锥颅双管法闭式冲洗引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿

慢性硬膜下血肿（Chronic Subdural Hematomas CSDH）约占颅脑损伤病例的1％,占颅内血肿的10％,高龄患者多发,是神经外科常见病和多发病。钻孔慢性硬膜下血肿缓慢外引流术是公认的最有效的治疗方法．但CSDH术后脑膨胀缓慢、硬膜下积液、颅内积气和术后复发是目前CSDH治疗后常见难题。本院采用锥颅双管法闭式冲洗引流术治疗35例慢性硬膜下血肿,较好地解决了术后颅内积气、积液和复发等问题,现报告如下。     

微创钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿42例

【摘要】目的：探讨微创钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的手术效果。方法：回顾性分析自2006年至2011年间在本院住院手术治疗的42例老年慢性硬膜下血肿患者,所有患者均行微创钻孔引流术治疗,术后行闭式引流,2～5天后拔管,观察治疗效果。结果：40例患者拔管前复查头颅CT显示血肿已大部分清除,临床症状消失或明显改善,2例引流无效改为开颅血肿清除手术,有2例术后血肿复发,4例出现颅内积气。结论：微创钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿疗效确切,具有创伤小、安全可靠、并发症少等优点,是目前治疗该类患者的首选方法。     

微创锥颅引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿50例体会

目的：讨论微创锥颅引流术对治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的疗效及优越性。方法对98例慢性硬膜下血肿（CSDH）患者随机分成两组,研究组50例采用微创锥颅引流,对照组48例采用常规钻孔引流。术后引流管放置3～5天,术后3天及1月后复查头颅CT,对比两组的手术时间、颅内积气量及复发率。结果研究组手术时间（34±10.1）分,颅内积气量（5.6±3.2）ml,50例患者48例好转2例复发;对照组手术时间（52±8.2）分,颅内积气量（11.3±5.6）ml,48例患者47例好转1例复发;两组统计学分析,手术时间及颅内积气量有显著差异,复发率无明显差异。结论微创锥颅引流术提供相同的疗效下能有效缩短手术时间减小手术创伤、减少手术风险及减少颅内积气量。     

小骨窗联合高位置管引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿疗效分析

目的骨孔治疗慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH),其术后血肿的复发率高,疗效欠佳。本文通过探讨骨孔或小骨窗联合高位置管引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)与术后血肿复发率高低,来寻找治疗慢性硬膜下血肿疗效更佳的手术方式。方法将2015年1月至2018年12月绍兴市中心医院收治的符合条件的186例CSDH患者,随机分成两组。其中小骨窗联合高位置管引流手术93例,常规手术(骨孔低位引流)93例。对比两种术式,术后1天头颅CT中线移位程度、术后7天硬膜下腔积气量、术后血肿复发率进行单因素分析。结果治疗组(小骨窗联合高位置管引流)较常规手术组,术后1天头颅CT中线移位宽度≥5mm及硬膜下腔积气/硬膜下腔体积≥20%的发生率显著减少,术后血肿复发率也显著减少。结论小骨窗联合高位置管引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿通过减小术后1天中线移位宽度及硬膜下腔积气量,使得其术后血肿复发率下降,因此小骨窗联合高位置管引流是更加有效的手术方式。     

慢性硬膜下血肿术后并发症的预见性护理体会

目的总结慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)钻孔冲洗引流术后并发症的预见性护理经验。以便及时发现并有效控制术后并发症,杜绝护理相关的不良事件发生。方法根据CSDH的临床特点,对33例钻孔冲洗引流术后患者进行并发症的预见性护理,包括严密观察病情、注重体位和引流管的管理等。结果本组术后发生颅内积气15例,治疗1周积气均消失。肺部感染1例,继发性癫痫1例,治疗后好转。术后随访6个月,复发1例,行开瓣血肿及包膜清除后好转。结论 CSDH术后通过预见性护理,可减少并发症的发生,改善患者的预后。     

钻孔引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿48例疗效分析

目的探讨钻孔引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的方法和疗效。方法经CT引导定位钻孔冲洗引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿。结果 48例患者血肿清除42例,硬膜下残留低密度少量积液者6例,术后3～6个月未见血肿复发病例。结论钻孔引流术是治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的理想方法。     

