同时测定工作场所空气中乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯

〔目的〕建立工作场所空气中乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯同时测定的热解吸气相色谱方法。〔方法〕按照《车间空气监测检验方法研究规范》[2 ] 的要求进行实验室实验及现场实验。〔结果〕乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯方法的重现性好 ,平均相对标准偏差在 1.7%以内 ;方法的最低检测浓度为均在 0 .9mg/m3 以内 ;热解吸效率均在 80 %以上 ;空气中正已烷、丙酮、丁酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯等在本方法条件下可同时分别测定。〔结论〕此方法各项指标均达到《车间空气监测检验方法研究规范》[1] 的要求 ,适用于工作场所空气中乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯的同时测定现场监测     

工作场所空气中正己烷的热解吸气相色谱测定方法研究

目的　建立工作场所空气中正己烷的热解吸气相色谱测定方法。方法　按照《车间空气监测检验方法研究规范》的要求进行实验室实验及现场实验。结果　 10 0mg活性碳对正己烷的穿透容量大于 7 2mg,当正己烷的浓度为 83 0～177.3mg/m3 时 ,活性碳的采样效率为 99 1%～ 10 0 % ;样品在碳管中至少可保存 8d ,方法的重现性好 ,不同浓度的相对标准偏差为 2 2 %～ 3 .0 % ;平均解吸效率为 81 2 %～ 88 2 % ;方法的最低检测浓度为 0 8mg/m3;空气中与正己烷共存苯、甲苯、乙酸丁酯等在该方法条件下不干扰测定。结论　该方法各项指标均达到《车间空气监测检验方法研究规范》的要求 ,适用于工作场所空气中正己烷的现场监测     

空气中正己烷等5种毒物同时存在的气相色谱测定法

目的　建立工作场所空气中正己烷、丙酮、丁酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯同时测定的热解吸气相色谱方法。方法　按照《车间空气监测检验方法研究规范》的要求进行实验室实验及现场实验。结果　正己烷、丙酮、丁酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯方法的重现性好 ,平均相对标准偏差在 4.9%以内 ;方法的最低检测浓度均在 2 .4mg/m3 以内 ;热解吸效率均在 80 %以上 ;空气中正己烷、丙酮、丁酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯等在本方法条件下可同时分别测定。结论　此方法各项指标均达到《车间空气监测检验方法研究规范》的要求 ,适用于工作场所空气中正己烷、丙酮、丁酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯的同时测定现场监测。     

热解吸气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中乙酸丁酯的方法研究

目的建立工作场所空气中乙酸丁酯的热解吸气相色谱测定方法。方法按照《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的要求进行实验室及现场实验。结果100mg活性炭对乙酸丁酯的穿透容量7.4mg,当乙酸丁酯的浓度为83.5～168.1mg/m3时,采样效率均达99.98%～100%;样品在炭管中可保存8d,方法的重现性好;不同浓度的相对标准偏差为2.1%～5.6%;平均解吸效率为92.44%～97.82%;方法的最低检测浓度为0.8mg/m3;空气中与乙酸丁酯共存的苯、甲苯、二甲苯等在该方法条件下不干扰测定。结论该方法各项指标均达到《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的要求,适用于工作场所空气中乙酸丁酯的检测。     

工作场所空气中三氯甲烷的热解吸气相色谱测定方法

[目的 ]建立工作场所空气中三氯甲烷热解吸气相色谱测定方法。 [方法 ]按照《车间空气中有毒物质监测研究规范》[2 ] 的要求进行实验室实验及现场实验。 [结果 ] 10 0mg活性炭对三氯甲烷的穿透容量大于 10 7mg ,当三氯甲烷的浓度为 64 5～ 174 7mg/m3 时 ,采样效率均达 99 89%～ 10 0 % ;样品在碳管中至少可保存 8d ,方法的重现性好 ,不同浓度的相对标准偏差为 1 3 %～ 5 1% ;平均解吸效率为 89 3 %～ 93 3 % ;方法的最低检测浓度为 0 17mg/m3 ;空气中与三氯甲烷共存苯、甲苯、正己烷、二氯乙烷等在本方法条件下不干扰测定。 [结论 ]此方法各项指标均达到《车间空气中有毒物质监测研究规范》[2 ] 的要求 ,适用于工作场所空气中三氯甲烷的现场监测     

