFN-γ的分泌与其他各组比较差异显著（P〈0．01）；IL-23转染组T细胞对抑制性细胞因子IL-4的分泌减少，与DC疫苗组和IL-23DC组比较有显著差异（P〈0．05）。转染的DC疫苗在体内诱导出高水平的CTLs活性（P〈0．05）。结论：IL-23使DC抗原递呈能力更强，IL-23修饰DC疫苗可强化宿主针对特异肿瘤的CTLs免疫应答，使宿主不仅产生防御性免疫反应而且增强自动免疫能力。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.