Improving the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by training dedicated cardiac arrest teams incorporating a mechanical load-distributing device at the emergency department

Objective

Determine if implementing cardiac arrest teams trained with a ‘pit-crew’ protocol incorporating a load-distributing band mechanical CPR device (Autopulse™ ZOLL) improves the quality of CPR, as determined by no-flow ratio (NFR) in the first 10 min of resuscitation.

Methods

A phased, prospective, non-randomized, before–after cohort evaluation. Data collection was from April 2008 to February 2011. There were 100 before and 148 after cases. Continuous video and chest compression data of all study subjects were analyzed. All non-traumatic, collapsed patients aged 18 years and above presenting to the emergency department were eligible. Primary outcome was NFR. Secondary outcomes were return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), survival to hospital admission and neurological outcome at discharge.

Main results

After implementation, mean total NFR for the first 5 min decreased from 0.42 to 0.27 (decrease = 0.15, 95% CI 0.10–0.19, p < 0.005), and from 0.24 to 0.18 (decrease = 0.06, 95% CI 0.01–0.11, p = 0.02) for the next 5 min. The mean time taken to apply Autopulse™ decreased from 208.8 s to 141.6 s (decrease = 67.2, 95% CI, 22.3–112.1, p < 0.005). The mean CPR ratio increased from 46.4% to 88.4% (increase = 41.9%, 95% CI 36.9–46.9, p < 0.005) and the mean total NFR for the first 10 min decreased from 0.33 to 0.23 (decrease = 0.10, 95% CI 0.07–0.14, p < 0.005).

Conclusion

Implementation of cardiac arrest teams was associated with a reduction in NFR in the first 10 min of resuscitation. Training cardiac arrest teams in a ‘pit-crew’ protocol may improve the quality of CPR at the ED.     

Measuring and improving cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality inside the emergency department

Aim of studyTo evaluate CPR quality during cardiac resuscitation attempts in an urban emergency department (ED) and determine the influence of the combination of scenario-based training, real-time audiovisual feedback (RTAVF), and post-event debriefing on CPR quality.MethodsCPR quality was recorded using an R Series monitor-defibrillator (ZOLL Medical) during the treatment of adult cardiac arrest patients. Phase 1 (P1; 11/01/2010-11/15/2012) was an observation period of CPR quality. Phase 2 (P2; 11/15/2012-11/08/2013) was after a 60-min psychomotor skills CPR training and included RTAVF and post-event debriefing.ResultsA total of 52 cardiac arrest patients were treated in P1 (median age 56 yrs, 63.5% male) and 49 in P2 (age 60 yrs, 83.7% male). Chest compression (CC) depth increased from 46.7 ± 3.8 mm in P1 to 61.6 ± 2.8 mm in P2 (p < 0.001), with the percentage of CC ≥ 51 mm increasing from 30.6% in P1 to 87.4% in P2 (p < 0.001). CC release velocity increased from 314 ± 25 mm/s in P1 to 442 ± 20 mm/s in P2 (p < 0.001). No significant differences were identified in CC fraction (84.3% P1 vs. 88.4% P2, p = 0.1), CC rate (125 ± 3 cpm P1 vs. 125 ± 3 cpm P2, p = 0.7), or pre-shock pause (9.7 s P1 vs. 5.9 s P2, p = 0.5), though CC fraction and pre-shock pause were within guideline recommendations.ConclusionImplementation of the bundle of scenario-based training, real-time audiovisual CPR feedback, and post-event debriefing was associated with improved CPR quality and compliance with CPR guidelines in this urban teaching emergency department.     

