儿科三角评估法在输液室患儿病情观察中的应用

目的 探讨儿科三角评估法在输液室患儿病情观察中的应用价值.方法 对输液室患儿采用儿童三角评估法评估病情,根据病情将患儿标注为稳定组和不稳定组.抽取不稳定组与稳定组患儿各500例,对两组患儿进行相关指标分析.结果 不稳定组与稳定组患儿抢救室滞留时间、住院率、入住ICU率、C-反应蛋白、白细胞计数比较,差异有统计学意义(均...     

Continuous incisional infusion of local anesthetic in pediatric patients following open heart surgery

Aim: To determine the efficacy and safety of a continuous subcutaneous local anesthetic (LA) infusion in pediatric patients following open heart surgery. Background: The use of a continuous LA infusion has been shown to be beneficial following adult cardiac surgery. To date there are no studies in the pediatric population. Methods/Materials: Using a prospective, randomized, and double blind design, we compared LA, either 0.25% levobupivacaine or bupivacaine (Treatment Group) to saline (Placebo Group) delivered subcutaneously via a continuous infusion for 72 h after open heart surgery in 72 patients. Requirements for postoperative analgesics and pain scores were recorded for 72 h and plasma levels of local anesthetic were measured. Secondary outcomes measures included time to first oral intake, time to first bowel movement, time to urinary catheter removal, length of stay, requirements for antiemetics and additional sedation. Results: Total morphine requirements over the first 24 h were less in the Treatment Group than the Placebo Group (0.05 mg·kg^?1 vs 0.2 mg·kg^?1, P = 0.007); this was true for all patient groups except those patients weighing less than 6.3 kg. The number of patients requiring no morphine was greater in the Treatment Group (7/35 vs 1/37, P = 0.02). The Treatment Group also received less midazolam, lorazepam, and ketorolac than the Placebo Group over 72 h due to the reduced clinical need for these agents in patients weighing less than 31 kg. There were no differences in secondary outcomes. Conclusions: A continuous incisional infusion of LA reduced postoperative analgesic requirement and sedative use in pediatric patients undergoing a median sternotomy incision. Dosed at a maximum rate of 0.4 mg·kg^?1·h^?1, a continuous incisional infusion of LA is effective and safe for up to 72 h, with plasma levels of local anesthetic well below the toxic threshold.     

闭环靶控输注罗库溴铵在患儿麻醉中的应用

目的比较闭环靶控与传统持续两种不同药物输注方法,输注罗库溴铵在患儿麻醉中的效果。方法择期行下腹部手术的患儿86例,男53例,女33例,年龄1～3岁,BMI 14～21 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。用随机数字表法分为闭环组(C组)和持续组(S组),每组43例。诱导时两组均给予罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg,当四个成串刺激中第一次肌颤搐(T1)到达最大阻滞时气管插管。麻醉维持C组使用T1闭环肌松模式,设置T1=20%为增药条件,增药速度30μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1),维持速度1.60μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1),自动调整罗库溴铵用量。S组恒速泵注罗库溴铵5μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1),肌松不满意时单次追加罗库溴铵0.2 mg/kg。记录术中丙泊酚总用量、瑞芬太尼总用量和罗库溴铵总用量,罗库溴铵追加次数。记录两组肌松恢复指数(RI)、罗库溴铵停药至术毕时间、手术时间、麻醉时间、拔管时间和PACU停留时间。记录术后呼吸抑制、低氧血症等麻醉并发症发生情况。结果 C组RI明显低于S组(P0.05)、罗库溴铵追加次数明显低于S组(P0.05),拔管时间明显短于S组(P0.05)。两组丙泊酚总用量、瑞芬太尼总用量、罗库溴铵总用量、罗库溴铵停药至术毕时间、手术时间、麻醉时间和PACU停留时间差异无统计学意义。两组均未见术后呼吸抑制,低氧血症等麻醉相关并发症。结论与持续输注法比较,闭环靶控输注罗库溴铵用于1～3岁患儿下腹部手术的恢复指数明显降低,肌松恢复更快速,术中患儿肌松效果更加确切,稳定。     

闭环靶控输注顺式阿曲库铵在腹腔镜手术患儿中的应用

目的 比较闭环靶控和间断给药两种方法输注顺式阿曲库铵在腹腔镜手术患儿中的效果.方法 选择择期行腹腔镜手术患儿72例,男45例,女27例,年龄2～8岁,BMI 14～21 kg/m2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级.采用随机数表法将患儿分为闭环组(C组)和间断组(I组),每组36例.麻醉诱导时两组均给予顺式阿曲库铵0.15 mg/kg....     

