HIV感染孕妇心理应激源状况及影响因素

目的研究感染人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)孕妇的心理应激源状况及其影响因素。方法采用简单随机抽样方法抽取云南省德宏州农村地区44例HIV感染孕妇作为样本,采用自制的HIV感染孕妇人口学及社会心理情况调查问卷、Buffalo艾滋病相关生活事件调查表(BHLES)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)和大五人格问卷进行调查。结果被调查对象的平均年龄为25.7岁,年龄范围为19~37岁;民族构成中傣族有18例,占40.9%;其次是汉族和景颇族,各为12例;另有傈僳族1例,彝族1例;调查对象知道自己感染了HIV的时间为9 d~60月,平均为12.1月;HIV感染孕妇最大的应激源来自于社会关系方面,得分为(16.39±12.09)分,其次为健康方面的应激源(7.93±11.60)分,其他依次为经济方面、工作方面、宗教,得分分别为(2.80±3.15),(1.32±2.99),(0.80±2.36)分。结论HIV感染孕妇的心理应激源主要表现在社会关系方面,其人口学及社会心理因素与应激源关系不明显,而神经质人格特征和客观社会支持明显影响艾滋病相关事件的发生及强度。     

Psychosocial needs of women infected with HIV

This article describes an exploratory social work study that examined the psychosocial needs of HIV seropositive (HIV+) Caucasian women. A questionnaire was used to obtain both qualitative and quantitative data from the sample of 12 women. Further, more substantive data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 6 of the sample. Analysis of the data indicated a variety of needs which were both psychosocial and instrumental in nature. These included: information and support (especially at the time of diagnosis); assistance from health care professionals and friends; planning for present and future care of children; financial assistance; adjustment to the loss of employment; and finding accommodations. A majority of the women wanted increased contact with other HIV+ women. The need for more counselling and services specific to women and mothers was also expressed. Three interviewees were older widows whose husbands had died of AIDS. They appeared to have some unique issues. A number of dominant themes emerged from the in-depth interviews: the experience of being HIV+; experience with professional and service providers; help and support; experiences of parents; and finally, the emotional impact of being HIV+.     

Experiences of pregnant and post-partum women with HIV

Detect the experiences of pregnants and mothers that bear the HIV viruses using quimioprophylaxlis to prevent the upright transmission. A research of qualitative approach developed between march and april of 2006 on main mother-hoods in Fortaleza - Ceará. The persons were pregnants and mothers with positive HIV in the accompaniment and in the accommodations. The colect of informations happened with interviews appointments and analisys in three categories: the revelations of diagnosis to relatives, the advice and how live these persons with the advices to profilaxy of the upright transmission. We can see these women fought against conflicts and negative fellings in their lives and a individualize accompaniment by a capacitate team minimizes the emotional side of the patients.     

HIV感染孕妇妊娠结局的选择及影响因素分析

目的:了解我国高发地区HIV感染孕妇对妊娠结局的选择现状,分析相关影响因素。方法:在HIV感染相对高发的4省15个县、市、区,对2004~2006年6月间307名感染HIV的孕妇,进行面对面的问卷调查,调查内容包括人口学特征,相关行为,感染途径,预防艾滋病母婴传播(PMTCT)知识,接受PMTCT服务情况和最终的妊娠结局。结果:在研究期间,孕期已知HIV感染的妇女307名共妊娠320次,24.38%(78/320)自愿选择终止妊娠。其中,2004年自愿终止妊娠率为11.76%(10/85),2005年24.31%(35/144),2006年上半年36.26%(33/91)。选择终止妊娠的比例随着时间变化呈现出上升趋势(P<0.01)。多元Logistic回归分析显示,预防艾滋病母婴传播知识的知晓情况以及家庭现有孩子数目对妊娠结局的选择情况具有影响作用(P<0.05)。结论:需高度重视HIV感染妇女的生殖健康,避免非意愿妊娠并提供安全流产服务。同时,提供优质的咨询服务,注重知情选择妊娠结局,对保障感染HIV妇女的身心健康具有重要意义。     

