体外反搏对冠心病患者血浆cAMP和cGMP及其比值的影响

采用随机对照方法，通过对冠心病患者反搏过程中及反搏后环磷酸腺苷（ｃＡＭＰ）环磷酸鸟苷（ｃＧＭＰ）的动态测定，探讨体外反搏对血浆ｃＡＭＰ和ｃＧＭＰ平衡的影响，结果表明：对照且病人在药物治疗后，测定血浆ｃＡＭＰ和ｃＧＭＰ水平并无变化，而反搏组在反搏治疗后血ｃＡＭＰ和ｃＧＭＰ的浓度可明显升高，并随着反搏治疗的疗程延伸而累积增加，以反搏第２、３疗程末最明显，反搏后１个月，增高的优势仍然保持，ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧ     

体外反搏治疗血清对培养内皮细胞基因表达的影响

目的探讨经体外反搏治疗的冠心病患者血清对血管内皮细胞基因表达的调控效应。方法分别取接受体外反搏治疗的冠心病患者1、24和36h时间点的血清，用于培养人脐静脉血管内皮细胞。用cDNA基因芯片检测3个治疗时点反搏前、后血管内皮细胞基因表达谱。结果反搏前后比较，有10个基因（核转录因子、真核转录启动因子-4、平滑肌的肌球蛋白重链、α2-肌动蛋白、微管蛋白β肽链、组织相容蛋白G、黑色素黏附分子、神经介素B受体、蛋白激酶4K2、血小板凝血酶敏感蛋白-1）的表达在3个治疗时点上出现显著改变。在1h点均为上调，在24h、36h时点均为下调。结论体外反搏治疗冠心病患者血清对血管内皮细胞的炎症反应、细胞凋亡相关基因表达有调效应，并随体外反搏治疗时间的增加早抑制其表达的趋势。     

增强型体外反搏对冠心病患者血浆内皮素和一氧化氮的影响

目的:探讨增强型体外反搏对冠心病患者血浆内皮素(ET)和一氧化氮(NO)的影响。方法:把62例确诊冠心病的患者随机分为体外反搏治疗组(29例)和药物治疗组(32例), 反搏组在常规药物治疗的基础上接受增强型体外反搏仪治疗36d(1h/d), 药物组接受常规药物治疗相同天数;分别于治疗前后应用放射免疫法测定患者的血浆ET含量, 应用硝酸盐还原酶法测定患者血浆NO^-₂/NO^-₃含量, 以间接反映NO的浓度;并测定30例健康人的ET和NO^-₂/NO^-₃值作为对照。结果:治疗前反搏组和药物组的ET水平(116.4±44.9)ng/L, (111.9±44.4)ng/L明显高于正常人(65.8±15.6)ng/L(P＜0.01)。治疗后反搏组ET水平(78.9±30.2)ng/L明显低于药物组(148.0±39.5)ng/L(P＜0.01)。NO^-₂/NO^-₃水平, 治疗前反搏组(64.4±14.8)μmol/L和药物组(67.0±24.0)μmol/L, 稍低于正常人(70.1±13.9)μmol/L, 但P＞0.05;治疗后反搏组(89.6±30.3)μmol/L高于正常人(P＜0.01), 药物组NO^-₂/NO^-₃(83.4±23.0)μmol/L与正常人比较无明显差异(P＞0.05)。体现血管收缩和舒张平衡关系的ET/(NO^-₂/NO^-₃)比值, 治疗前反搏组(1.9±0.8)和对照组(1.8±0.9)均高于正常人(1.0±0.3)(P＜0.01), 治疗后反搏组该值(0.9±0.4)下降(P＜0.01), 并接近正常人水平(P＞0.05), 而药物组(1.8±0.7)与治疗前比较无明显差异(P＞0.05)。结论:增强型体外反搏可改善冠心病患者的内皮功能。     