儿科新护士换液操作的系统培训

目的对儿科新护士换液操作进行专项培训,提高新护士安全意识与应对能力,确保患儿输液安全。方法将2004年1月至2009年12月进入儿科工作<3年的护士45名设为对照组,2008年1月至2011年10月进入儿科工作<3年的护士82名设为观察组。对照组采用常规上岗带教培训方法;观察组采用系统培训方法,包括理论讲授、操作示范、角色换位训练与考核、上岗考核等。结果观察组护士培训后理论和操作成绩显著优于对照组(均P<0.01),与换液有关护理不良事件发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论规范化的换液培训可提高儿科新护士输液操作水平,有效地减少护理不良事件的发生。     

Assessing the utility of ultrasound-guided vascular access placement with longer catheters in critically ill pediatric patients

Background

Critically ill pediatric patients can have difficulty with establishing and maintaining stable vascular access. A long-dwelling peripheral intravenous catheter placement decreases the need for additional vascular interventions.

Aim

The study sought to compare longevity, catheter-associated complications, and the need for additional vascular interventions when using ultrasound-guided longer peripheral intravenous catheters comparing to a traditional approach using standard-sized peripheral intravenous catheters in pediatric critically ill patients with difficult vascular access.

Methods

This single-center retrospective cohort study included children 0–18 years of age with difficult vascular access admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit between 01/01/2018–06/01/2021.

Results

One hundred and eighty seven placements were included in the study, with 99 ultrasound-guided long intravenous catheters placed and 88 traditionally placed standard-sized intravenous catheters. In the univariate analysis, patients in the traditional approach were at a higher risk of intravenous failure compared to those in the ultrasound-guided approach (HR = 2.20, 95% CI [1.45–3.34], p = .001), with median intravenous survival times of 108 and 219 h, respectively. Adjusting for age, patients in the traditional approach remained at higher risk of intravenous failure (HR = 1.99, 95% CI: [1.28–3.08], p = .002). Adjusting for hospital length of stay, patients in the ultrasound-guided approach were less likely to have additional peripheral intravenous access placed during hospitalization (OR = 0.39, 95% CI [0.18–0.85] p = .017).

Conclusion

In critically ill pediatric patients with difficult vascular access, ultrasound-guided long peripheral intravenous catheters provide an alternative to traditional approach standard-sized intravenous catheters with improved longevity, lower failure rates, and reduced need for additional vascular interventions.     

Transperitoneal laparoscopic pyelolithotomy after failed percutaneous access in the pediatric patient

PURPOSE: We present our experience with transperitoneal laparoscopic pyelolithotomy in pediatric patients in whom percutaneous renal access failed and the stone burden warranted open intervention. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A transperitoneal laparoscopic approach was used for pyelolithotomy in 8 patients 3 months to 10 years old (mean age 4 years). Percutaneous access failed secondary to a nondilated system and/or an occluding lower pole calculus. Inclusion criteria were failed percutaneous access secondary to a nondilated system and/or stone occlusion of the lower pole system and failed shock wave lithotripsy or a stone burden of greater than 2.5 cm2. A posterior pelviotomy was made. Stones in the renal pelvis were removed with rigid graspers under direct laparoscopic vision. A flexible cystoscope was introduced through a port if caliceal stones were present. The renal pelvis was reconstructed. A watertight anastomosis was verified. RESULTS: Average operative time was 1.6 hours (range 0.8 to 2.3). Mean hospital stay was 2.15 days (range 2 to 3). A range of 1 to 3 stones (median of 1) were removed and the mean stone burden was 2.9 cm2. No intraoperative complications were noted. Stone analysis revealed 3 patients with calcium oxalate stones, 1 with a calcium phosphate stone and 4 with cysteine stones. There was 1 patient with stone recurrence at a mean followup of 12 months (range 3 to 20). Thus, the overall long-term stone-free rate was 87.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Transperitoneal laparoscopic pyelolithotomy is feasible when percutaneous access fails and open pyelolithotomy is considered due to a large stone burden.     