HIV感染孕产妇对艾滋病相关咨询满意度及影响因素分析

目的了解HIV感染孕产妇对艾滋病相关咨询满意度,并对其影响因素进行分析。方法在新疆、云南、河南、广西4个省(自治区)15个县/市/区所有提供助产服务的医疗保健机构,为所有孕产妇提供艾滋病咨询与检测服务。自2004年12月至2008年4月之间发现的HIV感染孕产妇。由当地妇幼保健工作人员提供相关预防艾滋病母婴传播服务,与此同时,对其进行咨询满意度问卷调查。结果①本次研究共调查722名HIV感染孕产妇,其检测前、后咨询率分别为36.57%、78.33%,检测后咨询率明显高于检测前咨询率(P0.001)。HIV感染孕产妇对检测后咨询的满意度高于对检测前咨询的满意度(94.02%vs87.79%,P0.001)。②HIV感染孕产妇是否愿意接受抗逆转录病毒药物,咨询过程中是否获得预防艾滋病母婴传播知识,医生是否给予咨询帮助孕产妇选择妊娠结局,医生是否提供心理支持,都影响HIV感染孕产妇对咨询服务满意程度。结论咨询人员帮助其选择妊娠结局,给予预防艾滋病母婴传播相关知识并给予其一定的心理支持,是提高艾滋病咨询满意度的有效途径。     

Experience and covariates of depressive symptoms among a cohort of HIV infected women.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study are to assess (a) the level of depressive symptoms among a cohort of HIV infected women and comparable controls and (b) the relationship with covariates including socioeconomic status, substance use, social relations, disease status. METHODS: Participants were enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD). Data from 1993 HIV seropositive and 551 seronegative women are presented. RESULTS: Of HIV positive women 57.7% of HIV positive women scored 16 or higher on the CESD (ns) as compared to 55.0% of HIV negative women; at a cutoff of 23, the percents were 40.4% and 35.9% respectively (p = .06). The mean score was high 19.8 but not significantly different between groups. Scores were higher among women who had less education, lower income, were of Hispanic ethnicity, used alcohol or drugs, experienced domestic abuse, had more than one partner, or had less supportive relationships. Among infected women, higher CESD scores were not significantly associated with CD4 cell count but were elevated for self-reported Class C AIDS defining clinical conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The scores on the CESD were elevated for both HIV positive and HIV negative women and the differences between the groups were small. Lower socioeconomic status and social support and higher substance use and domestic abuse were associated with depressive symptoms similarly for both groups.     

Anal condyloma prevalence among HIV infected patients

BACKGROUND: In the general HIV-infected population, there are few data on the prevalence and risk factors for anal condyloma, precursor lesions for anal cancer. METHODS: Screening for perianal and endoanal condyloma with an anoscopy was systematically proposed to 516 consecutive outpatients, followed in a university hospital in Paris. For each point, HIV characteristics and sexual behaviors assessed through semi-directive questionnaire were collected. FINDINGS: The 473 (92%) examined patients, consisted of 200 homosexual men, 123 heterosexual men, 150 women; 76% were receiving HAART, HIV-RNA was<50 copies/ml in 60%, mean (+/-SD) CD4 cell count were 484 (+/-274)/mm(3). Overall, 108 (23%) pts had histologically-confirmed anal condyloma (36, 15 and 11% of the respective populations), including 51 (47%) pts with only endoanal localisation. Intraepithelial neoplasia of grade I was noted in 59 patients, of grade II in 10 and of grade III in 2 and an invasive endoanal cancer in 1. In multivariate regression analysis, condyloma independent risk factor were history of gonococcia or syphilis (OR=0.54 (0.29-0.99)), and history of previous anal condyloma (OR=2.05 (1.07-3.92) in homosexual men, history of previous penis condyloma (OR=26.8 (2.3-309.6), and unprotected sexual intercourse (OR=7.5 (2.1-26.3)) in heterosexual men and CD4 cell count below 200/mm(3), (OR=8.9 (1.5-51.6)), receptive anal intercourse (OR=6.7 (1.7-25.8)) and history of previous anal condyloma (OR=25.4 (3.4-188.2)) in women. INTERPRETATION: In the HAART era, systematic screening revealed a high rate of anal condyloma in all HIV positive pts (not only in homosexual men). Anal examination should be proposed systematically to all HIV-infected patients.     