体外反搏治疗血清对培养内皮细胞基因表达的影响

目的 探讨经体外反搏治疗的冠心病患者血清对血管内皮细胞基因表达的调控效应.方法 分别取接受体外反搏治疗的冠心病患者1、24和36 h时间点的血清,用于培养人脐静脉血管内皮细胞.用Cdna基因芯片检测3个治疗时点反搏前、后血管内皮细胞基因表达谱.结果 反搏前后比较,有10个基因(核转录因子、真核转录启动因子-4、平滑肌的肌球蛋白重链、α2-肌动蛋白、微管蛋白β肽链、组织相容蛋白G、黑色素黏附分子、神经介素B受体、蛋白激酶4K2、血小板凝血酶敏感蛋白-1)的表达在3个治疗时点上出现显著改变.在1 h点均为上调,在24 h、36 h时点均为下调.结论 体外反搏治疗冠心病患者血清对血管内皮细胞的炎症反应、细胞凋亡相关基因表达有调控效应,并随体外反搏治疗时间的增加呈抑制其表达的趋势.     

体外反搏治疗冠心病前后甲襞微循环的观察

体外反搏治疗冠心病20例,反搏前后进行甲襞微循环检查对比分析,结果表明:冠心病组反搏前管袢输入支管径缩小,血流流速较慢,加权积分值较高,与健康对照组比较有非常显著差异,经反搏治疗后甲襞微循环均有明显改善,与反搏前比较有非常显著差异,与临床症状好转有效率基本相吻合,认为可作为体外反搏治疗效果评价的一个较好的方法。     

体外反搏对犬血流脉动性和血管阻力的影响

为了评价体外反搏是否具有扩张血管和增加血流脉动性的作用 ,制造了犬急性心肌梗塞模型 ,并使犬存活 6周。麻醉后 ,测定左侧颈总动脉血流量和右侧颈总动脉血压。计算反搏前和反搏中脉压差、血压脉动指数、血压的标准差、流量差、流量脉动指数、流量标准差和平均血管阻力。结果显示脉压差、血压脉动指数和血压标准差三个血压脉动性指标分别由反搏前的 30± 9mm Hg、1.2 6± 0 .0 5、8.7± 2 .5 mm Hg升高到反搏中的 4 3± 8mm Hg(P<0 .0 5 )、1.5 4± 0 .13、12 .4± 2 .0 mm Hg (P<0 .0 5 )。流量差、流量脉动指数和流量标准差三个血流脉动性指标分别由反搏前的 317± 4 8ml/ min、2 .85± 0 .2 1、96± 2 1ml/ min升高到反搏中的 4 4 7± 88m l/ min、4 .5 6± 0 .90、131±39m l/ m in,P值均于小 0 .0 5。平均血管阻力由反搏前的 5 78± 72 Wood单位降低到反搏中的 4 76± 85 Wood单位(P<0 .0 5 )。这表明体外反搏可使血管阻力下降 ,血压和血流脉动性增强。     

体外反搏走向世界

体外反搏是1963年美国哈佛大学的学者首先提出的一种辅助衰竭心脏的装置，但由于其设计上的缺陷，不能达到预期的疗效，在上世纪70年代末已被临床淘汰。     

体外反搏中的血流分布与反搏方式的仿真研究

据报道体外反搏对身体各部位的缺血性疾病都有一定疗效。但由于受现有实验条件及检测手段的限制,对反搏参数的对症设置缺乏理论依据。为此,我们运用心血管系统的仿真模型,通过大量的仿真实验,对反搏过程中的血流分布进行分析研究,得到了针对不同部位缺血性疾病的理想反搏控制参量。仿真模型的输出结果与现有临床数据相吻合,说明了模型的可信性,同时也表明运用这一模型得到的结果有一定的实用价值。     