The effects of intravenous lidocaine infusion on hospital stay after major abdominal pediatric surgery. A randomized double-blinded study

BackgroundLidocaine attenuates the stress response to surgery when given intravenously. This study investigated the effect of perioperative lidocaine infusion on hormonal responses, bowel function and hospital stay after major abdominal surgeries in pediatrics.MethodsAfter obtaining the Research Ethics Board (REB) approval and written informed parental consent, 80 pediatric patients aged 1–6 years, ASA II, III scheduled for abdominal major surgery were randomly allocated into two groups, each of forty children. Twenty minutes before induction, children in placebo group received saline in a rate of 1.5 ml/kg/h and those in lidocaine group received lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg intravenously then infusion of 1.5 mg/kg/h up to 6 h postoperatively. Length of hospital stay and return of bowel function were reported. Plasma cortisol was recorded at baseline, 10 min after continuous infusion, 5 min after intubation and 10 min after extubation. Serum lidocaine concentrations were recorded 10 min after start of infusion, 10 min and 4 h after extubation.ResultsPatients in placebo group showed significant higher plasma cortisol concentrations (P = 0.001) in response to induction of anesthesia and extended postoperatively when compared to lidocaine group.Hospital stay was significantly less in lidocaine group (5 ± 2 days) compared to placebo group (7 ± 2 days; P = 0.03). Also, fentanyl (μg/kg/d) requirement was significantly less in lidocaine group (5.4 ± 2.9 on 1st postoperative day and 4.1 ± 2.6 on 2nd postoperative day) compared to placebo group (14.4 ± 2.5 on 1st postoperative day and 12.6 ± 3.3 on 2nd postoperative day). Moreover, return of bowel function was earlier in lidocaine group compared to placebo group (19 ± 6.2 h vs. 23 ± 3.65 h respectively).ConclusionIntravenous lidocaine infusion, started preoperatively and continued for 6 h postoperatively, attenuated stress response to major abdominal pediatric surgery. It also decreased hospital stay, opioid requirement and hastened return of bowel function.     

老年患者瑞芬太尼分步靶控输注复合异丙酚麻醉效果

目的 观察瑞芬太尼分步靶控输注全麻对老年患者腹腔镜下胆囊切除术时应激反应抑制、循环和苏醒的影响.方法 60例ASA Ⅰ一Ⅲ患者随机分成4组,每组15例.麻醉诱导时A组、B组、C组和D组分别给予0.06 ms/kg芬太尼、血浆靶浓度4.0μ/L输入芬太尼、血浆靶浓度4.0μg/L输入瑞芬太尼及血浆靶浓度从2.0μg/L分阶段增至4.0μg/L输入瑞芬太尼,同时给予血浆靶浓度3.0μg/L异丙酚及维库溴胺完成麻醉诱导.除B组在胆囊取出后停止芬太尼输入外,各组所有药物均在术毕时停止输入.予10、T1、T2、T3和T4点记录血流动力学参数及测定血清皮质醇、醛固酮和血糖浓度.记录苏醒拔管时间、术毕至出恢复审时间、拔管时OAA/S评分和从术毕至OAA/S评分达5分时间.记录麻醉手术过程中血管活性药物应用情况.结果 4组患者在麻醉诱导时MAP及HR均有不同程度下降,C组最为明显,MAP及HR分别下降至(59±12)mm Hg和(54±6)次/min(P<0.05);4组患者苏醒拔管时MAP及HR均增加,A、B两组增加显著,分别增高至(113±13)mm Hg、(81μ8)次.min和(110μ12)mm Hg、(80μ7)次/min(P<0.05);A、B两组T4点皮质醇、醛固酮浓度比T0点明显增高(P<0.05);C组阿托品、麻黄碱、艾司洛尔和乌拉地尔使用总次数为20次,比其余3组明显增加(P<0.05).C、D两组拔管时间、出恢复室时间和OAA/S评分至5分时间比A、B两组明显缩短(P<0.05);C、D两组拔管时OAA/S评分明显高于A、B两组(P<0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼TCI可有效抑制老年患者气管插管和上腹部手术等刺激引起的应激反应,苏醒迅速且质量高,分步TCI时循环更加平稳.     