影响急诊科心肺复苏效果的多因素分析

目的 寻找影响急诊科心肺复苏(CPR)效果的独立因素.方法 对照选择深圳市72家网络医院2004年9月至2009年1月急诊科进行过CPR的1 376例心脏停搏(CA)患者的调查表,用EpiData软件建立数据库,用SPSS 13.0软件进行两分类Logistic回归分析.结果 影响急诊科CA患者自主循环恢复(ROSC)的多因素分析显示,心室纤颤(VF)患者较心脏静止患者ROSC可能性大,相对比值比(OR)=3.071,P=0.000,95%可信区间(95%CI)=2.019～4.670;无脉搏电活动(PEA)较心脏静止患者ROSC可能性大,OR=1.730,P=0.036,95%CI=1.036～2.890;电击是ROSC的保护因素,OR=1.574,P=0.015,95%CI=1.093～2.265;肾上腺素累积剂量≤4 mg患者ROSC可能性较≥5 mg患者大,OR=1.483,P=0.037,95%CI=1.024～2.147;CA绝对时间是ROSC危险因素,OR=0.961,P=0.000,95%CI=0.946～0.976.影响急诊科CA患者生存入院的多因素分析显示,VF患者生存可能性大于心脏静止患者,OR=2.013,P=0.002,95%CI=1.299～3.121;肾上腺素累积剂量≤4 mg患者生存可能性较≥5 mg患者大,OR=2.289,P=0.000,95%CI=1.487～3.524;CA绝对时间是急诊科患者生存入院的危险因素,OR=0.951,P=0.000,95%CI=0.933～0.969.结论 急诊科CA患者ROSC的独立影响因素有:CA时心律、CA绝对时间、电击、肾上腺素累积剂量.急诊科CA患者生存入院的独立影响因素有:CA绝对时间、肾上腺素累积剂量、CA时心律.     

Available ventilation monitoring methods during pre-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation

High quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the pre-hospital setting has been associated with improved survival rates during cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). Recent documentation of hyperventilation associated deterioration in hemodynamics during CPR, suggests that guided or controlled ventilation strategies may contribute to improved hemodynamics and increased survival. This article briefly reviews the mechanical methods, advantages, and disadvantages of the available ventilation monitoring methods currently available for clinical use, with an emphasis on pre-hospital implementation. We recommend that more objective measurement of ventilation during CPR be performed, with emphasis on a strategy for measuring both attempted ventilation frequency (f) and delivered tidal volume (VT). The use of improved thoracic impedance pneumography and capnography are appealing for such monitoring because of the widespread availability, but modifications to existing software and clinical data compared to a clinical standard would be required before general acceptance is possible. Other methods listed may offer advantages over these in select circumstances.     

心肺复苏质量的影响指标分析

心肺复苏质量是影响心搏骤停生存率的关键,除开始心肺复苏时间外,反映心肺复苏质量的指标还包括按压频率、按压深度、按压位置、胸廓充分回弹、避免按压中断以及通气过度等,通过综合分析反映心肺复苏质量的指标参数,以期促进心肺复苏的质量的提高。     

边疆地区急诊科护士对2010AHA心肺复苏指南认知现状的调查分析

目的 探讨边疆地区急诊科护士对2010AHA心肺复苏指南相关知识认知现状,为进一步培训提供依据.方法 对2011年1～9月参加自治区急诊急救专业培训的126名急诊科护士采用自行设计的问卷实施调查.问卷的内部一致性信度Cronbahs'α为0.82;问卷的内容效度CVI值为0.95.结果 调查显示:边疆地区急诊科护士对2010AHA心肺复苏指南相关知识认知总体较差.结论 各级医院、行政部门应该重视及加强2010AHA心肺复苏指南相关知识的培训及考核,为提高患者抢救成功率奠定基础.     

心肺复苏患者急诊护理的效果及预后

目的探讨心肺复苏患者急诊护理的效果及预后。方法选择70例心脏骤停并行心脏复苏的患者,通过随机数表法分为观察组和对照组,各35例。对照组给予常规护理,观察组在对照组的基础上加用针对性的护理干预。比较2组患者护理效果。结果护理后,观察组SAS、SDS评分均低于对照组,呼吸机维持时间、住ICU时间均少于对照组,格拉斯哥昏迷指数评分高于对照组(P0.05);观察组在心房颤动、胸部不适、记忆减退、反应迟钝的并发症发生率上均比对照组低(P0.05);观察组28 d存活率、出院时存活率均比对照组高(P0.05)。结论在心肺复苏患者中给予针对性的急诊护理,在提高预后上具有积极意义,值得应用推广。     

Impact of bystander-performed ventilation on functional outcomes after cardiac arrest and factors associated with ventilation-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A large observational study

