内镜逆行胰胆管造影十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石诊治胆总管结石163例体会

目的探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）十二指肠乳头括约肌切开（EST）诊断、治疗胆总管结石的临床效果和价值。方法163例临床诊断胆总管结石者行ERCP检查，造影成功159例，150例确诊为胆总管结石并经内镜行乳头括约肌切开术。结果胆总管结石ERCP与临床诊断符合率为94．3％；胆总管结石150例，取石成功141例，成功率94．0％；EST术后发生急性胰腺炎4例，少到中等量肠道出血3例，高淀粉酶血症5例，无肠穿孔、大出血及死亡等并发症发生。结论ERCP可提高胆管结石的诊断准确率；EST取石是肝外胆管结石治疗的优良方法，对已作胆囊切除后肝外胆管残留或复发结石并应为首选治疗方法。     

经十二指肠镜治疗胆总管大结石

目的 探讨经十二指肠行逆行胆胰管造影（ERCP）及内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术（EST）取石对胆总管大结石病人的治疗价值。方法 本组21例胆总管大结石病人应用ERCP及EST，采用碎石取石网篮即时取石，较大结石采用机械碎石后取出。结果21例胆总管结石病人全部行EST，一次取尽结石14例（66．7％），二次取尽结石5例（22．8％），因碎石过多难以取尽1例（4．8％），1例因结石过大放弃治疗，取石成功率为90．5％，其中碎石治疗17例（81．0％），一次碎石成功13例（76．5％）。2次碎石成功3例（17．6％），1例因结石过大而放弃，碎石成功率94．1％。结论 经十二指肠镜治疗胆总管大结石是行之有效的好方法，多可避免外科手术治疗。     

内镜下乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石临床体会

目的 探讨内镜下乳头括约肌小切开联合乳头气囊扩张术(EPBD)治疗胆总管结石的效果.方法 对121例胆总管结石患者行乳头括约肌小切开联合EPBD后取石治疗.结果 2例结石太大转外科手术治疗,2例乳头插管未成功转外科手术治疗;83例一次完成取石,34例二次取石后取尽,取石成功率98％;并发胰腺炎2例,胆道感染1例,高淀粉酶血症11例.结论 内镜下乳头括约肌小切开联合EPBD术治疗胆总管结石效果确切,无严重并发症发生.     

内镜下取石气囊扩张法治疗胆总管结石

目的　探讨内镜下取石气囊扩张 (EBD)治疗胆总管结石的可能性、有效性及安全性。方法　对 4 7例胆总管结石患者进行了内镜下以取石气囊扩张Oddi括约肌及用气囊、网篮及机械碎石等方法取石治疗。为预防并发胰腺炎 ,术后酌情应用了善得定、鼻胆管引流及十二指肠乳头小切开等措施。结果　本组患者EBD治疗胆总管结石的成功率为 91 5 % ( 4 3 / 4 7)。一次EBD治疗后 4 1例 ( 87 2 % )结石全部取出 ,有 2例 ( 4 3 % )患者经第 2次EBD治疗后将结石全部取出 ,避免了内镜下乳头括约肌切开 (EST)。 4 7例患者中 2 7例 ( 5 7 4 % )结石直径大于 1 0cm ,施行了机械碎石术。 4例 ( 8 5 % )患者因结石太大 (≥ 2 0cm ) ,EBD治疗未成功 ,改行EST取出结石。本组患者无穿孔及出血并发症。 11例 ( 2 3 4 % )术后血清淀粉酶一过性升高 ,其中只有 1例伴有腹痛 ,经内科保守治疗迅速缓解。结论　EBD治疗胆总管结石可行、有效、安全。     

十二指肠乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石

经内镜乳头括约肌切开术（EST）取石用于治疗胆总管结石已得到广泛认可,但并发症发生率仍较高,经内镜乳头气囊扩张术（EPBD）取石具有与EST取石相近的成功率,出血、穿孔并发症相对较少,且保护了十二指肠乳头括约肌功能,但因球囊压迫胰管开口,术后胰腺炎的发生率相对较高。我们采用内镜下乳头括约肌小切开联合EPBD治疗了38例胆总管结石,现总结资料,探讨其有效性、安全性和在减少近期、远期并发症方面的作用。     

