真彩色医学图像处理分析系统与临床应用

通过临床使用自行研制的真彩色通用医学图像处理分析系统发现：该系统充分考虑实验科学研究样本分析的特点，综合医学各科对图像处理分析的不同需求及多种图像分析仪之优点，在微机上实现了处理分析各种医学图像的功能，尤其适合对同一类图像样本的重复处理、分析与测量。系统提供了图像输入／输出，图像增强、编辑、分割，参数测量统计软件的数据接口等功能，可测量图像的几何参数、灰度参数、体视学参数等４０余项。可广泛应用于医学生物学、冶金、机械、材料、地质、石油、化工等领域。     

多媒体分子生物学图像分析系统

利用计算机图像处理技术和分子生物学实验技术,我们研制开发一套用于测定DNA基因扩增片段或限制性内切酶水解后形成的不同大小片段的特征参数的多媒体分子生物学图像分析系统,该系统能对不同DNA分子、蛋白质分子和其它生物大分子的电泳图像进行分子量大小和分子密度定量分析。临床和分子生物学应用研究表明,该系统定量准确,分析可靠,速度快,能储存大量信息,便于检索和信息处理,对分子生物学及基因工程基础研究和临床基因诊断都具有重要的应用价值。     

利用DNA序列对错义突变的致病性进行预测

错义突变的致病性预测在基因组学和临床研究中有重要作用,其中基于计算方法的预测工具已经取得较大进展。现有的工具大多根据功能影响、保守性来对错义突变的致病性进行预测,从DNA序列出发进行错义突变致病性预测的工具较少。随着自然语言处理技术在多个生物序列领域的迁移学习和应用,将DNA序列作为一种生物语言进行处理并进行基因突变的致病性预测越来越值得探索。该文提出了一个基于预训练的自然语言模型DNABert和DNA突变序列对错义突变致病性进行预测的深度学习模型MissenseBert,并且在多个数据集上对MissenseBert进行了训练和测试,测试结果说明MissenseBert取得了较好的预测效果,证明了利用DNA序列预测错义突变的致病性具有可行性。     

荧光显微图像序列中活性线粒体的跟踪算法

生物图像数据的定量分析通常都包含像素点的检测,使用荧光显微技术的活性线粒体活动图像信噪比很低,线粒体检测和跟踪困难,尤其当线粒体的运动包含了其本身的自主运动和神经元轴突带来的扰动时,更不容易获得线粒体运动曲线。本文提出了一种活性线粒体的跟踪算法,首先对线粒体图像序列进行帧间配准,使得图像中轴突的外廓对齐,其中选取边缘角点作为线粒体的特征点,再在准确对齐轴突外廓的前提下运用帧间位移矢量跟踪线粒体粒子。本文算法已经成功应用在存在神经元轴突和线粒体同时运动的动态图像序列中,整个算法流程不需要手动提取特征点,节约时间,为医学图像处理与生物技术研究提供了一种新方法和新参考。     

外科手术计算机辅助导航技术

外科手术计算机辅助导航即利用计算机图形图像技术对放射影像学资料进行处理 ,重建二维或三维的医学图像模型 ,同时结合各种空间定位技术 ,在医师的双眼、手术工具及患者的头部之间建立一个实时的环路 ,实现手术过程中器械位置的实时或准实时显示。我们综述了外科手术计算机辅助导航系统的发展历史和研究现状 (重点阐述了其系统结构和关键技术 ,包括空间定位技术、图像处理与显示技术、系统配准技术、头部定位技术等 (最后给出了手术导航系统的发展趋势     

Amplified fragment length polymorphism: an adept technique for genome mapping, genetic differentiation, and intraspecific variation in protozoan parasites