AimTo determine the effectiveness of ventilations in bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR) and to identify the factors associated with ventilation-only BCPR.MethodsFrom out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) data prospectively collected from 2005 to 2011 in Japan, we extracted data for 210,134 bystander-witnessed OHCAs with complete datasets but no prehospital involvement of physician [no BCPR, 115,733; ventilation-only, 2093; compression-only, 61,075; and conventional (compressions+ventilations) BCPR, 31,233] and determined the factors associated with 1-month neurologically favourable survival using simple and multivariable logistic regression analyses. In 91,885 patients with known BCPR durations, we determined the factors associated with ventilation-only BCPR.ResultsThe rate of survival in the no BCPR, ventilation-only, compression-only and conventional group was 2.8%, 3.9%, 4.5% and 5.0%, respectively. After adjustment for other factors associated with outcomes, the survival rate in the ventilation-only group was higher than that in the no BCPR group (adjusted OR; 95% CI, 1.29; 1.01–1.63), but lower than that in the compression-only (0.76; 0.59–0.96) or conventional groups (0.70; 0.55–0.89). Conventional CPR had the highest OR for survival in almost all OHCA subgroups. The adjusted OR (95% CI) for survival after dividing BCPR into ventilation and compression components was 1.19 (1.11–1.27) and 1.60 (1.51–1.69), respectively. Older guidelines, female sex, younger patient age, bystander-initiated CPR without instruction, early BCPR and short BCPR duration were associated with ventilation-only BCPR.ConclusionsVentilation is a significant component of BCPR, but alone is less effective than compression in improving neurologically favourable survival after OHCAs.     

Transesophageal echocardiography during cardiopulmonary arrest in the emergency department

Management of patients in cardiopulmonary arrest is challenging and can be resource consuming. Outcomes continue to be poor and physicians may feel a sense of futility when running a resuscitation. Bedside ultrasound has been utilized to guide resuscitations, diagnose correctable cardiac pathology leading to an arrest and has proved to have a prognostic value when utilized in the initial stages of resuscitation. Bedside emergency ultrasound is limited by inability to scan during chest compression and poor image quality in obese patients and those with emphysema. During cardiopulmonary resuscitation pulse checks need to be rapid and leave little time for transducer manipulation during image acquisition. Recent American Heart Association guidelines further stress the need for quality chest compressions and minimizing intervals with no compressions. Transesophageal echocardiography offers high resolution and clarity of images in the vast majority of patients. It allows for constant visualization of the heart, even during chest compressions, cardioversion and other procedures. This case series describes the use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) during cardiac arrest by emergency physicians. The cases illustrate some of the potential benefits of TEE during cardiopulmonary arrest.     

Feasibility of automated rhythm assessment in chest compression pauses during cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Aim

To demonstrate the feasibility of doing a reliable rhythm analysis in the chest compression pauses (e.g. pauses for two ventilations) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

Methods

We extracted 110 shockable and 466 nonshockable segments from 235 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest episodes. Pauses in chest compressions were already annotated in the episodes. We classified pauses as ventilation or non-ventilation pause using the transthoracic impedance. A high-temporal resolution shock advice algorithm (SAA) that gives a shock/no-shock decision in 3 s was launched once for every pause longer than 3 s. The sensitivity and specificity of the SAA for the analyses during the pauses were computed.

Results

We identified 4476 pauses, 3263 were ventilation pauses and 2183 had two ventilations. The median of the mean duration per segment of all pauses and of pauses with two ventilations were 6.1 s (4.9–7.5 s) and 5.1 s (4.2–6.4 s), respectively. A total of 91.8% of the pauses and 95.3% of the pauses with two ventilations were long enough to launch the SAA. The overall sensitivity and specificity were 95.8% (90% low one-sided CI, 94.3%) and 96.8% (CI, 96.2%), respectively. There were no significant differences between the sensitivities (P = 0.84) and the specificities (P = 0.18) for the ventilation and the non-ventilation pauses.

Conclusion

Chest compression pauses are frequent and of sufficient duration to launch a high-temporal resolution SAA. During these pauses rhythm analysis was reliable. Pre-shock pauses could be minimised by analysing the rhythm during ventilation pauses when CPR is delivered at 30:2 compression:ventilation ratio.     

