环孢素A体外诱导HL—60细胞凋亡的研究

目的：观察环孢素Ａ是否有诱导白血病细胞凋亡的作用。方法：应用细胞形态学检查、二苯胺法ＤＮＡ片段化定量，ＤＮＡ凝胶电泳及流式细胞术等方法观察细胞凋亡。结果：ＣｓＡ５０ｍｇ／Ｌ作用ＨＬ－６０细胞４ｈ，ＤＮＡ片段率显著增高，达（２８．２±５．８）％，而对照组仅为（１２．５±１．７）％（Ｐ＜０．０１，ｎ＝１０）。光镜及电镜检查见细胞核固缩，碎裂，有凋亡小体形成。ＤＮＡ电泳显示典型的ＤＮＡｌａｄｄｅｒ。流式细胞术检测发现ＣｓＡ５０ｍｇ／Ｌ作用ＨＬ－６０细胞６ｈ凋亡细胞率为４９．７％，而空白组仅为９．１％。ＣｓＡ诱导ＨＬ－６０细胞ＤＮＡ片段化呈剂量和时间依赖性。结论：ＣｓＡ在体外能诱导ＨＬ－６０细胞凋亡。     

雷公藤多甙诱导人前骨髓白血病细胞的凋亡

探讨雷公藤多甙诱导人前骨髓白血病细胞凋亡的作用。方法将ＨＬ－６０与雷公藤多甙、泼尼松共同培养,观察细胞的细胞凋亡形态学变化,如细胞膜泡样变、细胞浆及细胞核内染色质固缩、凋亡小体出现以及ＤＮＡ规律性断裂。（２）细胞周期分析提示作用首先影响增殖期细胞,并且呈剂量、时间依赖性。（３）雷公藤多甙诱导ＨＬ－６０细胞凋亡的作用较泼尼松强;两种药物间无协同作用。结论体外实验发现雷公藤多甙具有诱导细胞凋亡的作用,     

神经酰胺介导粒细胞凋亡机理初探

目的 观察神经酰胺对ＨＬ－６０及中性粒细胞（ＰＭＮ）凋亡产生的影响,探讨其在粒细胞发生过程中可能的调节作用。方法：采用ＤＮＡ凝胶电泳,流式细胞术,光镜及ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ等技术对细胞进行凋亡鉴定及相关基因ｂｃｌ－２,ｃ－ｍｙｃ,ｍＲＮＡ表达分析。结果 神经酰胺（ｃ２－ｃｅｒａｍｉｄｅ）肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦα）及长春新碱（Ｖｉｎｃｒｉｓｔｉｎｅ）均可不同程度地诱导ＨＬ－６０及成熟ＰＭＮ产生凋亡,ＣＰＫ激活     

TGF-β1诱导HL-60细胞株凋亡作用的研究

为探讨转化生长因子β１（ＴＧＦ－β１）在体外诱导早幼粒细胞白血病细胞株（ＨＬ－６０）凋亡的作用及其相关的细胞和分子机制,本实验以ＴＧＦ－β１在体外对ＨＬ－６０细胞株作用,通过电镜,ＴＵＮＥＬ法,流式细胞仪,免疫细胞化学实验方法中的实验方法,观察ＴＧＦ－β１对ＨＬ－６０细胞株凋亡的诱导作用,以及相关基因的表达变化。     

bcl—2癌基因反义硫代磷酸寡脱氧核苷酸诱导HL60细胞凋亡

目的 不同浓度ｂｃｌ－２癌基因反义硫代磷酸寡脱氧核苷酸９ＡＳ－ＰＳ－ＯＤＮ,ＡＳＰＯ）对ＨＬ６０细胞凋亡的诱导作用。方法 ＡＳＰＯ与ＨＬ６０细胞共培养后,用吖啶橙（ＡＯ）染色法,流式细胞仪ＤＮＡ倍体分析,电镜观察、ＤＮＡ片段电沪等方法进行观察。结果 ＡＳＰＯ组与正义组比较能特异诱导ＨＬ６０细胞的凋亡,且于培养２４５小时即可出现,此时ＡＳＰＯ５、１０、２０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度各组的凋亡率分别为：（９．７     

干扰素对IL—60细胞与维甲酸耐药IL—60细胞作用的研究

目的：探讨干扰素α对ＨＬ－６０细胞增殖发化与凋亡的作用及特点。方法：ＭＴＴ法测定细胞增殖性变化。ＮＢＴ方法测定细胞分化程度。流式细胞仪测定凋亡的发生程度。浓度递增法诱导ＨＬ－６０细胞的维甲酸耐药性。结果：ＩＦＮα体外抑制ＨＬ－６０细胞增殖,并与维甲酸产生协同抑制作用,ＩＦＮα可单独诱导ＨＬ－６０细胞分化,又能增加维甲酸诱导分化作用。单独ＩＦＮα无明显的诱导ＨＬ－６０细胞凋亡作用。维甲酸耐药ＨＬ－６     