内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开取石术后结石复发的多因素回归分析

经内镜乳头括约肌切开术（endoscopic sphincterotomy，EST）取石是目前治疗胆总管结石的主要手段，近十年的数据显示EST取石成功率达96％左右。但EST取石后仍有可能结石复发，在国外一些机构所做的长期随访研究中，EST术后结石复发率高达10％-12％[1-2]。     

单纯十二指肠乳头气囊扩张治疗胆总管结石合并乳头旁憩室的安全性

目的评价内镜下单纯十二指肠乳头气囊扩张(EPBD)治疗胆总管结石合并乳头旁憩室的安全性。方法对65例胆总管结石合并十二指肠乳头旁憩室患者进行内镜下取石治疗,其中35例行单纯EPBD术后取石,30例行十二指肠乳头括约肌小切开(sEST)联合EPBD取石。比较两组取石取净率、术中出血情况及并发症。结果两组取石取净率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);单纯EPBD组术后无出血,明显少于EST+EPBD组(P=0.04)。术后胰腺炎及胆管炎相当,差异无统计学意义,两组均未发生穿孔。结论单纯EPBD术治疗胆总管结石合并十二指肠乳头旁憩室比EST联合EPBD安全,且操作方便,能够减少十二指肠乳头出血的风险。     

内镜下乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术在胆总管结石治疗中的应用价值

目的探讨内镜下乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术在胆总管结石治疗中的效果和安全性。方法选取胆总管结石患者46例行乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术取石,观察治愈率,近期、远期并发症。结果取石成功率为95.7%;近期并发症发生率为6.5%,其中急性胰腺炎1例,胆管炎2例,远期并发症发生率为4.4%,反流性胆管炎、结石复发各1例。结论内镜下乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石,与乳头括约肌切开取石术同样有效,且安全性更好,操作更简单。     

经内镜乳头气囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石

目的探讨经内镜乳头气囊扩张术（ＥＰＢＤ）治疗胆总管结石的安全性和疗效。方法经内镜乳头气囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石８８例。其中单颗结石４５例,２颗结石３３例,３颗以上结石１０例,最多１例１２颗结石,选择结石直径为２～１２ｍｍ。结果治疗成功８５例,占９６．５％,失败３例。８１例采用网篮或取石气囊取出结石,４例采用金属碎石篮碎石后排出,１例改用内镜乳头括约肌切开术（ＥＳＴ）。７９例病人经ＥＰＢＤ后即取出结石,７例经２～３次再次取石后取净。术后出现胆管炎１例、胰腺炎１例,４４例术后行胃肠钡餐Ｘ线检查,胆道内无钡剂反流。结论经内镜乳头气囊扩张术是一种安全有效的方法,有望替代部分括约肌切开术。     

内镜十二指肠乳头切开联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石

目的探讨运用腹腔镜胆囊切除术联合内镜十二指肠乳头切开术治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石的方法。方法对胆囊结石并胆总管结石患者,92例行开腹胆囊切除 胆总管切开取石、T管引流术,86例行内镜下十二指肠乳头切开术(EST) 腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)。比较两种术式的临床效果、住院时间、并发症等。结果开腹组术中结石取净率为94.8%,住院时间为23.8±7.6d,术后并发胆瘘2例,肝功能衰竭1例,腹腔感染3例,肺部感染1例。内镜组有4例取石失败,改行开腹手术,余均取石成功,取石成功率为94%,住院时间为10.2±5.3d,并发胆道感染2例,十二指肠乳头出血3例。结论与传统开腹胆囊切除 胆总管切开取石、T管引流术相比,EST LC治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石具有创伤小、住院时间短、患者恢复快、并发症少等优点,临床效果可靠。EST与LC的联合应用可替代大部分开腹胆囊切除 胆总管切开取石、T管引流术。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.