冠心病介入治疗患者体外反搏的疗效探讨

目的探讨增强型体外反搏(enhancedexternalcouterpulsationEECP)对冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者的疗效。方法经选择性冠状动脉造影确诊为冠心病且介入治疗成功的患者共469例,其中85例在药物治疗的基础上行体外反搏治疗(EECP组),另384例予单纯药物治疗(药物组)。临床随访6~72个月,部分行超声心动图和冠脉造影复查,比较两组随访病例临床终点事件、左室功能和造影结果的差异。结果(1)基线资料:对EECP组81例(95%)和药物组350例(91%)成功进行了随访,两组在临床资料、造影特征和介入治疗等方面差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。⑵临床终点事件:EECP组心绞痛复发率显著低于药物组(8·6%比17.4%,P<0.05);EECP组总的临床终点事件发生率明显低于药物组(18.5%比35.4%,P<0.01)。(3)超声心动图:两组基线室壁运动指数和左室射血分数相似,但复查时EECP组明显优于药物组(P<0.01)。⑷冠状动脉造影:两组再狭窄发生率差异无统计学意义P>0.05,但EECP组出现侧支循环患者数明显多于药物组(17.9%比5·1%,P<0.05),复查时病变血管参考内径[(3.29±0.61)mm比(3.06±0.50)mm,P<0.05]和支架内最小腔径[(3.02±0.59)mm比(2.67±0.62)mm,P<0.01]均显著大于药物组。结论对于介入治疗成功的冠心病患者,增强型体外反搏可减少心绞痛复发,改善预后和心功能,并可能有预防再狭窄的作用。     

体外反搏对剪切应力影响的实验研究

为了研究体外反搏治疗心肌缺血的机理,本研究从六条开胸犬实时测量颈主动脉、头臂干、胸主动脉等处的血流量,并计算出各处的剪切应力的变化。统计结果表明：体外反搏使剪切应力的平均值、变化范围及变化速度都发生了变化,即增加了血流和剪切应力的脉动性。     

体外反搏对心肌梗死犬一氧化氮系统的影响

目的:探讨体外反搏对心肌梗死犬一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)和其基因表达的影响。方法:19只健康杂种犬随机分为对照组、缺血组和缺血+反搏组(反搏组)3组,采用开胸结扎冠状动脉左前降支的方法建立心肌缺血模型,用改良硝酸还原酶法测定心肌缺血前后血清NO含量、以及心肌组织的NO含量和NOS比活性,采用免疫组化方法检测缺血区心肌组织的NOS亚型即诱导型NOS(iNOS)和内皮型NOS(eNOS)的蛋白合成,用原位杂交方法检测构成型NOS(cNOS)信使核糖核酸(mRNA)的基因表达。结果:在冠状动脉结扎前和结扎后60min,3组犬血清NO含量均无明显差异(P＞0.05);结扎后120min和180min时,反搏组犬血清NO含量明显高于缺血组(P＜0.05)。正常组和反搏组犬心肌组织NO含量和NOS比活性均大于缺血组(P＜0.05)。免疫组化结果表明心肌缺血时iNOS蛋白合成增多,而eNOS蛋白合成减少;体外反搏对iNOS有抑制作用,对eNOS有促进作用。此外心肌缺血时cNOSmRNA的表达明显减少,反搏可促进cNOSmRNA的表达。结论:体外反搏促进NO的产生可能是其抗心肌缺血性损伤的重要机制之一。     

体外反搏治疗失血性休克中一氧化氮合酶的变化

目的：探讨反搏治疗失血休克中一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）的变化。方法：复制狗的失血休克模型，用同位素方法测定反搏前后各组织的ＮＯＳ活性。结果：体外反搏后平均动脉压较反搏前明显上升（Ｐ＜００１）。脑ＮＯＳ测定值假手术对照组明显高于失血休克组Ｐ＜００１）及失血休克克反搏组（Ｐ＜００１），失血休克组则明显低于失血休克反搏组（Ｐ＜００１）；心肌ＮＯＳ活性假手术对照组与失血休克反搏组均明显高于失血休克组（Ｐ＜００５，Ｐ＜００１），但假手术对照组与失血休克反搏组之间无显著差异（Ｐ＞００５）；主动脉ＮＯＳ活性假手术对照组明显高于失血休克组（Ｐ＜００１）及失血休克反搏组（Ｐ＜００５），但失血休克组与失血休克反搏组间无明显差异（Ｐ＞００５）。结论：体外反搏可以增强小血管ＮＯＳ活性，ＮＯＳ活性的恢复则可能在反搏治疗中起重要作用     