急诊科心肺复苏医护配合的培训与管理

[目的]提高心肺复苏医护配合技术水平,提高抢救成功率,减少医患纠纷。[方法]根据急诊科人员结构成立医护配合心肺复苏技术培训小组,采取理论讲授和现场演练等训练模式,将自我训练与指导老师辅导相结合,并采取适当激励措施。[结果]在对心脏停搏病人进行医护配合心肺复苏技术抢救中,无一例病人家属因抢救因素引发纠纷。[结论]医护配合心肺复苏技术的培训能提高急救技术水平,减少医患纠纷的发生。     

Poor chest compression quality with mechanical compressions in simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomized, cross-over manikin study

Introduction

Mechanical chest compression devices are being implemented as an aid in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), despite lack of evidence of improved outcome. This manikin study evaluates the CPR-performance of ambulance crews, who had a mechanical chest compression device implemented in their routine clinical practice 8 months previously. The objectives were to evaluate time to first defibrillation, no-flow time, and estimate the quality of compressions.

Methods

The performance of 21 ambulance crews (ambulance nurse and emergency medical technician) with the authorization to perform advanced life support was studied in an experimental, randomized cross-over study in a manikin setup. Each crew performed two identical CPR scenarios, with and without the aid of the mechanical compression device LUCAS. A computerized manikin was used for data sampling.

Results

There were no substantial differences in time to first defibrillation or no-flow time until first defibrillation. However, the fraction of adequate compressions in relation to total compressions was remarkably low in LUCAS-CPR (58%) compared to manual CPR (88%) (95% confidence interval for the difference: 13–50%). Only 12 out of the 21 ambulance crews (57%) applied the mandatory stabilization strap on the LUCAS device.

Conclusions

The use of a mechanical compression aid was not associated with substantial differences in time to first defibrillation or no-flow time in the early phase of CPR. However, constant but poor chest compressions due to failure in recognizing and correcting a malposition of the device may counteract a potential benefit of mechanical chest compressions.     

Early mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation can improve outcomes in patients with non-traumatic cardiac arrest in the emergency department

ObjectiveTo compare the outcomes of patients with non-traumatic cardiac arrest (CA) who received early versus late mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with the Lund University Cardiac Assist System (LUCAS) device in the emergency department (ED).MethodsThis was a retrospective observational study in the ED of a single medical center performed from May 2018 to December 2019; 68 patients with CA were eligible. We grouped the patients according to the time to initiating LUCAS use after CA into an early group (≤4 minutes) and late group (>4 minutes).ResultsThe rate of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was higher in the early group vs the late group (69.2% vs 52.4%, respectively). The 4-hour survival rate was significantly higher in the early group vs the late group (83.3% vs 45.5%, respectively), and CPR duration was significantly shorter in the early group (23.3 ± 12.5 vs 31.1 ± 14.8 minutes, respectively).ConclusionEarly mechanical CPR can improve the success of achieving ROSC and the 4-hour survival rate in patients with non-traumatic CA in the ED, considering that more benefits were observed in patients who received early vs late LUCAS device therapy.     

急诊科心肺复苏医护配合的培训与管理

[目的]提高心肺复苏医护配合技术水平,提高抢救成功率,减少医患纠纷。[方法]根据急诊科人员结构成立医护配合心肺复苏技术培训小组,采取理论讲授和现场演练等训练模式,将自我训练与指导老师辅导相结合,并采取适当激励措施。[结果]在对心脏停搏病人进行医护配合心肺复苏技术抢救中,无一例病人家属因抢救因素引发纠纷。[结论]医护配合心肺复苏技术的培训能提高急救技术水平,减少医患纠纷的发生。     

The association of emergency department administration of sodium bicarbonate after out of hospital cardiac arrest with outcomes

Background

Sodium bicarbonate administration is mostly restricted to in-hospital use in Taiwan. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sodium bicarbonate on outcomes among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).

