Distribution and drug resistance of 151 strains of Enterobacter cloacae isolated from elder inpatients

目的 探讨老年住院患者分离阴沟肠杆菌的临床分布和耐药状况.方法 对2009年-2011年间老年住院患者标本中分离的151株阴沟肠杆菌进行耐药性分析.结果 151株阴沟肠杆菌主要来源是痰液(53.6％)和分泌物(24.5％).敏感率较高的依次为美罗培南、亚胺培南和阿米卡星；对其余抗菌药物均呈现不同程度耐药.结论 老年住院患者标本中分离的阴沟肠杆菌耐药情况日趋严重,应根据药敏结果选择抗菌药物.     

老年住院患者151株阴沟肠杆菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨老年住院患者分离阴沟肠杆菌的临床分布和耐药状况。方法对2009年-2011年间老年住院患者标本中分离的151株阴沟肠杆菌进行耐药性分析。结果 151株阴沟肠杆菌主要来源是痰液(53.6%)和分泌物(24.5%)。敏感率较高的依次为美罗培南、亚胺培南和阿米卡星;对其余抗菌药物均呈现不同程度耐药。结论老年住院患者标本中分离的阴沟肠杆菌耐药情况日趋严重,应根据药敏结果选择抗菌药物。     

阴沟肠杆菌临床分布及耐药性监测分析

目的对阴沟肠杆菌的临床分布及耐药情况进行探讨,为抗菌药物的合理使用及医院感染的防控提供参考。方法收集2015年—2018年某综合医院临床标本分离的阴沟肠杆菌,对其临床分布特征及耐药情况进行统计分析。结果共分离出阴沟肠杆菌195株,主要来自于住院患者(98.5%),以儿科检出率最多(36.9%),其次是神经外科(13.3%)及ICU(12.3%)。标本类型以痰液和分泌物为主,分别占69.2%、15.4%。阴沟肠杆菌对头孢唑啉、头孢替坦耐药率>90.0%,对阿米卡星的耐药率最低(1.5%);对头孢吡肟、环丙沙星、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、左氧氟沙星、亚胺培南和厄他培南的耐药率<10.0%。不同病区和不同标本类型分离阴沟肠杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药情况不同,ICU病区耐药情况最为严重,神经外科病区次之,儿科病区耐药性普遍较低;除头孢唑啉和头孢替坦外,分离自尿液标本菌株对其他抗菌药物的耐药率高于痰液和分泌物标本来源菌株。结论该综合医院阴沟肠杆菌的分离率趋于稳定,阴沟肠杆菌对多种抗菌药物耐药性呈现下降趋势,不同病区、不同标本类型分离阴沟肠杆菌的耐药性具有较大差异,临床应及时进行细菌培养,根据病区耐药性的特点,合理选用抗菌药物。儿科、ICU及神经外科病区是预防控制的重点科室,应予以高度关注。     

肠杆菌属细菌的临床分布及耐药特性分析

目的：了解肠杆菌属细菌的临床分布和耐药状况,为临床治疗提供依据。方法采用法国生物梅里埃公司VITEK-2型全自动细菌分析系统,配合GN鉴定卡和AST-GN13药敏检测卡对细菌进行鉴定和药敏试验,应用Whonet5.5软件进行统计分析。结果506株肠杆菌属细菌中阴沟肠杆菌占78.3%、产气肠杆菌占16.8%。标本主要来自痰267株（52.8%）、创面69株（13.6%）、尿液53株（10.5%）、血液47株（9.3%）。肠杆菌属细菌对头孢唑啉、头孢西丁、氨苄西林、头孢替坦、氨苄西林/舒巴坦耐药率最高,均高于95%,对头孢吡肟、厄他培南、左氧氟沙星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、美洛培南耐药率较低,均在5%-10%,对亚胺培南、阿米卡星耐药率最低,分别为0.8%和3.0%。结论肠杆菌属细菌对抗菌药物的耐药情况严重,临床应根据药敏结果合理使用抗菌药物。     

阴沟肠杆菌的医院感染分布和耐药性分析

目的:了解阴沟肠杆菌在医院感染的临床分布和耐药情况,为临床合理选择和应用抗生素提供依据.方法:用K-B法对206株阴沟肠杆菌进行体外药物敏感试验和耐药性的统计分析,同时检测其β-内酰胺酶.结果:分离培养出来的206株阴沟肠杆菌中,按标本分离率依次为痰68.4%(141株)、尿液15.5%(32株)、腹腔液6.3%(13株)、血液4.3%(9株)、胆汁3.4%(7株)、脓液1.9%(4株);阴沟肠杆菌亚胺倍南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率比较低,分别为2.4%和1.0%,对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、阿莫西林/克拉维酸的耐药率均大于85%.结论:阴沟肠杆菌耐药机制复杂,对抗生素具有多重耐药性,临床应根据体外药敏试验结果合理选择抗菌药物.     

河南某医院569株阴沟肠杆菌临床分布及耐药分析

目的 调查阴沟肠杆菌的临床分布特点及耐药情况,为临床治疗阴沟肠杆菌感染提供实验室依据.方法 根据临床实验室操作规程对医院2010-2014年分离的569份阳性标本进行鉴定及药敏试验,统计其临床分布特点及药敏试验结果.结果 阴沟肠杆菌主要感染人群为外科病人和婴幼儿,临床分布以神经外科(15.60％)、新生儿科(14.10％)、泌尿外科(10.90％)为主,标本主要来自于尿液(38.70％)、痰液(29.00％)及血液(8.79％),药敏试验结果示对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦较为敏感,敏感率分别是97.46％、96.78％和90.23％.结论 肠杆菌耐药现象严重,要尽快建立该菌在医院的耐药谱,加强耐药监测,根据药敏试验,合理规范使用抗菌药物.     

