缺氧大鼠肺组织氧化／抗氧化平衡的变化及其与TXA_2／PGI_2平衡的关系

检测缺氧大鼠肺组织丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）含量以及血浆ＴＸＡ＿２和ＰＧＩ＿２浓度，以探讨氧自由基（ＯＦＲ）及ＴＸＡ＿－ＰＧＩ＿２在缺氧性肺动脉高压中的作用。结果表明：与对照组比较缺氧大鼠肺组织ＭＤＡ明显升高、ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ明显降低，ＶｉｔＥ可逆转ＭＤＡ和ＳＯＤ的变化；缺氧大鼠血浆ＴＸＢ＿２高于对照组，其浓度与肺组织ＭＤＡ含量呈正相关（ｒ＝０．６５．Ｐ＜０．０５）。以上结果提示，ＯＦＲ与ＴＸＡ＿２／ＰＲＩ＿２平衡失调相互作用，可能共同参与缺氧性肺动脉高压的发生。     

地奥心血康对心肌缺血再灌犬血清肾上腺素含量,心脏指数…

杂种犬随机分为地奥心血康治疗组（ＤＫＧ）及生理盐水对照组（ＣＧ）。应用荧光法测定血清去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）含量，定时测平均动脉压（ＭＢＰ），心输出量（ＣＯ），计算总外周血管阻力（ＴＰＶＲ），心脏指数（ＣＩ）。结果显示：（１）再灌后的ＭＢＰ在ＤＫＧ与ＣＧ之间无明显差异，Ｐ〉０．０５；（２）再灌２４０ｍｉｎ时，ＤＫＧ中ＣＩ值高于ＣＧ（Ｐ〈０．０１）；ＮＥ值与ＴＰＶＲ值明显低于ＣＧ（Ｐ〈０．０５，Ｐ〈０．     

一氧化氮在培养的大鼠心肌细胞缺氧—复氧损伤中的作用

目的：观察一氧化氮（ＮＯ）对心肌细胞缺氧－复氧损伤（ＨＲＩ）的作用。方法：培养的大鼠心肌细胞，培养液中分别预先加入ＮＯ前体Ｌ－精氨酸（Ｌ－Ａｒｇ）、ＮＯ供体ＳＩＮ－１或硝普钠（ＳＮＰ）、ＮＯＳ抑制剂Ｌ－ＮＮＡ或ＮＯＳ诱导剂脂多糖（ＬＰＳ），经缺氧１２０ｍｉｎ，复氧６０ｍｉｎ处理后，检测细胞存活率，乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）漏出量，亚硝酸盐（ＮＯ２）含量及细胞诱导型ＮＯ合酶（ｉＮＯＳ）活性等指标的改变。结果：①与常氧组比较，缺氧－复氧ＨＲ降低细胞存活率（２３％，Ｐ＜０．０１），增加ＬＤＨ漏出（６２倍，Ｐ＜０．０１），ｉＮＯＳ活性（７７％，Ｐ＜０．０１），ＮＯ２含量（６１７％，Ｐ＜０．０１）。②ＨＲ前预先加入ＳＩＮ－１、ＳＮＰ或Ｌ－Ａｒｇ，均引起ＬＤＨ漏出进一步增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），细胞存活率进一步降低（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５）。③Ｌ－ＮＮＡ２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，单独应用对细胞损伤的影响无统计学意义，与Ｌ－Ａｒｇ联合应用，则减弱Ｌ－Ａｒｇ的细胞损伤作用。④ＬＰＳ１μｇ／ｍＬ，增加ｉＮＯＳ活性（２６倍，Ｐ＜０．０１）和ＬＤＨ漏出（５６％，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：ＮＯ加重心肌细胞ＨＲＩ，是心肌细胞ＨＲＩ的损伤因子     

缺氧时肺动脉内皮细胞与肺动脉平滑肌细胞相互作用对细胞内环核苷酸的影响

目的：观察了培养的小牛肺动脉内皮细胞（ＰＡＥＣ）和肺动脉平滑肌细胞（ＰＡＳＭ）于缺氧时对细胞内环核苷酸的影响。结果：ＰＡＥＣ和ＰＡＳＭ共培养２４ｈ，ＰＡＥＣ细胞内ｃＡＭＰ含量显著降低（Ｐ＜００１），而ＰＡＳＭ细胞内ｃＡＭＰ含量显著增加（Ｐ＜００１），二种细胞内ｃＧＭＰ含量均显著降低（Ｐ＜００１）。缺氧对二种细胞内ｃＡＭＰ含量无显著影响，但能增加ＰＡＳＭ的ｃＧＭＰ含量（Ｐ＜００１），降低ＰＡＥＣ的ｃＧＭＰ含量（Ｐ＜００１）。ＮＯ合酶抑制剂硝基精氨酸对二种细胞的ｃＡＭＰ含量均无显著影响，但能使常氧培养的ＰＡＥＣ和缺氧培养的ＰＡＳＭ细胞内的ｃＧＭＰ含量显著降低（Ｐ＜００１）。结论：ＰＡＥＣ和ＰＡＳＭ的相互作用可引起第二信使系统传递的变化；缺氧可抑制ＰＡＥＣ的ＮＯ合酶活性而诱导ＰＡＳＭ的ＮＯ合酶活性     

