c-sis is translocated from chromosome 22 to chromosome 9 in chronic myelocytic leukemia

By analysis of a series of somatic cell hybrids derived by fusion of either mouse or Chinese hamster cells with leukocytes from different chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) patients or from normal donors, we have localized the human oncogene, c-sis, on the q11 to qter segment of chromosome 22 and demonstrated its translocation from chromosome 22 to chromosome 9 (q34) in CML.     

造血干细胞移植后白血病细胞遗传学和融合基因表达临床意义

目的 探讨造血干细胞移植后白血病细胞遗传学改变和基因表达的情况。方法 用骨髓细胞短期培养法和直接法G显带分析染色体；双色荧光原位杂交检测bcr／abl融合基因。结果 2例供者为女性的男性急性髓细胞性白血病患者allo-PBSCT后，染色体检测持续46，XX。最长生存已50个月。4例慢性髓细胞性白血病经allo-PBSCT。后，Ph染色体阳性和bcr／abl融合基因阳性1例，供者淋巴细胞输注加干扰素治疗，已生存70个月。Ph染色体阴性bcr／abl融合基因阳性2例，最长生存已27个月。Ph染色体阴性bcr／abl融合基因阴性1例，已生存14个月。2例急性髓细胞性白血病自体造血干细胞移植后检测出非特征性染色体畸变，复发后再化疗达完全缓解，最长生存期达81个月。结论 造血干细胞移植后白血病细胞遗传学检测可观察近期疗效，并指导后续治疗方法的选择。     

慢性粒细胞白血病患者血管内皮生长因子水平的研究

目的探讨慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）不同阶段外周血血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的水平与CML病情、预后及疗效的关系。方法使用CBA技术对55例CML患者及30例正常人外周血VEGF的水平进行检测，同时计数骨髓原始细胞数量。结果慢性期、加速期和急变期VEGF水平均增高，明显高于健康对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；急变期升高最明显，显著高于慢性期和加速期（P〈0．01），差异均有统计学意义。CML患者外周血VEGF水平与骨髓原始细胞比例变化基本一致。结论CML外周血VEGF水平与病情相关联，检测CML外周血VEGF水平对观察CML的病情发展、预后及疗效的判断具有重要的临床价值。     

Review: progress of cytogenetics in hematopoietic malignancies]

In 1960, Nowell and Hungerford found, for the first time, a minute chromosome at the metaphase in chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) cells, which was called Philadelphia chromosome (9; 22 translocation) later. Ph1 chromosome was considered to be specific for the disease and was frequently used as an important marker for the definite diagnosis. In 1970s banding techniques revealed some other specific chromosome abnormalities, like 8; 14, 8; 21, and 15; 17 translocations, for acute leukemias. In 1980s, molecular-biology techniques were applied in the fields of leukemia research. As a result, many break point cluster regions were discovered in relation to the immunoglobulin chain genes and T cell receptor genes (Table 2). In this review, the specificity of chromosome abnormalities as well as genetic changes in types of leukemia is discussed.     

Biochemical activities of lysosomal acid hydrolases in leukemic cells

The biochemical activities of 8 lysosomal acid hydrolases in leukemic cells from 48 patients were examined. Characteristic alterations were found in α-mannosidase, β-galactosidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activities of leukemic cells. The level of α-mannosidase activity was much higher in myelo(mono)genous leukemias (AML, AMoL, AMMoL, CML and CMMoL) than in lymphogenous ones (ALL, T-cell leukemia, hairy cell leukemia and CLL) without exception. The β-galactosidase activity also differed as a result of α-mannosidase, except in T-cell leukemia. In T-cell leukemia it was within the range of normal lymphocytes, but in the other lymphogenous leukemias it was significantly below normal. N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activity in myelo(mono)genous leukemic cells was above the range of normal granulocytes. The changes in these enzyme levels were consistent. The lymphocytic or myelocytic nature of three cases of acute undifferentiated leukemia could be determined by enzyme studies. In two cases it was lymphocytic and in one it was myelocytic. The enzymatic abnormalities were also found in morphologically mature neutrophils from patients with not only chronic types (CML, CMMoL) but also acute types (AMoL, AMMoL) of leukemias, and were similar to those of their respective leukemic cells. Analysis of lysosomal enzymes (at least three of those mentioned above), can elucidate one of the biochemical properties of leukemic cells and may be valuable in the differentiation of leukemias.     

