解脲脲原体免疫血清的制备和应用

目的　探讨快速检测解脲脲原体 (UU)的免疫学方法。方法　用处理的临床分离株作为免疫原 ,免疫家兔制备UU免疫血清 ,以自制UU免疫血清作为第一抗体 ,用亲和素 生物素 酶复合物法 (ABC法 )检测了 63例临床标本。结果　UU免疫血清的代谢抑制效价为 1∶640 ,ABC法检测临床标本的阳性率为 54 % ,其结果与培养法比较 ,差异无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5)。结论　ABC法可作为快速检测UU的方法。     

解脲脲原体培养法与荧光定量PCR检测结果对比研究

目的：对解脲脲原体液体培养法与荧光定量PCR进行方法学评估。方法：322例病人标本进行液体微量培养与荧光定量PCR平等检测，采用UU－荧光定量PCR试剂盒，以PE5700全自动分析仪进行检测和分析。结果：UU－荧光定量PCR法与液体培养法的一致性系数Kappa=0.6825, χ^2=3.843,p＜0．05。液体培养法敏感性为0．874，特异性为0．815，准确性为0．841。结论：以荧光定量PCR检测解脲脲原体其敏感性、特异性、准确性均优于液体培养法。采用培养法应考虑恰当标本处理，选择优质的商品培养基以减少假阳性和假阴性的机会。     

实时荧光定量PCR检测泌尿生殖道患者尿液解脲脲原体

目的应用实时荧光核酸恒温扩增检测技术（SAT）检测泌尿生殖道患者尿液解脲脲原体（UU）,并评价其敏感性和特异性。方法对140例疑似泌尿生殖道感染患者的拭子和尿液样本,分别采用培养法、SAT进行解脲脲原体检测,检测结果有差异的标本用实时荧光定量PCR法对拭子进行复测,根据实验结果评估SAT检测尿液UU的敏感性和特异性。结果 140例疑似患者试子培养和尿液SAT检测阳性率均为60%,两者比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,其中16例培养结果与SAT检测结果不一致,8例培养法阳性、SAT阴性的拭子PCR结果复测阳性;8例培养法阴性、SAT阳性的拭子标本PCR结果 4例阴性、4例阳性,结合培养法结果和PCR结果作为＂扩大金标准＂,得出SAT对尿液检测的敏感性为95.5%、特异性为100%。结论 SAT检测泌尿生殖道患者尿液UU具有取样方便,检测快速、准确等优点,适用于临床实验室泌尿生殖道UU的检测。     

妇科疾病中的解脲脲原体、沙眼衣原体Nesed-PCR检测

目的探讨UU、CT在本地区妇科疾病中的发病率及其致病作用,方法收集535例妇科阴道炎、不孕症、宫颈炎、附件炎等疾病患者的阴道分泌物,应用nested PCR(nPCR)技术检测解脲脲原体(UU)及沙眼衣原体(CT)核酸.结果393人检测解脲脲原体(UU),UU-DNA阳性192例(48.8%);142人检测沙眼衣原体(CT),CT-DNA阳性32例(22.5%).结论解脲脲原体(UU-DNA)、沙眼衣原体(CT-DNA)与妇科疾病的发生关系密切,特别是阴道炎的妇科患者.     

解脲支原体感染对精液主要参数和精子顶体酶活性的影响

目的　研究解脲支原体对精液主要参数和精子顶体酶活性的影响。方法　分光光度比色法测定精子顶体酶活性 ,培养法检测精液UU感染。结果　 4 0 6 1例不育就诊者UU阳性率 4 5 19%。UU阳性组精子密度、精子活率、a ,b活力精子率均明显低于相应的UU阴性组 (P <0 0 0 1,P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1)。UU阳性组畸形精子率明显高于UU阴性组 (P <0 0 5 )。UU阳性组与阴性组顶体酶活性比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　解脲支原体对精液主要参数有影响 ,而对精子顶体酶活性没有影响。     