工作场所空气中1,2-二氯丙烷的直接进样气相色谱测定方法学研究

〔目的〕建立工作场所空气中 1,2 -二氯丙烷的直接进样气相色谱测定方法。〔方法〕按照《车间空气监测检验方法研究规范》[2 ] 的要求进行实验室实验及现场实验。〔结果〕本方法在 0 -15 6mg m3范围呈线性关系 ;样品在注射器中可保存 5h ;方法的重现性好 ,不同浓度的相对标准偏差为 1.7% -3 .6% ;方法的最低检出限为 5 .8× 10 - 4μg ml;空气中与 1,2 -二氯丙烷共存二氯甲烷、三氯乙烯、三氯甲烷、四氯乙烯、1,2 -二氯乙烷等在本方法条件下不干扰测定。〔结论〕此方法各项指标均达到《车间空气监测检验方法研究规范》[2 ] 的要求 ,适用于工作场所空气中 1,2 -二氯丙烷的现场监测。     

工作场所空气中丁酮的热解吸气相色谱测定方法

[目的]建立工作场所空气中丁酮的热解吸气相色谱测定方法。[方法]按照《车间空气监测检验方法研究规范》的要求进行实验室实验及现场实验。[结果]100mg活性炭对丁酮的穿透容量大于14．6mg,样品在碳管中至少可保存8天;当丁酮的浓度为48．5－180mg/m^3时,采样效率匀达99．4％－100％;方法的重现性好,不同浓度的变异系数为2．5％－4．2％;平均解吸效率为78．2％－89．4％;方法的最低检出限为0．006μg/ml;空气中与丁酮共存丙酮、苯、甲苯、三氯乙烯、乙酸乙酯等在本方法条件下不干扰测定。[结论]此方法各项指标均达到《车间空气监测检验方法研究规范》要求,适用于工作场所空气中丁酮的现场监测。     

工作场所空气中1,2-二氯乙烷的毛细管柱气相色谱测定法

目的建立工作场所空气中1,2-二氯乙烷毛细管柱气相色谱测定方法。方法按照《车间空气监测检验方法研究规范》的要求进行实验室实验及现场实验。结果方法在0~0.36μg/ml范围内呈现线性关系;样品在炭管中至少可保存8d,方法的重现性好,不同浓度的相对标准偏差为1.1%~2.0%;活性炭管对1,2-二氯乙烷的吸附效果良好,100 mg活性炭对1,2-二氯乙烷的穿透容量大于13.2 mg,当1,2-二氯乙烷的浓度为22.7~112.4 mg/m3时,采样效率均达99.69%~100%;平均解吸效率为85.6%~89.4%;方法的最低检测浓度为0.66 mg/m3;空气中与1,2-二氯乙烷共存二氯甲烷、甲苯、正己烷、三氯甲烷、三氯乙烯等在该方法条件下不干扰测定。结论该方法各项指标均达到《车间空气监测检验方法研究规范》的要求,适用于工作场所空气中1,2-二氯乙烷的现场监测。     

工作场所空气中二氯甲烷的热解吸气相色谱测定方法

目的 建立工作场所空气中二氯甲烷热解吸气相色谱测定方法。方法 按照《车间空气监测检验方法研究规范》的要求进行实验室实验及现场实验。结果 100 mg活性炭对二氯甲烷的穿透容量大于10.9 mg,当二氯甲烷的浓度为72.7～168.7 mg/m~3时,采样效率均达99.41％～100％;样品在碳管中至少可保存8 d,方法的重现性好,不同浓度的相对标准偏差为1.3％～2.1％;平均解吸效率为89.7％～91.9％;方法的最低检测浓度为0.032 mg/m~3;空气中与二氯甲烷共存的苯、甲苯、正己烷、二氯乙烷等在本方法条件下不干扰测定。结论 此方法各项指标均达到《车间空气监测检验方法研究规范》的要求,适用于工作场所空气中二氯甲烷的现场监测。     

作业场所空气中太安的气相色谱测定方法

〔目的〕建立作业场所空气中太安的气相色谱测定方法。〔方法〕按照《车间空气监测检验方法》研究规范的要求,进行实验室实验和现场实验。〔结果〕当太安的浓度为0.36～7.98mg/m3时,采样效率均达98.94％～100％,样品在滤纸上至少可保存7d,方法的重现性好,不同浓度的RSD为2.15％～4.52％,平均洗脱效率为95.27％～102.30％,方法的最低检出浓度为0.14mg/m3,空气中与太安共存的三硝基甲苯、2.4-二硝基甲苯、2.6-二硝基甲苯、特屈儿在本条件下不干扰测定。〔结论〕此方法各项指标均达到《车间空气检测检验方法》研究规范的要求,适用于作业场所空气中太安的检测检验及现场监测。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.