巢式聚合酶链反应对231例白血病融合基因的检测

目的:探讨巢式逆转录聚合酶链反应(巢式RT-PCR)动态检测白血病bcr/abl、PML/RARa及AML/ETO融合基因在白血病诊断、治疗、预后判断的价值。方法:应用巢式PCR法对231例急慢性白血病患者bcr/abl、PML/RARa及AML/ETO融合基因作检测,同时结合患者细胞形态学及临床转归予以分析。结果:94例慢性粒细胞白血病患者中,79例bcr/abl融合基因阳性,阳性率为84.0%;55例急性淋巴细胞白血病患者中,20例bcr/abl融合基因阳性,阳性率为36.4%;50例急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者中,29例PML/RARa融合基因阳性,阳性率为58.0%;32例急性粒细胞白血病M2患者中,9例AML/ETO融合基因阳性,阳性率为28.2%。结论:巢式PCR是一种快速、敏感而准确的检测方法,可为白血病患者提供分子生物学的诊断依据,并可作为微小残留病的监测指标之一。     

NGAL在慢性粒细胞性白血病中的表达及其诊断意义

目的探讨NGAL在慢性粒细胞性白血病(下称慢粒)患者骨髓中的表达及其临床意义,为深入研究NGAL在慢粒发生、发展过程中所发挥的作用提供科学依据。方法运用免疫组化技术,对42例慢粒患者及健康对照组骨髓样品中的NGAL表达情况进行检测,并结合ELISA分析方法检测慢粒患者和健康对照组血清中NGAL的表达。结果通过免疫组化染色,NGAL在42例慢粒患者及健康对照组骨髓中表达皆为阳性,但是慢粒组NGAL表达量明显高于健康对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。同时,通过ELISA分析方法测出慢粒患者血清中NGAL含量明显高于健康对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.001)。结论 NGAL在慢粒的发生、发展过程中起着重要作用。     

伴t(1；9；22)亚二倍体罕见核型异常慢性粒细胞白血病急变

目的 观察慢性粒细胞性白血病(chronic myelogenous leukemia,CML)急变(blast crisis,BC)患者罕见染色体异常的临床及实验室特点.方法 2010年2月1例患者因咳嗽和高热来我院就诊,采用常规方法检查患者骨髓细胞,应用R显带技术和荧光原位杂交技术分析骨髓细胞核型.结果 患者具有C...     

Clinical epidemiology]

Although the exact incidence of chronic myeloid leukemia(CML) in Japan is obscure, the occurrence rate of CML is approximately 15% of all leukemia patients in Japan, and thus about 5/100,000 cases appeared per year. This incidence of CML seems to be lower that that of Caucasian, but the incidence of CML patients in Japan may increase gradually. Molecular investigation in CML disclosed the exact mechanism of t(9; 22) anomaly, thus providing appropriate classification for chronic myeloid leukemia. From the etiological aspect, it is well documented that exposure to atomic bomb at Nagasaki and Hiroshima actually induced CML, however, factors other than irradiation are still obscure. Recent spread of annual examination pick up some CML patients at the early phase and the disease severity might be thus different from those of previous CML patients. For example, currently diagnosed CML patients usually lack palpable splenomegaly and some of them had normal karyotypes in addition to Ph-cells in the bone marrow at the time of CML diagnosis. These findings indicate that epidemiological aspect in CML patients might be changing.     