With the advent of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), genetic markers are now accessible for all organisms, including parasites. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is a PCR-based marker for the rapid screening of genetic diversity and intraspecific variation. It is a potent fingerprinting technique for genomic DNAs of any origin or complexity and rapidly generates a number of highly replicable markers that allow high-resolution genotyping. AFLPs are convenient and reliable in comparison to other markers like random amplified polymorphic DNA, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and simple sequence repeat in terms of time and cost efficiency, reproducibility, and resolution as it does not require template DNA sequencing. In addition, AFLP essentially probes the entire genome at random, without prior sequence knowledge. So, AFLP markers have emerged as an advance type of genetic marker with broad application in genomic mapping, population genetics, and DNA fingerprinting and are ideally suited as screening tool for molecular markers linked with biological and clinical traits. This review describes the AFLP procedure and its applications and overview in the fingerprinting of a genome, which has been currently used in parasite genome research. We outline the AFLP procedure adapted for Leishmania genome study and discuss the benefits of AFLPs for assessing genetic variation and genome mapping over other existing molecular techniques. We highlight the possible use of AFLPs as genetic markers with its broad application in parasitological research because it allows random screening of the entire genome for linkage with genetic and clinical properties of the parasite. In this review, we have taken a pragmatic approach on the study of AFLP for genome mapping and polymorphism in protozoan parasites and conclude that AFLP is a very useful tool.     

基于时域光声信号的谱分析技术及其在生物医学领域的应用

基于时域光声信号的谱分析技术是一种能够提供生物组织结构和功能信息的非侵入式检测技术,其结合了光学模态的高对比度和超声模态在深层组织中的高分辨率两重特性,可对不同波长光激发下的目标生物组织的光声信号数据集进行处理分析。相较于传统光谱检测,该技术不易受被测对象形状、形态的限制和光散射的影响,使其对较深层组织的检测仍具有较高灵敏度。相较于光声成像,该技术无需引入图像重建算法且专注于实现定量分析。综述时域光声信号的谱分析技术在生物组织、生物体液、生物呼出气体检测中的应用,介绍相关研究所采用的改进实验系统或不同信号处理方法,阐述该技术的研究进展与发展方向。     

Unwarping confocal microscopy images of bee brains by nonrigid registration to a magnetic resonance microscopy image

Confocal microscopy (CM) is a powerful image acquisition technique that is well established in many biological applications. It provides 3-D acquisition with high spatial resolution and can acquire several different channels of complementary image information. Due to the specimen extraction and preparation process, however, the shapes of imaged objects may differ considerably from their in vivo appearance. Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) is an evolving variant of magnetic resonance imaging, which achieves microscopic resolutions using a high magnetic field and strong magnetic gradients. Compared to CM imaging, MRM allows for in situ imaging and is virtually free of geometrical distortions. We propose to combine the advantages of both methods by unwarping CM images using a MRM reference image. Our method incorporates a sequence of image processing operators applied to the MRM image, followed by a two-stage intensity-based registration to compute a nonrigid coordinate transformation between the CM images and the MRM image. We present results obtained using CM images from the brains of 20 honey bees and a MRM image of an in situ bee brain.     

医用MRI系统快速获取梯度回波脉冲序列开发

目的:探讨在i_Open 0.36T医用磁共振成像(MRI)系统上开发快速获取梯度回波脉冲序列(RAGE)的可行性与实现方法。方法:pascal语言编辑源程序,可调参数控制激发层数,相位编码时序,激发脉冲相位循环,数据采集次数,各段梯度脉冲开关时序等,编排k空间数据记录方式,满足快速傅立叶变换重建需要。编译源程序,调试图像。结果:在256×256采集矩阵的情况下,单层面成像时间最小值4s,所获图像分辨率、信噪比等指标能满足临床诊断需要。结论:利用该方法设计快速获取梯度回波脉冲序列是可行的。     

生物组织连续切片图像的计算机三维重建研究的进展

８０ 年代末至９０ 年代初,最新计算机图像处理技术与生物技术的发展使生物组织的三维图像真实再现成为可能。现在,计算机图像三维重建技术已越来越广泛地应用于生物学领域。本文介绍了生物组织连续切片图像的计算机三维重建研究进展,着重于三维图像的定位、重建与显示和图像数据压缩,图像自动分割的研究进展。     