杂色曲霉素诱导体外培养人外周血淋巴细胞凋亡的研究

目的：研究我国肿瘤高发区饮食污染霉菌毒素－杂色曲霉素（ＳＴ）对人免疫机能的可能影响。方法：流式细胞术（ＦＣＭ）、形态学观察及ＤＮＡ电泳。结果：ＳＴ可诱导体外培养的人外周血淋巴细胞发生凋亡,并且在一定时间（２￣４８ｈ）及剂量（０．１２５￣２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ）范围内呈正相关关系。光镜及透射电镜观察均发现了凋亡细胞典型的形态学变化,如核染色质凝集边集,凋亡小体形成等;ＤＮＡ琼脂糖凝胶电泳也出现特征性的ＤＮＡ     

促肝细胞生长素诱导人肝癌细胞（BEL－7402）凋亡

本文从细胞学、ＤＮＡ凝胶电泳、流式细胞术三方面研究促肝细胞生长素（ｐＨＧＦ）在体外对肝癌细胞增殖活性的影响。结果表明：ｐＨＧＦ对肝癌ＢＥＬ－７４０２细胞增殖有抑制作用，并存在剂量和时间相关性。其４８ｈ的半数抑制浓度（ＩＤ５０）为０．３７ｍｇ／ｍｌ±０．０４ｍｇ／ｍｌ。而３７℃灭活的ｐＨＧＦ对ＢＥＬ－７４０２细胞增殖在１５ｈ无抑制作用，在２４和４８ｈ抑制作用很弱（ＩＤ５０＞１．５ｍｇ／ｍｌ）。ＤＮＡ凝胶电泳结果表明，ｐＨＧＦ可诱导ＢＥＬ７４０２细胞产生细胞凋亡（Ａｐｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ）。流式细胞术（ＦＣＭ）结果显示：ｐＨＧＦ抑制ＢＥＬ－７４０２细胞增殖过程是先使细胞停留在Ｇ０／Ｇ１期，继而诱导细胞产生凋亡。后两项结果均显示ｐＨＧＦ对人肝癌细胞凋亡的诱导里时间和剂量相关性。     

促肝细胞生长素诱导人肝癌细胞（BEL－7402）凋亡

本文从细胞学、ＤＮＡ凝胶电泳、流式细胞术三方面研究促肝细胞生长素（ｐＨＧＦ）在体外对肝癌细胞增殖活性的影响。结果表明：ｐＨＧＦ对肝癌ＢＥＬ－７４０２细胞增殖有抑制作用，并存在剂量和时间相关性。其４８ｈ的半数抑制浓度（ＩＤ５０）为０．３７ｍｇ／ｍｌ±０．０４ｍｇ／ｍｌ。而３７℃灭活的ｐＨＧＦ对ＢＥＬ－７４０２细胞增殖在１５ｈ无抑制作用，在２４和４８ｈ抑制作用很弱（ＩＤ５０＞１．５ｍｇ／ｍｌ）。ＤＮＡ凝胶电泳结果表明，ｐＨＧＦ可诱导ＢＥＬ７４０２细胞产生细胞凋亡（Ａｐｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ）。流式细胞术（ＦＣＭ）结果显示：ｐＨＧＦ抑制ＢＥＬ－７４０２细胞增殖过程是先使细胞停留在Ｇ０／Ｇ１期，继而诱导细胞产生凋亡。后两项结果均显示ｐＨＧＦ对人肝癌细胞凋亡的诱导里时间和剂量相关性。     

γ射线诱导HL—60和K562细胞凋亡和G2期阻滞的关系

应用形态学、琼脂糖凝胶电泳和流式细胞仪等方法观察γ射线诱导辐射敏感细胞ＨＬ－６０和辐射耐受细胞Ｋ５６２细胞凋亡和细胞周期改变的关系。结果：ＨＬ－６０细胞受照后出现Ｇ２期阻滞,１２ｈ达高峰,凋亡细胞比例随作用时间和照射剂量的增加而增加,凋亡特有的梯状图谱１、５、１０Ｇｙ照后７２、２４、１２ｈ出现。Ｋ５６２细胞受照后出现Ｇ２期阻滞、５、１０、２０Ｇｙ组分别在２４、４８、７２ｈ达高峰,末观察到细胞凋亡的     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.