m-bcr／abl融合基因型慢性粒细胞性白血病临床和实验室研究

目的研究2例表达m型（ela2）bcr／abl融合基因慢性期慢性粒细胞性白血病（CML-CP）患者的临床及实验室特征。方法患者骨髓细胞分别用R带技术进行染色体核型分析．流式细胞术进行免疫分型，RT-PCR进行bcr／abl融合基因检测，治疗采用羟基脲、阿糖胞苷或羟基脲、HA（高三尖杉酯硷，阿糖胞苷）及干扰素方案。结果2例患者染色体核型均为：46，XY，t（9,22）（q34；q11）；免疫分型：CD13、CD15、CD33阳性．其中例2同时表达CD10抗原（34．35％）：RT-PCR分析例1初诊时M型bcr／abl融合基因阳性（b3a21，治疗后M型bcr／abl转阴而m型bcr／abl（ela2）阳性，例2初诊时即为M型bcr／abl融合基因阴性而in型bcr/abl（ela21阳性：两例患者骨髓像及临床均表现为慢性期．但例2外周血白细胞计数增高不显著（15～47×10^9／L），脾脏不肿大。结论 m-bcr／ablCML是罕见的CML分子亚型。具独特的临床和实验室特征，其发现对于临床诊断和生物学研究具有重要的意义。     

格列卫对慢性粒细胞白血病病人Foxo3a和bcr-abl融合基因表达影响

目的探讨初发及格列卫治疗的慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）病人骨髓中转录因子Foxo3a和bcr-abl融合基因的表达及其临床意义。方法采用SYBR GreenⅠ建立的实时荧光RT-PCR的方法,检测18例初发及10例格列卫治疗的CML病人骨髓样本中Foxo3a和bcr-abl融合基因的表达,以GAPDH为内参基因,以行骨髓穿刺排除诊断的非血液病病人的骨髓为对照组;各实验组基因表达水平的差异采用ΔΔCT相对定量法计算。结果初发CML病人骨髓bcr-abl融合基因的表达水平与格列卫治疗组比较差异有显著性（χ2=4.25,P〈0.05）;3组骨髓样本中Foxo3a的表达水平比较差异均有显著性（χ2=5.73～13.73,P〈0.01）;且初发CML病人的bcr-abl融合基因的高表达与转录因子Foxo3a的低表达呈明显负相关（r=-0.674,P〈0.01）。结论格列卫降低CML病人bcr-abl融合基因表达的同时可以增加Foxo3a的表达;转录因子Foxo3a的低表达与bcr-abl融合基因的高表达密切相关,二者可能共同参与CML的发生。     

Application of cytogenetics in neoplastic diseases

This review will concern itself with the application of cytogenetic findings in neoplastic diseases. This application can be divided into two general categories: practical and theoretical. The practical applications reside in utilizing karyotypic changes, particularly in leukemias and lymphomas, not only for diagnostic purposes but also for predicting response to therapy and prognosis. This is especially evident in the various acute nonlymphocytic leukemias and in most of the acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Thus, a definite correlation exists between the cytogenetic findings and the various clinical, laboratory, and cytologic parameters of most of the leukemias. Undoubtedly, these leukemias will ultimately be classified and defined more in terms of their cytogenetic aspects than any other. Though the application in lymphoma is not at the same level as that in leukemia, developments in that field certainly indicate a similar utilization of the cytogenetic findings in these diseases. The presence or absence of a Ph1 chromosome in a chronic myelocytic leukemia has been utilized widely, not only in the diagnosis but also in the predictability of response; the cytogenetic findings have also been utilized in predicting the blastic phase of disease. The list of specific chromosome changes in various solid tumors is of a lesser number, but significant developments indicate that the applicability of chromosome changes in these diseases will, also, be established in the near future. The application of chromosome findings to theoretical aspects of malignancy has assumed an important place recently in the demonstration that so-called oncogenes (or proto-oncogenes) are located or associated with areas of human chromosomes in which breaks and translocations are involved. Thus, it appears that chromosome changes in human malignancy, once their specificity is established, are important parameters in the clinical and theoretical aspects of the disease. A discussion will also be given on primary vs. secondary chromosome changes and their significance in the biology and behavior of the malignancy.     