Specialist training in pediatric anesthesia – the Scandinavian approach

There has been a great deal of focus on specialist training in pediatric anesthesia in the last decade or so. Internationally, however, there is still no uniform agreement as to how such a training program should be arranged and organized. Since September 2003, the Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine has coordinated an advanced Inter-Nordic educational program in pediatric anesthesia and intensive care. The training program is managed by a Steering Committee. This program is intended for physicians who recently have received their specialist degree in anesthesiology and intensive care. The training period is 12 months of which 9 months are dedicated to pediatric anesthesia and 3 months to pediatric intensive care. During the 1-year training period, the candidates are designated a Scandinavian host clinic (at a tertiary pediatric center in Scandinavia approved by the Steering Committee). The host clinic employs the candidate in an appropriate position for the duration of the training program. The program also includes three theoretical courses each of 4 days duration and a 4-week exchange module at another pediatric center inside or outside Scandinavia. In this article the Scandinavian training program in pediatric anesthesia and intensive care is presented and discussed in more details. International collaboration on how best to arrange and organize a training program in pediatric anesthesia and intensive care is encouraged.     

加速康复外科在肾移植术后静脉补液中的应用

目的探讨加速康复外科(ERAS)在肾移植术后静脉补液中的应用。 方法回顾性分析陆军军医大学第一附属医院124例肾移植受者临床资料。根据肾移植术后多尿期每24小时静脉补液量分为3组，A组每24小时静脉补液量2 500～<4 000 mL，术后6 h进食流质；B组每24小时补液量4 000～6 000 mL，肛门排气后进食；C组每24小时补液量>6 000 mL，肛门排气后进食。采用单因素方差分析比较3组受者术后1周中心静脉压(CVP)、心率、血压、尿量和血糖以及平均特护时间、平均住院日和术后1个月血清肌酐。采用χ²检验比较3组受者性别、供肾类型以及术后高血糖、伤口延迟愈合和移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)发生率。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果A、B和C组受者术后1个月血清肌酐分别为(110±23)、(114±22)和(118±22)μmol/L，差异无统计学意义(F＝1.19，P>0.05)。A组受者术后1周CVP、收缩压、尿量和血糖均低于B、C组(P均<0.05)，平均特护时间和平均住院日均短于B、C组(P均<0.05)。3组受者术后高血糖和DGF发生率差异均无统计学意义(χ²＝4.581和0.404，P均>0.05)，A组受者伤口愈合延迟发生率低于C组(χ²＝7.303，P<0.017)。仅C组1例受者因心力衰竭和肺水肿死亡。 结论ERAS适用于肾移植受者术后静脉补液策略，鼓励受者尽早饮水进食，在保证血压正常或偏高的情况下，适当减少静脉补液量，有利于减少并发症，促进受者恢复。     

Anomalies in target‐controlled infusion: an analysis after 20 years of clinical use

Although target‐controlled infusion has been in use for more than two decades, its benefits are being obscured by anomalies in clinical practice caused by a number of important problems. These include: a variety of pharmacokinetic models available in open target‐controlled infusion systems, which often confuse the user; the extrapolation of anthropomorphic data which provokes anomalous adjustments of dosing by such systems; and the uncertainty of regulatory requirements for the application of target‐controlled infusion which causes uncontrolled exploitation of drugs and pharmacokinetic models in target‐controlled infusion devices. Comparison of performance of pharmacokinetic models is complex and mostly inconclusive. However, a specific behaviour of a model in a target‐controlled infusion system that is neither intended nor supported by scientific data can be considered an artefact or anomaly. Several of these anomalies can be identified in the current commercially available target‐controlled infusion systems and are discussed in this review.     