衍射增强成像的生物医学应用研究进展

【摘要】X射线相衬成像技术是近年来研究开发的高衬度和高空间分辨率的新型成像技术,和传统X射线成像技术相比,它可满足生物软组织微观成像条件,获得软组织的丰富内部微观结构细节。衍射增强成像（DEI）是相衬成像技术的研究热点。利用基于DEI的信息提取和CT重建等图像处理技术,能够获得生物样品高质量图像及三维精细微观结构,更好地显示样品内部的结构和细节。结合DEI的理论和图像处理方法介绍了DEI技术的生物医学应用进展。     

原子力显微镜(AFM)图像的计算机辅助分析

对DNA结合蛋白的AFM图像的分析方法进行了研究 ,通过分析DNA及其与蛋白质结合的AFM图像 ,我们可以计算出已知序列DNA的长度及其未知DNA结合蛋白质在DNA链上的位置信息 ,从而可以估计该蛋白的DNA结合位点。该研究对于寻找新的DNA结合蛋白 ,研究生物体中遗传信息的复制、转录、修复和重组的分子生物学机制具有重要意义     

MRI图像信噪比提高技术

MRI图像处理技术是数字图像处理在生物医学工程中的重要应用，是数字图像处理技术与核磁共振成像相结合的产物，不仅推动了核磁共振成像技术进一步的研究与发展，同时也为数字图像处理技术提出了新的挑战，由于MRI图像中的信息对医疗诊断特别重要，因此如何利用数字计算机与数字图像处理理论对被噪声污染的图像进行降噪处理便成籽MRI图像处理的中心任务，本文主要分析了MRI图像中的各种噪声源，以及各自降噪技术的研究进展。     

A consideration of select pre-trauma factors as key vulnerabilities in PTSD

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a pathological response to a traumatic event. A number of risk and vulnerability factors predicting PTSD development have been identified in the literature. Many of these variables are specific factors occurring during and after exposure to a traumatic event or are not measured prospectively to assess temporal sequence. Recent research, however, has begun to focus on pre-trauma individual differences that could contribute to risk for developing PTSD. The present review proposes that a number of biological and cognitive vulnerability factors place individuals at risk for PTSD development prior to the actual experience of trauma. Accordingly, this review provides a summary of evidence for a select number of these factors as pre-trauma vulnerabilities to PTSD. Included is a discussion of biological factors, including molecular genetic studies of systems regulating serotonin, catecholamines, and glucocorticoids as well as aspects of the neuroendocrine system. Specific cognitive factors are also considered, including intelligence, neuropsychological functioning and cognitive biases such as negative attributional style and appraisals. For each factor, the present review summarizes evidence to date regarding PTSD vulnerability and highlights directions for future research in this area.     

Diagnostic imaging over the last 50 years: research and development in medical imaging science and technology

Over the last 50 years, diagnostic imaging has grown from a state of infancy to a high level of maturity. Many new imaging modalities have been developed. However, modern medical imaging includes not only image production but also image processing, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), image recording and storage, and image transmission, most of which are included in a picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The content of this paper includes a short review of research and development in medical imaging science and technology, which covers (a) diagnostic imaging in the 1950s, (b) the importance of image quality and diagnostic performance, (c) MTF, Wiener spectrum, NEQ and DQE, (d) ROC analysis, (e) analogue imaging systems, (f) digital imaging systems, (g) image processing, (h) computer-aided diagnosis, (i) PACS, (j) 3D imaging and (k) future directions. Although some of the modalities are already very sophisticated, further improvements will be made in image quality for MRI, ultrasound and molecular imaging. The infrastructure of PACS is likely to be improved further in terms of its reliability, speed and capacity. However, CAD is currently still in its infancy, and is likely to be a subject of research for a long time.     