多次复发难治性慢性硬膜下血肿21例的原因及治疗

目的　探讨反复复发、两次或两次手术以上难治性慢性硬膜下血肿（chronic subdural hematoma, CSDH）的原因及治疗方法。方法　总结分析21例患者的临床资料,结合有关文献进行相关分析。结果　21例难治性CSDH患者中,血肿钻孔引流手术史2次者15例,3次者4例,4次者2例。治疗前CT/MRI扫描发现明显脑萎缩12例,血肿包膜形成8例,血肿分隔多房5例,血肿机化3例。对5例无血肿分房分隔、包膜明显强化及血肿机化的患者仅再行血肿穿刺冲洗引流术,余16例行骨瓣开颅血肿清除+包膜切除术。术后均给予1~2疗程高压氧治疗。随访3~6个月,症状明显改善或消失,无围手术期死亡。术后3个月CT或MRI检查,5例呈硬膜下积液表现,其中2例有占位效应再次行钻孔引流+高压氧治疗;术后6个月,4例有少量硬膜下积液,较前好转,无新复发病例。结论　高龄脑萎缩、包膜形成、血肿分隔多房、血肿机化为难治性CSDH的主要原因;根据不同原因采用开颅血肿和包膜切除或钻孔冲洗引流术+高压氧等治疗可提高治疗效果。     

钻孔引流术与微创引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的比较

目的比较不同手术方式治疗慢性硬膜下血肿（chronic subdural hematoma,CSDH）的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2002年3月～2008年1月155例慢性硬膜下血肿的临床资料,其中传统钻孔引流术61例,应用3 mm克氏针引导置入细硅胶管行微创置管引流术44例,应用YL-1型微创颅内血肿穿刺针行微创穿刺引流术50例。比较3组术后颅内积气、颅内血肿、血肿复发和格拉斯哥预后分级（GOS）。结果颅内积气发生率钻孔引流组[（52%（32/61）]高于2个微创引流组[7%（3/44）,18%（9/50）]（x^2=30.110,P=0.000）,但无一例张力性气颅,均短时自行吸收。术后颅内血肿及血肿复发钻孔引流组均为0,明显低于2个微创引流组[11%（5/44）,10%（5/50）,x^2=7.009,P=0.030;14%（6/44）,10%（5/50）,x^2= 8.153,P=0.017]。3组GOS无显著差异（x^2=0.489,P=0.783）。结论3组治疗效果相近,均为治疗慢性硬膜下血肿安全有效的手术方式。     

慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术的手术技巧及其术后常见并发症的防治

目的探讨慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术的手术技巧与术后常见并发症的防治。方法对我院10年来手术治疗的46例慢性硬膜下血肿病例进行回顾性分析。结果原手术治疗的26例中,术后多量颅内积气及硬膜下积液11例,血肿复发2例,脑梗塞2例,脑实质损伤术后死亡1例。术式改良后20例中,术后少量颅内积气积液4例,均短期内吸收。结论如果慢性硬膜下血肿引流术手术技巧的改良能正确应用,它将有利于防止或减少术后的并发症的发生。     

氨甲环酸联合钻孔引流术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿

目的研究慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术联合血肿腔内应用氨甲环酸对慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)术后复发率的影响。方法采用前瞻性随机对照研究,将本院近2年内慢性硬膜下血肿50例随机分为实验组和对照组,每组25例。实验组行钻孔引流术,同时血肿腔注入氨甲环酸治疗,对照组仅行钻孔引流术,其它常规治疗两组均相同。分别检测两组患者手术冲洗前后血肿液及手术后血肿腔引流液的D-二聚体,术后随访6个月,分析复发率。结果两组患者血肿液D-二聚体在术中冲洗前均高于正常,在术中冲洗后均降低,两组比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。术后2天,实验组血肿腔引流液D-二聚体显著低于对照组,统计有显著差异(P<0.05)。50例患者术后均全部治愈出院,实验组25例有2例复发,对照组有8例复发,实验组复发率显著低于对照组,统计有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论血肿腔局部纤溶功能亢进在慢性硬膜下血肿发病机制及复发中起重要作用,术中氨甲环酸在血肿腔内局部应用可抑制其纤溶功能亢进,显著降低术后血肿腔引流液D-二聚体浓度,从而显著降低慢性硬膜下血肿患者的术后复发率,值得临床推广应用。     

Clinical and radiological factors predicting recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma: A retrospective cohort study

BackgroundChronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is commonly encountered in the elderly patients and the recurrence rate is still high, therefore, identifying risk factors for CSDH recurrence is essential. The present study aimed to identify clinical and radiological factors predicting the recurrence of CSDH.MethodsWe retrospectively identified 461 patients with CSDH who underwent surgical evacuation in our department. Univariable analyses were performed at first, variables with a P-value of <0.05 were entered into multivariable logistic regression model. Kendall's tau-b test was used to evaluate the relationship between brain atrophy and postoperative pneumocephalus.ResultsUnivariable analyses revealed that patients with the following characteristics have a higher recurrence rate, including age ≥80 years, antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant use, GOS = 3, the volume of drainage ≥100 ml, midline shift ≥10 mm, severe brain atrophy, severe postoperative pneumocephalus. Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated that midline shift ≥10 mm, severe brain atrophy, severe postoperative pneumocephalus, and volume of drainage ≥100 ml were independent risk factors for CSDH recurrence. Kendall's tau-b test revealed that there was no correlation between brain atrophy and postoperative pneumocephalus.ConclusionsMidline shift ≥10 mm, severe brain atrophy, severe postoperative pneumocephalus, and volume of drainage ≥100 ml were independent risk factors for CSDH recurrence, CSDH patients with these characteristics should be taken precautions of recurrence and a closely follow-up should be carried out.     

Recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma after trepanation and drainage

Objective: To sum up the causes of recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) from failure of trepanation and drainage and explore its prevention and treatment. Methods- From October 1988 to June 2002 a total of 358 patients with CSDH were treated with trepanation and drainage in our hospital. Among them 15 patients had recurrence of CSDH after operation. The data of the 15 patients were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Of the 15 patients, 13 were cured by retrepanation and redrainage, one cured by removal of hematoma by craniotomy with bone flap, and one, a 1-year old child, gave up reoperation due to severe encephalatrophy. Conclusions: Most CSDHs which recur after trepanation and drainage can be cured by retrepanation and redrainage. For the patients with repeated recurrence of CSDH removal of hematoma capsule can be considered.The causes of recurrence of CSDH are related to disease course, the thickness of hematoma capsule, the severity of encephalatraphy and whether the hematoma cavity is drained or irrigated completely, and operation methods.     

慢性硬膜下血肿钻单孔双管引流手术治疗体会

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨慢性硬膜下血肿钻单孔置双管外引流术的疗效。方法〓回顾性分析我院2011年6月~2014年3月收治69例慢性硬膜下血肿患者行钻单孔置双管引流手术治疗后的情况。结果〓58例临床症状体征消失,11例改善,无症状加重及死亡病例。经术后1~7天复查CT提示,69例血肿均大部份减少或基本消失,10例并发颅内血肿腔少量积气、积液,随访3个月全部恢复,无复发病例。结论〓慢性硬膜下血肿选择钻单孔置双管外引流效果良好,并发症较少。     

Middle meningeal artery embolization for refractory chronic subdural hematoma: 3 case reports

The authors present three cases of refractory chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) treated by embolization of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) after several unsuccessful drainage procedures. The patients were initially treated by the usual method of burr hole and irrigation of the hematoma. After recurrence, several percutaneous puncture and drainage procedures were unable to prevent re-collection of the hematoma. Then the authors embolized the MMA which was thought to be the feeding artery of the outer membrane of the hematoma cavity. No enlargement of the hematoma was seen after embolization and, gradually, complete resolution of the hematoma was obtained. The outcome of the patients was excellent in all three cases. This new therapeutic approach to recurrent CSDH is discussed.     

Surgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma in 500 consecutive cases: clinical characteristics, surgical outcome, complications, and recurrence rate

Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is one of the most common clinical entities in daily neurosurgical practice. The diagnosis and treatment are well established, but recurrence, complications, and factors related to these problems, especially in the elderly, are not completely understood. This study evaluated the clinical features, radiological findings, and surgical results in a large series of the patients treated at the same institution. 500 consecutive patients (359 men and 141 women) with CSDH were treated by burr hole craniostomy with closed system drainage from January 1987 through February 1999. Causes, clinical and computed tomographic findings, surgical results, re-expansion of brain after surgery, and hematoma recurrence were statistically analyzed to elucidate the potential risks of CSDH. Most patients (89.4%) had good recovery, 8.4% showed no change, and 2.2% worsened. Six patients (1.2%) died, three due to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Recurrence of hematoma was recognized in 49 patients (9.8%), at 1 to 8 weeks (3.5 +/- 1.9 weeks) after the first operation. The brain re-expansion rate at one week after operation was 45.0 +/- 21.4% in patients with hematoma recurrence and significantly lower than 55.3 +/- 19.1% in patients without recurrence (p < 0.001). Old age, pre-existing cerebral infarction, and persistence of subdural air after surgery were significantly correlated with poor brain re-expansion (p < 0.001). Twenty-seven patients (5.4%) suffered postoperative complications, of which 13 cases were acute subdural hematoma caused by incomplete hemostasis of the scalp wound and four cases were tension pneumocephalus. Careful hemostasis and complete replacement of subdural hematoma by normal saline to prevent influx of air into the subdural space will further improve the surgical outcome for patients with CSDH.     