Strategies to prevent HIV transmission among heterosexual African-American women

Background  

African-American women are disproportionately affected by HIV, accounting for 60% of all cases among women in the United States. Although their race is not a precursor for HIV, the socioeconomic and cultural disparities associated with being African American may increase their risk of infection. Prior research has shown that interventions designed to reduce HIV infection among African-American women must address the life demands and social problems they encounter. The present study used a qualitative exploratory design to elicit information about strategies to prevent HIV transmission among young, low-income African-American women.     

Experiences with fistula repair surgery among women and families in Malawi

Abstract

Fistula treatment through surgery is reported to be successful in 80–90% of cases. Success in fistula repair has been defined by medical professionals in terms of clinical outcomes; beyond these definitions, it is important to understand how women perceive a positive clinical outcome and how it affects her family and home environment. This research was conducted in the Mangochi District of Malawi to answer these questions through interviews with women living with fistula and after surgical repair, as well as their partners and families. Over 104 interviews were conducted in June and October 2007. While eventually experiencing clinically successful surgical outcomes, women reported difficulty in seeking and receiving healthcare. Bureaucratic challenges were complicated by community misperceptions about the condition and fear of the healthcare system. Perspectives of women's families suggest that burdens and social disabilities caused by fistula extended beyond the individual to affect these family members. When women experienced surgical treatment, positive outcomes spread to her family and community. Positive experiences with the healthcare system turned women into advocates for healthcare in their communities. These findings illustrate that issues of obstetric fistula are not limited to individual women, but can dramatically affect their families, partners and communities.     

Weight loss and body-composition changes in men and women infected with HIV

BACKGROUND: The nature of body-composition changes in HIV-associated weight loss is unclear. OBJECTIVE: We examined the relation between the initial percentage of body fat and the composition of weight loss in men and women with HIV infection. DESIGN: HIV-positive adults were seen at semiannual clinic visits, at which time weight, fat, and fat-free mass were determined. The unit of analysis was the person-interval. RESULTS: Five hundred fifty-one persons contributed 2266 intervals of data, of which 311 (14%) were intervals in which weight loss was >/= 5% of initial (start of interval) weight. Of these, 208 (67%) intervals met the criteria for analysis (123 from men and 85 from women). Loss of fat-free mass was dependent on the initial percentage of body fat in the men with < 32% body fat. A plot of the initial percentage of body fat compared with loss of fat-free mass (kg) suggested a nonlinear relation over the range of body fat examined. There was no clear relation between the initial percentage of body fat and loss of fat-free mass in the women. CONCLUSIONS: In men with HIV-associated weight loss, the weight lost as fat-free mass depends on the initial percentage of body fat at low levels of body fat but appears to be independent of initial percentage of body fat at high levels of body fat. In women with HIV-associated weight loss who have normal-to-high body fat stores, loss of fat-free mass is independent of the initial percentage of body fat.     

At-risk behaviors with regard to HIV and addiction among women in prison.

The bulk of studies pertaining to addiction among delinquents have been conducted on male subjects. However, the few studies examining female inmates show that a significant proportion of them present an addictive disorder. Furthermore, the HIV infection rate is higher among these women than among incarcerated men. This study attempts to verify if women presenting a combination of criminal and addictive behaviors are at a higher risk of developing an earlier and a more severe delinquency than other delinquent women. Another goal is to determine whether women showing this comorbidity present a higher incidence of HIV-related risk behaviors. The study was conducted on a sample of 210 women from the Montreal detention center. It shows that addicted inmates present earlier onsets of both drug use and criminal behaviors compared to other female inmates. Addicted women also exhibit significantly more HIV-related risky behaviors, both in their drug use and in their sexual practices.     