Development of a PC-based Radiological Imaging Workstation

Low-cost image processing systems which can provide convenient access to image processing and analysis techniques hold great potential as diagnostic and research tools in medical imaging. At the University of Washington, we have developed a PC-based medium performance image processing system for use as an experimental radiological workstation. The workstation uses a standard IBM PC/AT personal computer augmented with a custom designed image processor implemented on two IBM PC/AT prototyping boards. Features of the system include up to 52 512 × 512 × 8 bit frame buffers (4 on the image processor board and up to 48 in the host computer memory) and a 512 × 512 × 4 bit graphics overlay memory, hardware zoom, pan and scroll, pseudo coloring, and a 60 Hz noninterlaced display. Many image processing and analysis functions are provided in this workstation, and all user requests are supported in an interactive fashion. For example, arithmetic and logical point operations between two 512 × 512 frame buffers require approximately 170 ms, while computationally intensive functions such as an 11 × 11 convolution or a full screen geometric transformation (warping) can be completed in less than 10 seconds. A full screen 2-D Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Inverse FFT (IFFT) based on the row-column method can be completed in less than 20 seconds. The developed system can easily be configured into a DIN/PACS workstation or a biological imaging system. Hardware and software details of this workstation as well as user interface functions implemented will be discussed in the paper. Copyright © 1988 by the International Society for Optical Engineering. Proc. SPIE 914:1257-1264, 1988. Reprinted with permission.     

Orientation-independent differential interference contrast microscopy and its combination with an orientation-independent polarization system

We describe a combined orientation-independent differential interference contrast OI-DIC and polarization microscope and its biological applications. Several conventional DIC images were recorded with the specimen oriented in different directions followed by digital alignment and processing of the images. Then the obtained images are used for computation of the phase gradient magnitude and azimuth distribution and, further, the phase image. The OI-DIC images were obtained using optics having numerical aperture (NA) 1.4, thus achieving a level of resolution not previously achieved with phase contrast or interference microscope. The combined system yields two complementary phase images of thin optical sections of the specimen: distribution of refractive index and distribution of birefringence due to anisotropy of the cell structure. For instance, in a live dividing cell, the OI-DIC image clearly shows the detailed shape of the chromosomes, while the polarization image quantitatively depicts the distribution of birefringent microtubules in the spindle, both without any need for staining or other modifications of the cell. We present pseudo-color combined images of a crane fly spermatocyte at diakinesis and metaphase of meiosis I. Those images provide clear evidence that the proposed technique can reveal fine architecture and molecular organization in live cells without perturbation associated with staining or fluorescent labeling.     

精神分裂症的分子遗传学研究进展

群体遗传学研究表明,精神分析症具有肯定的遗传倾向。现代分子生物学技术的发展使进一步寻找该病的易感基因成为可能。本文就国际近年来关于精神分裂症遗传研究的一些结果进行综述;⑴该病遗传度约为６０％￣８０％,标准化诊断及症状量表为主要的表型界定工具;⑵基因组扫描及候选基因筛选查为目前主要的研究手段,受累同胞对分析法（ａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄ ｓｉｂ－ｐａｉｒ,ＡＳＰ）及传递不平衡检验（ｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ ｄｉｓｅｑｕｉｌｉｂｒｉｕｍ ｔｅｓｔ,ＴＤＴ）为目前较理想的统计分析方法;⑶目前研究发现具有独立重复的阳性区域主要集中在６ｐ、２２ｑ和８ｐ,候选基因的阳性结果主要涉及５－ＨＴ２Ａ受体、ＤＲＤ３及ＮＴ－３等。进一步研究途径包括：更准确的表型界定、引入可靠的生物学标记、扩大样本量、发展更高效能的统计学方法以及实验室新技术的     

Gene and transgenics nomenclature for the laboratory axolotl—Ambystoma mexicanum

The laboratory axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is widely used in biological research. Recent advancements in genetic and molecular toolkits are greatly accelerating the work using axolotl, especially in the area of tissue regeneration. At this juncture, there is a critical need to establish gene and transgenic nomenclature to ensure uniformity in axolotl research. Here, we propose guidelines for genetic nomenclature when working with the axolotl.     

医学图像处理中有关图像分割的新技术

图像分割是图像处理中最基本和最主要的技术.本文简要介绍了医学图像分割的常用分割方法,主要包括阈值分割、神经网络分割、模糊分割、遗传算法、统计方法和基于特定模型等方法的图像分割.并对其近年来的进展和应用进行了综述.