Association of endothelial dysfunction with endothelin, nitric oxide and eNOS Glu298Asp gene polymorphism in coronary artery disease

The endothelial dysfunction has been implicated as a major event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Therefore, this study was planned to determine (a) role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin as coronary artery disease (CAD) risk markers and (b) intergenotypic variation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) Glu298Asp polymorphism in CAD.The endothelin, NO and eNOS genotypes were determined in 60 patients with documented history of CAD. These were compared with 50 age- and sex- matched healthy controls. The genotype frequencies for eNOS gene polymorphism were determined by PCR and RFLP. The plasma endothelin in CAD patients was significantly higher (p< 0.001) whereas, the NO level in CAD group was significantly lower (p< 0.001) than the control group. The genotype frequencies for Glu298/Asp (Glu/Glu and Glu/Asp) genotypes were 75% and 25% in CAD subjects and 88% and 12% in control subjects, respectively. No Asp/Asp was found in any of the groups. The genotype frequencies differed significantly (p< 0.05) between the controls and cases. In conclusion, endothelin and NO may be used as markers of endothelial dysfunction in CAD. Asp allele might be a risk factor for CAD in the North Indian population.     

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism (Glu298Asp) in patients with coexistent hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and coronary spastic angina

Coronary vasospasm appears to play a significant role in the etiology of myocardial ischemia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Furthermore, the management of patients with coexistent HCM and coronary spastic angina (CSA) presents a therapeutic challenge. The purpose of this study was to examine the Glu298Asp variant of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene to determine whether this polymorphism was associated with susceptibility to CSA in patients with HCM. The eNOS gene polymorphism (Glu298Asp) was genotyped in 150 HCM patients by the TaqMan chemical method. Patients were classified into group A (n=12) if they had CSA provoked by intracoronary acetylcholine, and group B (n=138) if they did not. In group A, the frequency of Glu/Glu, Glu/Asp, and Asp/Asp genotypes was 5 (41.7%), 6 (50%), and 1 (8.3%), respectively. In group B, it was 119 (86.2%), 17 (12.3%), and 2 (1.5%), respectively. The frequency of the Asp298 variant was significantly higher in group A than in group B (P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the Asp298 variant was a significant risk factor for CSA (odds ratio 11.8; P<0.001) that was independent of age, gender, smoking status or body mass index. Significantly more drugs were used by the patients in group A than those in group B and the patients with the Asp298 variant were treated with significantly more drugs than those without it. In conclusion, the Asp298 variant of the eNOS gene may be associated with CSA in HCM patients. HCM patients with CSA or the Asp298 variant may need more drugs to relieve their symptoms.     

The expression and activity of renal nitric oxide synthase and circulating nitric oxide in polycystic kidney disease rats

Nitric oxide (NO) influences tubular fluid and electrolyte transport, and hence possibly also fluid accumulation in renal cysts. The expression and activity of intrarenal constitutive NO synthase (cNOS) [neuronal NOS, nNOS and endothelial NOS, eNOS] and inducible NOS (iNOS) and plasma nitrite/nitrate (PNOx) concentration were assessed in homozygous Han:SPRD polycystic kidney disease (PKD) rats (cy/cy), heterozygous Han:SPRD PKD rats (cy/+), homozygous normal Han:SPRD littermates (+/+) and Sprague Dawley rats (sd). The results showed: 1) nNOS expression was decreased in proximal tubules and thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle in cy/cy and cy/+ rats compared to +/+ and sd rats (p<0.05). nNOS was weakly expressed in the epithelium of small cysts and unexpressed in epithelium of large cysts. 2) iNOS expression was increased in proximal tubular epithelial cells in cy/+ rats compared to +/+ rats and sd rats (p<0.01). iNOS expression in cyst epithelium was decreased in cy/+ rats (p<0.05) and absent in cy/cy rats. 3) eNOS expression was similar in the endothelium of intrarenal arteries in all groups. 4) The activity of renal cNOS was decreased in cy/cy and cy/+ rats; the activity of iNOS was decreased only in cy/cy rats, with no significant difference among the other three groups. 5) PNOx concentration was higher in cy/cy rats than in the other three groups, and correlated positively with plasma creatinine and urea. In conclusion, NOS expression and activity decreased as cysts developed, suggesting that NO downregulation is involved in the pathogenesis of PKD.     