Training in pediatric anesthesia for registrars – UK National survey

Background:  The aim of this National survey was to review the training provided in pediatric anesthesia to all registrars across all deaneries in the United Kingdom. The Royal College of Anaesthetists (RCA) recognizes training in pediatric anesthesia as an important training module for specialist registrars in years 1 and 2 of their training and recommends that this training should be delivered in 1–3-month blocks.
Methods:  This was a simple online survey ( http://www.esurveyspro.com ). We aimed to contact all registrars via the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland and the RCA.
Results:  Our survey indicated that there is wide variation in the duration of modular training across all deaneries. Three hundred and sixty-two registrars (65.5%) thought that the implementation of the European working time directives (EWTD) would hamper training in this specialty. One hundred and sixty-seven trainees (42.7%) spent more than 75% of their time doing pediatric anesthesia during their training module. Only 34 trainees (6.4%) had the opportunity to anesthetize children every week in District General Hospitals (DGHs), while 280 trainees (53.03%) said they did not have regular pediatric lists in DGHs.
Conclusions:  It will be necessary to increase the duration of modular training with the implementation of EWTD. Modular training in pediatric anesthesia should be provided as a dedicated and protected module. Training opportunities in DGHs are limited. There is also a need for new guidelines, as current guidelines regarding pediatric anesthesia training will be outdated with the implementation of EWTD.     

Ultrasound-guided perineural catheter and local anesthetic infusion in the perioperative management of pediatric limb salvage: a case report

Local anesthetic perineural infusion has emerged as an effective analgesic technique in pediatric patients, but it can also complement surgical perioperative management in complex cases that require optimal tissue perfusion such as limb salvage. We report the successful use of brachial plexus perineural infusion in the care of a child following near-amputation of her dominant hand. An ultrasound-guided infraclavicular brachial plexus catheter was placed in the recovery room after complex reconstructive surgery and a continuous infusion of 0.2% ropivacaine maintained for 24 days. The resultant sympathectomy was integral to providing distal limb perfusion despite partial restenosis of the surgical revascularization.     

术中静脉输注利多卡因在加速康复外科中的研究进展

随着加速康复外科(ERAS)理念和实践的不断普及推广,围术期多模式镇痛以及多模式预防术后恶心呕吐(PONV)等治疗策略越来越被重视。术中静脉输注利多卡因是多模式镇痛的主要策略之一,可以有效提高术后镇痛满意率、减少围术期阿片类药物用量、预防并减轻PONV、加速胃肠道功能恢复等。本文在国际ERAS学会发布的系列指南基础上,总结术中静脉输注利多卡因在不同类型手术中的临床应用进展。     

靶控输注静脉麻醉在眶壁骨折修复术中的应用

目的 对比眶壁骨折修复术中应用瑞芬太尼丙？白酚全凭静脉麻醉与舒芬太尼七氟醚静吸复合麻醉临床麻醉效果的差异性,探讨眶壁骨折修复术更为合理的麻醉方法.方法 对应用眶壁骨折修复术治疗的132例眶壁骨折患者,根据麻醉方案分为观察组66例和对照组66例.观察组采用靶控输注(TCI)全凭静脉麻醉,对照组采用静吸复合麻醉;跟踪随访,对比两组的临床应用情况.结果 麻醉诱导后,两组患者平均动脉压(MAP)及心率(HR)显著下降(P＜0.05).观察组的MAP为(112.85±27.61) mmHg,显著高于对照组(100.27 ±22.78) mmHg;观察组的HR为(75.56±6.47)次/min,显著高于对照组(70.54±6.27)次/min,P＜0.05,其差异具有统计学意义.观察组患者的睁眼时间为(4.97±2.43) min,自主呼吸时间为(4.89±1.83) min,拔管时间为(6.37±2.17) min,镇静效果评分(OAAS)为(3.45±0.89)分,不良反应发生率(18.18％)均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),其差异具有统计学意义.结论 与常规静吸复合麻醉相比,瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚TCI全凭静脉麻醉不仅能够显著改善患者的麻醉效果,而且安全性更好,值得临床推广应用.