心复康口服液对阿霉素亚急性心肌损伤的防治作用实验研究

本实验通过腹腔注射阿霉素复制阿霉素亚急性心肌损伤大鼠模型,以心肌超微结构及心肌组织中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）活性、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量为观察指标,研究中药心复康口服液对大鼠阿霉素亚急性心肌损伤时的保护作用及机制。结果显示：阿霉素模型组ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性和ＭＤＡ含量分别为（５１－５９±２－７２）Ｕｍｉｎ·ｍｇ－１和（０－６６±０－４６）ｎｍｏｌｍｇｐｒｏ,与正常对照组比较Ｐ＜０－０１;心复康口服液治疗组明显提高阿霉素损伤心肌组织ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性（６４－７７±５－１１）,降低ＭＤＡ含量（…     

地奥心血康对心肌缺血再灌犬血清肾上腺素含量，心脏指数及总外周血管阻力的影响

杂种犬随机分为地奥心血康治疗组（ＤＫＧ）及生理盐水对照组（ＣＧ）。应用荧光法测定血清去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）含量，定时测定平均动脉压（ＭＢＰ），心输出量（ＣＯ），计算总外周血管阻力（ＴＰＶＲ），心脏指数（ＣＩ）。结果显示：（１）再灌后的ＭＢＰ在ＤＫＧ与ＣＧ之间无明显差异，Ｐ＞０．０５；（２）再灌２４０ｍｉｎ时，ＤＫＧ中ＣＩ值高于ＣＧ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＮＥ值与ＴＰＶＲ值明显低于ＣＧ（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）；（３）ＤＫＧ中ＮＥ与ＣＩ无相关性，ＣＧ中二者呈负相关，ｒ＝－０．６８３１，Ｐ＜０．０１；（４）两组ＣＩ与ＴＰＶＲ均呈负相关，ｒ＿（ＣＧ）＝－０．７７８３，Ｐ＜０．００１，ｒ＿（ＤＫＧ）＝－０．５２１８，Ｐ＜０．００１。     

α-MSH对EGTA性发热效应及脑腹中隔AVP含量的影响

目的和方法：观察脑腹中隔精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）在α－黑素细胞刺激素（α－ＭＳＨ）解热机制中的作用；用放射免疫法测定ＡＶＰ含量。结果：ＥＧＴＡ引起明显的发热反应（Ｐ＜０．０１），同时降低脑腹中隔ＡＶＰ含量（Ｐ＜０．０５）。α－ＭＳＨ可抑制ＥＧＴＡ性发热反应（Ｐ＜０．０１），并增加脑腹中隔ＡＶＰ含量（Ｐ＜０．０５）；而对正常家兔体温及脑腹中隔ＡＶＰ含量无影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：α－ＭＳＨ对ＥＧＴＡ的解热作用可能部分是通过增加脑腹中隔ＡＶＰ的释放而实现的。在限制发热的过程中，内生解热物α－ＭＳＨ与ＡＶＰ可能具有协同作用。     

冠心病不同程度冠脉狭窄时红细胞变形性和心功能变化及其意义

对冠心病（ＣＨＤ）按冠脉主要分支狭窄程度不同分组，测定红细胞变形指数（ＤＩ）和心功能参数（ＥＦ、ＦＳ）。结果表明，ＣＨＤ二亚组ＤＩ、ＥＦ、ＦＳ显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜００１或００５），ＣＨＤ冠脉明显狭窄组ＤＩ及ＥＦ、ＦＳ显著低于轻度狭窄组（Ｐ＜００５）。提示ＤＩ、ＥＦ、ＦＳ可能对于区别ＣＨＤ有或无意义冠脉狭窄具有一定预示价值。     

痢疾杆菌口服免疫小鼠肠道相关淋巴组织中CD45R^＋和CD45RB^＋…

为了解肠道相关淋巴细胞（ＧＡＬＴ）对痢疾杆菌口服免疫的应答状况，分离了Ｓｈｉｇｅｌｌａｆｌｅｘｅｒｉ四次免疫后Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ小鼠脾（ＳＰ），肠系膜淋巴结（ＭＬＮ），Ｐｅｙｅｒ’ｓ结（ＰＰ），固有膜（ＬＰ）和上皮内（ＩＥ）淋巴细胞，对末次免疫后１～３ｄ内免疫组与对照组ＧＡＬＴ中的ＣＤ４５Ｒ＾＋和ＣＤ４５ＲＢ＾＋细胞群作了ＦＣＳ分析，结果免疫后起动７ｄＩＥ和ＬＰＣＤ４５Ｒ＾＋细胞增加而ＭＬＮ和ＰＰＣＤ４     

α-MSH对EGTA发热的作用

目的：观察α－ＭＳＨ对ＥＧＴＡ发热反应的作用及其可能机制。方法：建立ＥＧＴＡ发热模型；在离体条件下，应用Ｆｕｒａ－２荧光指示剂测定细胞内Ｃａ２＋浓度（［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ）；体外培养下丘脑神经细胞。结果：α－ＭＳＨ能明显抑制ＥＧＴＡ性发热反应（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＥＧＴＡ可以降低下丘脑神经细胞［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ水平（Ｐ＜０．０１），但α－ＭＳＨ不影响正常下丘脑神经细胞［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ及ＥＧＴＡ对下丘脑神经细胞［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的作用（Ｐ＞０．０５）；ＥＧＴＡ可刺激体外培养的下丘脑神经细胞释放ＣＲＨ（Ｐ＜０．０５），而α－ＭＳＨ能抑制ＥＧＴＡ的这种作用（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：α－ＭＳＨ抑制中枢发热介质ＣＲＨ的产生可能是降低ＥＧＴＡ发热反应的主要机制之一；中枢ＣＲＨ的产生和释放增加可能是ＥＧＴＡ性发热的一个重要因素。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.