中国安徽地区白血病患者与HLA-A、B、DRB1基因关联性研究

本研究旨在探讨中国安徽地区人群中白血病的易感性与HLA—A、B、DRB1基因多态性之间的关联。采用聚合酶链反应序列特异性引物（PCR—SSP）方法对安徽地区140例慢性髓系白血病（CML）、84例急性淋巴细胞性白血病（AIJL）、90例急性非淋巴细胞性白血病（ANLIJ）患者以及916名健康的非血缘造血干细胞捐献者作为正常对照组进行了HLA基因分型,分别比较了病人组及正常对照组的HLA—A、B、DRB1位点的基因频率,通过x。检验进行统计学分析。结果表明,CML患者A2、A11、B58、DR9基因频率较对照组明显升高,DR7基因频率较对照组明显降低：AIJIJ患者A11、B13基因频率明显高于对照组;ANLL患者A24、B58、DR9基因频率较对照组明显升高。结论：HIA—A2、A11、B58、DR9是CML的易感基因,DR7是其拮抗基因;HLA—A11、B13是ALL的易感基因;HLA—A24、B58、DR9是ANLL的易感基因。     

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) represents about 14% of all leukemias and occurs with a frequency of about 1 in 100,000. It is rare in children. Symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, sweating, and abdominal discomfort from an enlarged spleen. The white blood cell count can range from 100-600 ul. CML has three phases: the chronic phase, accelerated phase, and blast phase. Most patients are diagnosed during the chronic phase. Ionizing radiation has been implicated in some cases of CML, but in most individuals no cause is known. The Philadelphia chromosome, an acquired genetic mutation represented by a translocation of chromosome 22 and chromosome 9, drives the leukemic changes in CML. Imatinib mesylate, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was approved in 2002 for the treatment of all phases of CML. Because of its effectiveness, imatinib has become the treatment of choice for most patients with CML. Stem cell transplantation also is an option for eligible patients. It is the only curative treatment for CML. Two drugs under study for patients who cannot tolerate or who become resistant to imatinib are BMS-354825 and AMN107. Oncology nurses who are knowledgeable about new therapies for CML can be effective resources for their patients.     

白血病骨髓基质细胞中GATA-1和GATA-2基因的表达特点

为了解转录因子GATA-1和GATA-2基因在白血病和正常骨髓基质细胞(BMSC)中表达的情况,采集了42例白血病患者的骨髓标本及34例正常骨髓标本并分离骨髓单个核细胞,在体外扩增培养后收集悬浮细胞(骨髓细胞)和扩增后的贴壁细胞(BMSC),应用RT-PCR-ELISA方法分别检测GATA-1和GATA-2基因的表达情况,并对其相对表达水平进行半定量分析.结果发现,GATA-1和GATA-2基因在正常和白血病的BMSC和骨髓细胞中均有一定的表达.在BMSC中急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)组的GATA-1基因表达率(857%)与正常组(882%)相近,而急性髓性白血病(AML)和慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)组的GATA-1表达率(55.6%和41.2%)均比正常组低(P=0.008,0.000),且ALL的BMSC中GATA-1基因表达水平＞AML＞正常＞CML(P均＜0.05);而各白血病组BMSC中GATA-2的表达率和表达水平与正常组相比均无显著性差异(P均＞0.05).骨髓细胞中AML组的GATA-1基因表达水平＞正常＞ALL＞CML,AML组的GATA-2基因表达水平＞CML＞ALL＞正常(P均＜0.05).AML、CML和正常组的BMSC和骨髓细胞中均以GATA-2的表达占优势.可以推论,转录因子GATA-1和GATA-2基因在正常和白血病BMSC的表达可能影响骨髓微环境的造血调控作用.是否对白血病的发生发展有一定的影响也值得进一步探索.     