呼吸病房革兰阴性菌2007年耐药性监测结果

目的 了解2007年呼吸病房革兰阴性菌中主要病原菌的体外药物敏感性试验(药敏试验)情况,为呼吸病房合理应用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 从新疆医科大学第一附属医院呼吸内科2007年住院患者的合格呼吸道分泌物标本中分离出177株革兰阴性菌,菌株来源于149例患者,试验方法与药敏判断均参照全国临床实验标准委员会(NCCLS)标准,分析177株革兰阴性菌的体外药敏试验情况.结果 177株革兰阴性杆菌中,肺炎克雷伯菌占27.2%(48/177),鲍曼不动杆菌占19.8%(35/177),铜绿假单胞菌占16.4%(29/177),阴沟肠杆菌占9.6%(17/177),大肠埃希菌占5.6%(10/177),嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌占5.6%(10/177),其他革兰阴性菌占15.8%(28/177).体外药敏试验显示肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟较为敏感,敏感率为53.6%～100.0%,对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑啉、头孢克肟的耐药率较高,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对米诺环素无耐药株,敏感率为100.0%.结论 不同的革兰阴性菌对各类抗菌药物的耐药性存在差异,感染革兰阴性菌时可以选用头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南及美洛培南.     

阴沟肠杆菌的临床分离和耐药性分析

目的 研究阴沟肠杆菌的临床特点和耐药性变迁情况,以指导临床用药治疗.方法 采用VITEK2全自动微生物鉴定仪对来自不同临床标本的255株阴沟肠杆菌分离鉴定与药敏试验.结果 2008～2010年255株阴沟肠杆菌标本中,以痰为最多.占41.5％ ～53.7％,其次为尿液,占9.5％ ～17.9％.同时痰标本逐年增加,其他分泌物和血液标本逐年减少,2010年咽拭子标本与粪便标本较前两年明显上升.对该菌耐药率较高的抗菌药物分别为头抱唑啉、阿莫西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头抱替坦其耐药率为64.1％～97.4％;其中介的抗菌药物为呋喃妥因,中介率为43.5％ ～46.3％;其敏感的抗菌药物为亚胺培南、阿米卡星、厄它培南、特治星、头抱吡肟、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、左旋氧氟沙星,敏感率为70.7％～100.0％,以对亚培胺南的敏感率最高.结论 阴沟肠杆菌对临床常用的抗生素均有不同程度的耐药,且呈现多重耐药趋势,临床要根据药代动力学和体内药效学特性,结合药敏试验来合理临床用药.     

胆道感染的病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的通过了解胆道感染的病原菌分布及其对抗生素敏感性的情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对我院肝胆外科住院患者胆汁培养阳性的137株细菌分布及药敏结果采用WHONET 5.6软件进行统计分析。结果 137株胆汁培养阳性的细菌中,革兰阴性杆菌120株占87.6%,革兰阳性球菌17株占12.4%,引起胆道感染常见的病原菌主要为大肠埃希菌73株占53.3%,肺炎克雷伯菌25株占18.3%,铜绿假单胞菌12株占8.8%,大肠埃希菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南无耐药菌株,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率为12%、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦为8%、耐药率较低,对氨苄西林的为87.6%、头孢唑林为65.9%、哌拉西林为60.6%、头孢呋辛为60.2%,耐药率较高。肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南无耐药菌株,对头孢吡肟耐药率为9.8%、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦为5%,耐药率较低,对氨苄西林、哌拉西林为天然耐药。铜绿假单胞对阿米卡星耐药率为13%、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦为8.6%、亚胺培南为1.1%、美罗培南0.2%、,耐药率较低。对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢曲松、头孢呋辛、头孢唑林、复方磺胺为天然耐药。结论胆道感染中革兰阴性杆菌仍占主要地位,细菌耐药谱有较大差异,建议临床医师根据病原学监测结果针对性地选择抗菌药物。     

90例细菌性感染新生儿碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌的分布特点及其耐药情况分析

目的:探究新生儿碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌的分布特点及其药敏试验情况.方法:选取医院2018年3月-2020年6月儿科收治的细菌感染新生儿90例病历资料,统计其血、尿、痰、分泌物和其他标本中细菌培养、鉴定结果,分析其碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌的分布特点、医院感染情况,以及碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌对常用抗菌药物临床治疗的影响.结果:90例细菌感染新生儿各标本中,分离出217株肠杆菌科细菌,检出前5位病原菌分别是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、产气肠杆菌;其中分离出碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌11株(大肠埃希菌1株、肺炎克雷伯菌6株、阴沟肠杆菌4株);耐碳青霉烯类细菌主要定植在新生儿肺炎、呼吸窘迫综合征、湿肺、败血症、高胆红素血症和其他临床感染疾病患者中,标本中分离出碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌主要来自血液、尿液、痰液、分泌物等标本;碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌耐药的药物主要是亚胺培南(100.00％)、氨苄西林(81.82％)、哌拉西林和美罗培南(72.73％)、氨曲南(63.64％)、哌拉西林与头孢他啶(54.55％).结论:碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌在新生儿中的临床感染率较高,其中以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌为主,其对多种抗菌药物耐药,而其对阿米卡星的敏感率较高.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.