荧光定量PCR以及培养法检测男性不育症患者液解脲支原体结果的比较分析

目的 研究解脲支原体(UU)感染在男性不育症患者中的意义以及对其培养法和荧光定量PCR两种方法检测结果进行比较分析.方法对342例男性不育症患者和198例对照组同时进行UU培养和荧光定量PCR检测,培养法同步伴有药物敏感试验的结果.结果在不育症患者中培养法和荧光定量PCR检测UU的阳性率分别为43.0%和55.8%,在对照组中则分别为25.3%和29.8%,经x<'2>检验在男性不育症患者中两种方法检测UU的阳性率均显著高于对照组,P<0.005;荧光定量PCR的阳性率显著高于培养法,P<0.005;药物敏感试验结果显示UU培养法阳性者对克拉霉素敏感性最高,敏感率为97.4%,对环丙沙星耐药性最高,耐药率为62.1%.结论UU检测可对男性不育症患者的病因诊断和临库治疗提供实验依据.荧光定量PCR检测UU的敏感性要高于培养法,但是培养法的药敏试验可及时准确的指导临床选择用药.     

淋球菌、沙眼衣原体和解脲脲原体混合感染临床分析

目的 探讨生殖泌尿道解脲脲原体(UU)、沙眼衣原体(CT)和淋球菌(NGH)的感染情况.方法 对来我院就诊的3152例患者以聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法对上述三种病原体进行检测.结果 三种病原体检出率分别为:NGH 43.15%、UU 32.16%、CT 13.85%;其中,UU与NGH混合感染检出率为9.14%,NGH与CT混合感染检出率为2.15%,UU与CT混合感染检出率为10.81%;NGH、UU与CT混合感染检出率为0.结论 UU、NGH成为生殖泌尿道感染的主要病原体,且混合感染较严重,应引起人们的高度重视.     

溶脲型脲原体感染与自然流产关系研究

本文应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测自然流产患者组织中溶脲型脲原体（Ureaplasmaurealytlicum，UU），所用引物是按UU尿素酶基因序列设计的，扩增片段为283bp。66例自然流产患者和30例正常人工流产患者作了UU－DNA检测，其阳性率分别为45．5％和13．3％，两者比较P＜0．005。关于流产次数与UU感染的关系，自然流产1、2、3、4次患者UU阳性率分别为30．2％、66．7％、83．3％和100％，与对照组比较，自然流产2次以上，P＜0．005。结果表明UU感染是引起自然流产的重要因素，并且与流产次数密切相关。     

荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测解脲支原体感染的临床意义

目的　采用荧光定量聚合酶链反应 (FQ -PCR)技术 ,准确定量检测待检标本中解脲支原体 (UU)的感染状况。方法　采用FQ -PCR技术 ,检测男女生殖道标本 76 5份 ,并同时用常规PCR技术 ,对比检测了 85例。结果　FQ -PCR检测76 5份标本 ,UU -DNA阳性 2 79份 ,阳性率 36 .5 % ,其DNA平均拷贝数为 2 .4× 10 4。 38例阳性患者治疗两周内复查 ,转阴率仅为 4 4 .7% ,治疗 3w后复查 ,转阴率达 76 % (P <0 .0 0 5 )。常规PCR结果重复检测时 ,2 5例阳性中 2例变为阴性 ,而 6 0例阴性中 4例变为阳性。FQ -PCR结果重复时完全吻合。结论　FQ -PCR检测UU ,具有快速、特异性高、定量准确等优点 ,并可为临床评价疗效提供依据。     

荧光定量PCR对不育症患者解脲支原体和沙眼衣原体感染情况的研究

目的用实时荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)定量检测不孕不育患者解脲支原体(UU)、沙眼衣原体(CT)基因,观察UU、CT感染情况与不孕不育的关系,探讨实时荧光定量PCR在不孕不育患者诊断和治疗中作用。方法采用FQ-PCR技术检测标本402份。结果 UU阳性率是32.8%,其中男性UU阳性率是21.4%,女性UU阳性率是44.3%。CT阳性率是16.2%,其中男性CT率是11.4%,女性CT率是20.9%。UU感染率在男性、女性患者有极显著性差异(P<0.01),而CT感染率在性别之间有显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论解脲支原体(UU)、沙眼衣原体(CT)是引起男女不育的主要原因之一,实时荧光定量PCR检测UU、CT基因具有操作简单、反应时间短、重复性好、结果客观准确、敏感性和特异性好等优点,其结果对临床诊断、治疗有一定指导意义。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.