The role of nitric oxide in the initiation and in the duration of some vasodilator responses in the coronary circulation

In the coronary bed vasodilatation can be mediated by several mechanisms including endothelium-produced nitric oxide. To examine the contribution of nitric oxide, three different techniques to cause vasodilatation in the coronary vessels were used in the anaesthetized dog: intracoronary injection of 1 g; acetylcholine, sudden reduction of the aortic blood pressure inducing a myogenic response and transient occlusion followed by release of the left circumflex coronary artery causing reactive hyperaemia. Each manoeuvre was performed before and after intracoronary adminstration of 100 mg N-nitro-l-arginine, an inhibitor of the synthesis of nitric oxide. In contrast to previous investigations, the inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis was prevented from causing an increase in blood pressure by the use of a blood-pressure-compensating device. The results observed during each of the three techniques, suggest that the initial cause of the vasodilatation is not the result of the increase of the production of nitric oxide. However, subsequent to the initiation of vasodilatation, an increase in the shear stress can result in an increase in the release of nitric oxide from the vascular endothelium, thus prolonging the vasodilatation obtained using each technique.     

次声作用后血浆NO、ET-1、SOD、MDA水平的变化

目的：测定8 Hz、130 dB次声不同时间暴露后大鼠血浆一氧化氮（NO）、内皮素（ET-1）、SOD、MDA水平的变化。方法：用8 Hz、130 dB的次声连续作用大鼠1、7、14、21和28 d，每天2 h，测定大鼠血浆NO、ET-1、SOD、MDA水平。结果：在暴露期间，7、14 d时大鼠血浆NO含量显著最低（P＜0.01），1 d、21 d和28 d时正常（P＞0.05）；大鼠血浆ET-1含量均明显升高（P＜0.01），7 d时升高最多，14 d时升高最少；大鼠血浆SOD活性明显降低（P＜0.01）；大鼠血浆MDA水平明显升高（P＜0.01）。结论：次声可引起大鼠血浆NO、ET-1、SOD、MDA水平的变化，发生的改变与次声暴露时间有关。     

体外反搏对血液不对称二甲基精氨酸和内皮素的影响

目的：经皮冠状动脉腔内成形和支架植入术（PTCA+stent）后的冠心病患者经过增强型体外反搏治疗后，观察其血清不对称二甲基精氨酸（ADMA）和内皮素-1（ET-1）水平的变化，从而反映体外反搏对血管内皮功能的影响。方法:将51名冠心病患者（PTCA+stent后）分成两组，按 1∶2 匹配，反搏组17人，对照组34人。两组均给予常规的药物治疗，此外，反搏组予以3个疗程的体外反搏治疗。ADMA采用高效液相色谱-荧光法检测，ET-1采用放射免疫法检测。结果:反搏组在治疗后ADMA和 ET-1水平明显低于治疗前（P<0.05）；对照组治疗前后ADMA差异无显著（P>0.05），ET-1在治疗后高于治疗前（P<0.01）。组间比较，反搏组的ADMA和ET-1降低程度明显多于对照组（P<0.01）；反搏组心绞痛症状改善和心绞痛减少次数均较对照组明显（P<0.01），并且ADMA降低的程度与两者呈正相关（r分别是0.85、0.70，P<0.01） 。结论：增强型体外反搏通过提高对血管内皮细胞的切应力，降低了PTCA+stent术后冠心病患者血液中的ADMA、ET-1，提示血管内皮功能的改善，为冠心病患者的综合治疗提供了实验依据。