伴复杂核型异常的髓系恶性血液病8号染色体异常分析

为研究伴复杂核型异常（complex chromosome abnormalities，CCA）的髓系恶性血液病的8号染色体异常，采用常规染色体分析和多重荧光原位杂交技术检测81例伴CCA的髓系恶性血液病患者的染色体异常，其中急性髓系白血病（AML）25例、慢性髓系白血病（CML）35例和骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）21例。结果表明：81例标本中CCA涉及所有染色体，而8号染色体异常发生率为35．8％（29／81），其中AML为56％（14／25）、CML为28．6％（10／35）、MDS为23．8％（5／21），CML加速期、急变期发生率分别为20％（1／5）、33．3％（9／27）。29例伴8号染色体异常的髓系恶性血液病中有15例为非平衡易位，占51．7％。结论：8号染色体异常是伴CCA的髓系恶性血液病中常见的染色体异常，可能与疾病进展相关，多为不平衡性易位。     

高三尖杉酯碱联合方案治疗高白细胞慢性粒细胞白血病疗效分析

目的探讨高三尖杉酯碱（HHT）联合三氧化二砷（As2O3）、羟基脲治疗高白细胞慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）的疗效和毒副作用。方法对2004年11月-2009年12月行高三尖杉酯碱联合As2O3、羟基脲治疗高白细胞CML患者21例的疗效和不良反应进行分析。结果经高三尖杉酯碱联合As2O3、羟基脲治疗后3～6个疗程,21例CML患者中完全缓解15例,占71%;部分缓解2例,占10%;总有效率81%;未缓解4例,占19%。不良反应仅表现乏力、纳差、恶心、脱发。结论 HHT联合As2O3、羟基脲是治疗高白细胞CML一种有效率高,临床容易开展,安全性好的方法。     

格列卫对慢性粒细胞白血病病人Ph染色体和bcr／abl融合基因表达影响

目的探讨格列卫治疗Ph染色体阳性慢性粒细胞白血病病人后骨髓Ph染色体及bcr／abl融合基因表达的变化。方法采用R显带和半定量RTPCR分别检测11例慢性粒细胞白血病病人服用格列卫前后骨髓标本中Ph染色体和bcr／abl基因的表达。结果用药后9例慢性期慢性粒细胞白血病病人,7例分别在用药3～24个月后染色体检查为Ph染色体阴性,1例用药1个月后其Ph染色体仍为阳性,后失访;1例用药2个月后Ph染色体阳性率为30％;1例急变期慢性粒细胞白血病病人用药6个月后其Ph染色体阳性率为70％;1例加速期慢性粒细胞白血病病人用药12个月后Ph染色体阳性率为60％。服用格列卫的CML病人Ph染色体转阴后仍能检测到bcr／abl基因的表达,但其表达水平较用药前明显降低,差异有显著性（t=3．77、5．13,P〈0．01）,随着用药时间的延长bcr／abl基因表达逐渐降低。结论格列卫能有效治疗Ph染色体阳性的慢性粒细胞白血病病人,并且对其预后具有重要的意义。     

BU-CTX2预处理方案异基因造血干细胞移植治疗白血病60例

目的：评价BU－CTX2预处理方案异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT)治疗60例白血病的长期疗效。方法：1994年4月至2000年8月60例白血病患者接受了allo-HSCT，其中急性髓系白血病（AML）20例，急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）15例，慢性髓系白血病（CML）25例。53名供者系HLA完全相合同胞，4名为HLA 1个主要位点不合同胞，3名为HLA完全相合无关供者。用BU－CTX2方案预处理，用环孢菌素A＋甲氨蝶呤(54例）或甲泼尼龙（6例）预防移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）。结果：60例均植活。22例（36．7％）发生急性GVHD，其中CML组为48．0％，AML组30．0％，ALL组则为26．7％。中位随访时间24（9－24）个月，38例仍无白血病生存，22例（36．7％）死亡，其中1例死于肺部感染，3例死于急性GVHD，7例死于巨细胞病毒感染，11例死于白血病复发，其中AML3例（15．0％），ALL8例（53．3％）。8例ALL均于移植早期复发死亡。4例ALL长期生存者均发生慢性GVHD。3年无病生存（DFS）率为63．3％），其中CML组为80．0％，AML组70．0％，ALL组则为26．7％。结论：BU－CTX2为AML和CML的有效预处理方案，白血病复发率低，长期生存率高，而作为ALL的预处理方案则白血病复发率较高，提示BU－CTX2不适合作为ALL首选预处理方案。