HIV感染者免疫状态与病毒载量的关系

目的了解HIV感染者体内CD3、CD4、CD8细胞计数与病毒载量间的关系。方法对无锡市2014—2015年199例HIV确证阳性者开展CD3、CD4、CD8淋巴细胞计数检测和病毒载量测定,细胞计数采用流式细胞仪的绝对计数法,病毒载量采用荧光定量PCR法。结果 199例HIV确证阳性者细胞计数范围,CD3为277~5 215/μL,CD4为12~1 183/μL,CD8为141~4 176/μL,196份(占98.49%)的标本CD4/CD8比值1。CD3、CD4细胞计数与HIV病毒载量(对数转换)均呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.238(P=0.038)、-0.350(P0.01)。CD8细胞计数、CD4/CD8细胞比值与HIV病毒载量(对数转换)无统计学上的相关关系。结论 HIV病毒载量与CD3、CD4淋巴细胞含量有一定的相关性。     

5省艾滋病高发地区HIV感染孕产妇应用抗逆转录病毒药物影响因素分析

目的了解HIV抗体咨询与检测对孕产妇应用抗逆转录病毒药物依从性的影响。方法 2006年1月至2010年12月在全国艾滋病相对高发地区的23个市/县/区开展艾滋病母婴传播队列研究。对1414名HIV感染孕产妇及所生儿童的人口学特征、应用抗逆转录病毒药物方案、孕产妇接受预防艾滋病母婴传播自愿咨询与检测服务的情况进行问卷调查。结果 1414名HIV感染孕产妇中,有1120名（79.77%）感染孕产妇接受了抗逆转录病毒药物,有87.69%儿童应用了抗逆转录病毒药物。将单因素中对用药产生影响的变量纳入多因素Logistic回归模型,结果显示,接受过检测前、后咨询服务的HIV感染孕产妇应用抗逆转录病毒药物的比例分别是未接受过检测前、后咨询者的1.99倍和3.08倍（OR=1.99,95%CI：1.37～2.89;OR=3.08,95%CI：1.16～8.20）。若HIV感染孕产妇是既往感染者,则其接受抗逆转录病毒药物的可能性较大（OR=4.11,95%CI：2.72～6.20）。结论提高HIV抗体检测咨询覆盖和服务质量,有助于提高HIV感染孕产妇对抗逆转录病毒药物的应用。     

Factors associated with HIV risk perception among hospital postpartum women

OBJECTIVE: To assess factors associated with perception of HIV infection risk among postpartum women admitted to charitable maternity hospitals. METHODS: The study sample comprised 384 postpartum women admitted to two charitable maternity hospitals in the city of S?o Paulo, Brazil. Data collection was carried out from January to March 2000. All women were interviewed 12 hours after delivery and data was collected on sociodemographics, STD/AIDS knowledge and attitudes (independent variables) and cultural issues (dependent variables), and "whether she considered herself at risk for HIV infection" (dependent variable). Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Nearly 29% of postpartum women considered themselves at risk for HIV infection. They were single, had prior STD and believed "married men enjoy himself in the same way as single men do". Prevention and health maintenance behaviors were also identified. CONCLUSIONS: Women's knowledge on AIDS seems to affect their individual risk perception. Future HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns should be focused on increasing couples and adolescents' involvement.     

Precursive depression among HIV infected AIDS caregivers over time

This study examines depression among HIV infected AIDS caregivers, documenting and explaining variation in health within a stress proliferation framework. Longitudinal data for 376 HIV- and HIV+ caregiving men who self-identify as gay are analyzed to establish how changes in depression are influenced by care-related stressors and by being a member of the gay, HIV-affected community. This research identifies the mechanisms by which the caregiver stress process unfolds distinctively among caregivers with AIDS-related health problems, in comparison to HIV- caregivers. Three waves of data are analyzed using longitudinal multiple regression models. Among HIV infected caregivers, mental health is affected by deteriorating health, perceptions of AIDS alienation/stigma, internalized homophobia, role overload, and financial worry. For both groups, depression is a function of social constriction and AIDS-related bereavement. The precursive nature of caregiving among these HIV infected men may magnify the stress of being in poor health, gay, and stigmatized.