Open- versus closed-chest cardiac compressions in a canine model of pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Whether or not the principles of adult resuscitation apply to the pediatric population remains unknown. In order to study this issue, a pediatric animal model was developed using puppies 6-12 weeks of age and 2-8 kg in weight. Hemodynamic status was assessed using standard methods, and measured global cerebral blood flow was assessed using the nitrous oxide (Kety-Schmidt) technique after placement of a catheter in the sagittal sinus. In this initial study, five puppies resuscitated with closed-chest cardiac compression (CCCC) were compared with five receiving open-chest cardiac compression (OCCC). Although mean systolic arterial pressures were equal with both methods during resuscitation (40 versus 49 mm Hg, P = 0.19), OCCC produced a greater cardiac output and a higher cerebral blood flow (5 versus 18 ml/100 g/min, P = 0.008). Only one of five dogs treated with CCCC had a blood flow during resuscitation greater than 15 ml/100 g/min, as compared with four of five receiving OCCC. Finally, three of five dogs in the CCCC group experienced liver lacerations, while none who were resuscitated by OCCC sustained any gross visceral injuries.     

心肺复苏中机械通气时机选择对急诊心博骤停患者预后的影响

目的探讨心肺复苏的机械通气时机选择对急诊心博骤停患者预后影响。方法选取在本院接受心博骤停自动循环恢复机械通气的50例患者为研究对象,按照机械通气的时间分为早期上机组24例,以及晚期上机组26例,统计两组患者的年龄、性别、心博骤停心率类型以及心博骤停的原因,同时统计两组患者心肺复苏成功效率、心博骤停24 h、有无角膜性反射、有无瞳孔反射、疼痛躲避反应、运动反应、出院时神经功能分类以及治愈出院率。对两组患者的各项指标进行相应比较。结果两组患者的年龄、性别、心博骤停心率类型以及心博骤停原因,两者差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）;两组患者的心肺复苏率、24 h角膜反射（＋）、24 h瞳孔反射（＋）、24 h疼痛躲避反应（＋）、24 h运动反应（＋）以及其出院时神经功能分类等,其指标差异有统计学意义,早期上机组明显优于晚期上机组（ P＜0．05）;两组患者成活出院率（45．5％∶40．0％）之间差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）,其总成活出院率为33．41％。结论对心博骤停的患者应及早给予机械通气呼吸支持,从而促进患者心脏的恢复,以提高心博骤停疾病患者的治疗效果,提高心博骤停患者心肺复苏的成功率,并且对其神经功能的预后进行改善。     

心肺复苏不同循环周期按压质量分析

目的：通过对医务人员心肺复苏不同循环周期的按压质量变化分析,探讨5个循环周期交替按压是否合理。方法：2012-06-2013-10,选择参加培训的135名医务人员为研究对象,采用复苏反馈系统对不同循环周期胸外按压深度、频率和总体有效率进行分析。结果：随着按压周期的进行,胸外按压平均按压深度和平均按压频率逐渐降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;平均按压有效率随着循环周期的进行不断下降,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。男、女性组平均深度比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;而两组间平均频率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：随着CPR循环周期的增加,按压质量逐渐下降。临床工作中,为得到更好的按压效果,在有条件情况下,可以考虑四个循环后交替按压。     

Survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with early initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Records on 1,297 people with witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, caused by heart disease and treated by both emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics, were examined to determine whether or not early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) initiated by bystanders independently improved survival. Bystanders initiated CPR for 579 patients (bystander CPR); for the remaining 718 patients, CPR was delayed until the arrival of EMTs (delayed CPR). Survival was significantly better (P less than 0.05) in the bystander-CPR group (32%) than in the delayed-CPR group (22%). Multivariate analysis revealed that the superior survival in the bystander-CPR group was due almost entirely to the much earlier initiation of CPR (1.9 minutes for the Bystander-CPR group and 5.7 minutes for the delayed-CPR group; P less than 0.001). There were significantly more people with ventricular fibrillation (VF) in the bystander-CPR group (80%) than in the delayed-CPR group (68%); and, for people in VF, the survival rate was significantly better if they had received bystander-CPR (37% versus 29%). The authors conclude that early initiation of CPR by bystanders significantly improves survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and they suggest that it may do so by prolonging the duration of VF after collapse and by increasing cardiac susceptibility to defibrillation. The benefit of this early CPR, however, appears to exist within a rather narrow window of effectiveness. It must be started within 4-6 minutes from the time of collapse and must be followed within 10-12 minutes of the collapse by advanced life support in order to be effective.