高效液相色谱法测定参附注射液中人参皂苷3组分的含量

目的建立测定参附注射液中人参皂苷Rg1、Re和Rb1含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法进行梯度洗脱,固定相:L ichrospher C18色谱柱;流动相A:水;流动相B:乙腈;流速:1.2 mL.m in-1;检测波长:203 nm;柱温:35℃。结果人参皂苷Rg1、Re和Rb1分别在4~400,4~400和8~800μg.mL-1范围内峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系。平均加样回收率分别为101.92%~106.79%(人参皂苷Rg1),94.78%~100.65%(人参皂苷Re),和103.04%~106.62%(人参皂苷Rb1)。结论该方法简便、快速、准确,可同时测定参附注射液中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1的含量。     

心宁胶囊中人参皂苷Rg1的HPLC测定

目的:建立心宁胶囊中人参皂苷Rg1的含量测定方法.方法:HPLC法,流动相:乙腈-0.4%磷酸水溶液(20.5∶79.5)为流动相;检测波长为203nm;柱温40℃.结果:人参皂苷Rg1线性范围为0.392μg～4.704μg,平均回收率99.8%,RSD为2.23%.结论:方法可靠,简单可行,为控制心宁胶囊的内在质量提供了科学依据.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定维肝福泰胶囊中五味子醇甲的含量

目的建立维肝福泰胶囊（人参茎叶皂苷、五味子醇浸膏、树舌多糖等）中五味子醇甲的含量测定方法。方法采用YMC C18柱,甲醇：0.03%磷酸溶液（65：35）为流动相,检测波长为220 nm。结果五味子醇甲在0.142～1.140μg呈良好的线性范围（r=0.999 7）,平均回收率为99.49,RSD为1.93%。结论该方法简便准确,重现性好,可用于维肝福泰胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定参茸口服液中人参皂苷Rg1和Rb1含量

目的 建立参茸口服液中人参皂苷Rg1和Rb1含量测定方法.方法 用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Waters XTerra TMRP18(4.6×250 mm5μm),以流动相A(乙腈)与流动相B(水)进行梯度洗脱;柱温为25℃,检测波长为203nm,流速为1.0mL·min-1.结果 人参皂苷Rg1和Rb1在0.4～4.8 μg范围内呈良好线性关系.人参皂苷Rg1平均四收率为99.1%(RSD=1.96%),人参皂苷Rb1平均回收率为97.9%(RSD=2.05%).结论 方法准确,重现性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

HPLC法测定活力源片中人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rg1的含量

目的建立活力源片中人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rg1的含量测定方法.方法HPLC法,C18柱,乙腈-0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(用磷酸调节pH值为2.7)(2080)为流动相,检测波长为203 nm.结果人参皂苷Re平均回收率为99.9%,RSD为1.7%,人参皂苷Rg1平均回收率为98.2%,RSD为2.0%.结论该方法简便准确,重现性好,可用于活力源片的质量控制.     

HPLC法同时测定人参北芪片中人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Re的含量

目的 建立测定人参北芪片中人参的有效成分人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Re的高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定方法.方法 采用ODS-2HYPERSIL柱(250mm×4.6mm 5μm);乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(20: 80)为流动相;检测波长为203nm;流速1.0ml/min;柱温35℃.结果 人参皂苷Rg1在0.2024～5.0600μg具有良好的线性关系( r=0.9995),平均回收率为99.0%,RSD为1.04%(n=9);人参皂苷 Re在0.2152～5.3800μg的范围具有良好的线性关系 (r=0.9998),平均回收率为98.2%,RSD为0.70%(n=9).结论 本法快速、准确,可同时测定人参北芪片中人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re的含量.     

高效液相色谱法测定复方三七片中人参皂苷Rg1含量

目的:用高效液相色谱法测定复方三七片中人参皂苷Rg1含量.方法:以DOS C18柱为固定相,以乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液(20:80)为流动相,检测波长为223 nm,流速为1.4 mL/min,柱温为25℃.结果:人参皂苷Rg1的浓度线性范围是1.02～5.10μg/mL,r=0.999 7;样品平均回收率为95.67%,RSD=3.62%.结论:高效液相色谱法简便,结果准确,重现性好,可作为复方三七片中人参皂苷Rg1的含量检测方法.     

高效液相色谱法测定力补金秋胶囊中人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Re含量

目的:建立力补金秋胶囊中人参含量测定方法.方法:采用HPLC法测定人参中的人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Re的含量.用Hypersil-C18柱,流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(19.6∶80.4),检测波长为203 nm.结果:该方法的线性范围为:人参皂苷Rg1:0.495～3.712 5μg,r=0.999 8,人参皂苷Re:0.450～3.375 μg,r=0.999 9.平均回收率分别为:98.28%,97.55%.结论:本方法简便可行,重现性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

同时测定参附注射液二组份含量方法学研究

目的:建立同时测定参附注射液中人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Re的含量方法.方法:高效液相色谱法,Nova Pak C18柱,流动相:乙腈:水(70:30),检测波长:203nm.结果:人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Re分别在0.7208μg～7.208μg(r=0.9997,n=6)和0.6032μg～6.032μg(r=0.9997,n=6)范围内具有良好的线性关系.加样回收率分别为99.6%(RSD=1.2%)和99.8%(RSD=1.3%).结论:该方法准确,灵敏,便捷,可同时控制参附注射液中人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Re的含量.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定健脾固表颗粒中人参皂苷Rg1、Re的含量

目的建立反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定健脾固表颗粒中人参皂苷Rg1、Re含量的方法.方法色谱柱为十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶柱;流动相为乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液(99400);检测波长为203 nm;柱温35℃;流速1 mL·min-1. 结果人参皂苷Rg1的含量测定线性范围为1.004～9.036 μg,平均回收率97.94%,RSD为0.87%;人参皂苷Re线性范围0.792～7.128 μg,平均回收率97.52%,RSD为1.26%.结论该方法可靠,简单可行,可用于健脾固表颗粒中人参皂苷Rg1、Re的含量测定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.