Relationship between drainage catheter location and postoperative recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma after burr-hole irrigation and closed-system drainage

OBJECT: This study was conducted to determine the best position for the subdural drainage catheter to achieve a low recurrence rate after burr-hole irrigation and closed-system drainage of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). METHODS: The authors studied 63 patients with CSDH in whom the drainage catheter tip was randomly placed and precisely determined on postoperative computerized tomography (CT) scans and 104 patients with CSDH in whom CT scans were obtained 7 days postsurgery. The location of the subdural drainage catheter, the maximum postoperative width of the subdural space, and the percentage of the ipsilateral subdural space occupied by air postoperatively were determined and compared with the postoperative recurrence and reoperation rates. Patients with parietal or occipital drainage had a higher rate of CSDH recurrence and much more subdural air than those with frontal drainage. In addition, patients with residual subdural air demonstrated on CT scans obtained 7 days postsurgery also had a higher recurrence rate than those without subdural air collections. Furthermore, patients with a subdural space wider than 10 mm on CT scans obtained 7 days postsurgery had a higher recurrence rate than those with a space measuring 10 mm or less. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of postoperative fluid reaccumulation seems to be reduced by placing the tip of the drainage catheter in the frontal convexity and by removing subdural air during or after surgery.     

基于CT纹理特征及临床-影像学特征构建模型预测慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术后复发

目的观察基于CT纹理特征及临床-影像学特征建立的支持向量机(SVM)模型对于预测慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)钻孔引流术后复发的价值。方法回顾性分析146例经颅钻孔引流术后CSDH患者,术后随访3个月,统计复发例数。对比复发与未复发患者的一般资料及病灶CT特征,以Mazda软件在术前CT所示血肿最大层面勾画ROI,提取纹理参数。采用主成分分析法提取特征参数,建立SVM模型;以受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析模型对复发的预测效能。结果经颅钻孔引流术后3个月内32例(32/146,21.92%)CSDH复发,114例(114/146,78.08%)未复发;复发与未复发患者间术前血肿体积及血肿亚型差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。对每例患者提取304个术前CT纹理特征,最终筛选出30个特征,复发与未复发者间仅S(5,0)SumAverg差异有统计学意义(P=0.03)。经主成分分析,最终提取S(5,0)Contrast、S(5,0)SumAverg、Teta2、S(3,-3)Entropy 4个纹理特征及糖尿病、血肿体积及亚型3个临床-影像学特征。分别基于4个纹理特征及4个纹理特征+3个临床-影像学特征建立SVM模型,ROC曲线结果显示,前者预测CSDH术后复发的AUC为0.85,后者为0.92(P=0.075)。结论基于CT纹理特征及临床-影像学特征构建的SVM模型有助于预测CSDH经钻孔引流术治疗后复发。     

The risk factors for recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma

Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a common disease in the elderly, and the recurrence rate of CSDH is reported to range from 2.3 to 33 %. We performed a retrospective review of a number of CSDH cases and the potential factors associated with CSDH recurrence. The patient population comprised 112 men and 65 women with a mean age of 74.7 years. We analyzed the following factors: age, sex, antiplatelet and anticoagulant use, hematoma laterality, hematoma thickness, degree of midline shift and internal architecture of the hematoma in the preoperative CT films, use of irrigation, direction of the drainage tube, width of the subdural space, and degree of midline shift and the presence of a massive subdural air collection in the postoperative CT films. Univariate analysis revealed that there was a trend for different rates of recurrence among the different types of hematomas. The presence of a postoperative massive subdural air collection tended to be associated with the recurrence of hematoma. Multivariate analysis revealed that separated hematomas were significantly associated with CSDH recurrence, whereas the presence of postoperative massive subdural air collection tended to be associated with hematoma recurrence. Neither univariate nor multivariate analysis could demonstrate an association between the direction of the drainage tube and the recurrence of CSDH.     

外伤性硬膜下积液演变的慢性硬膜下血肿

目的 探讨外伤性硬膜下积液演变为慢性硬膜下血肿的几率、机理和临床特点。方法 回顾性分析32例外伤性硬膜下积液演变为慢性硬膜下血肿患者的临床资料及有关文献。结果 本组16.7%的外伤性硬膜下积液病例演变为慢性硬膜下血肿;积液演变为血肿的时间为伤后22－100d;经钻颅血肿引流均治愈。结论 外伤性硬膜下积液是慢性硬膜下血肿的来源之一。发病年龄两极化,常发生在积液量少、保守治疗的慢性型病例中,致病方式常为减速性损伤及合并的颅脑损伤很轻微是外伤性硬莫膜下积液演变为慢性硬膜下血肿患者的临床特点。