电视胸腔镜辅助肺叶切除及系统性淋巴结清扫术治疗肺癌的临床分析

目的探讨肺癌患者采用电视胸腔镜辅助肺叶切除及系统性淋巴结清扫术的临床操作方法、技术要点和适应证等。方法 2007年2月至2008年2月我科收治了60例周围型原发性支气管肺癌患者,男36例,女24例;年龄34～79岁,平均年龄55岁。根据采用的手术术式不同,将60例患者分为两组,电视胸腔镜辅助(VAMT)组(n=30):行电视胸腔镜辅助肺叶切除及系统性肺门、纵隔淋巴结清扫术;传统开胸组(n=30):采用传统手术方法行肺叶切除及系统性肺门、纵隔淋巴结清扫术。结果两组患者均无死亡。VAMT组患者切口长度(6.8±1.1cmvs.21.5±3.4cm)、术后杜冷丁用量(52.5±10.2mgvs.228.3±32.6mg)、术后胸腔引流时间(3.2±0.8dvs.5.7±1.5d)和术后住院时间(6.3±1.4dvs.8.5±1.8d)短于或少于传统开胸组(P0.05);而清扫淋巴结数、术中出血量和术后胸腔引流量两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对可手术的原发性肺癌患者行电视胸腔镜辅助下系统性淋巴结清扫术是可行的,在淋巴结清扫的彻底性方面能达到常规开胸手术的效果,并且创伤小、术后并发症少。     

机器人辅助日间肺癌手术的麻醉

随着低剂量CT筛查的推广,早期肺癌手术的需求量明显增加。经过严格筛查,部分患者可以进行日间肺癌手术。与电视胸腔镜手术和开放手术相比,机器人辅助胸科手术的创伤更小,可能更有利于患者的快速康复。同时,机器人辅助日间肺癌手术也对麻醉全流程提出了更高的要求。本综述以加速康复外科的原则和方法为基础,根据日间手术和机器人辅助肺癌手术的特点,从术前麻醉评估、术中麻醉管理、术后随访及出院标准等方面对机器人辅助日间肺癌手术的麻醉要点进行探讨。     

机器人辅助肺癌根治日间手术的要点探析

快速康复理念正逐渐被外科医生所接受,而日间手术是快速康复理念的集中体现。机器人手术操作灵活、精确、平稳,其微创能力较传统胸腔镜手术更加明显,因此更加适合应用于日间手术。目前,机器人肺外科日间手术在国内尚未大量开展,其术中、术后管理经验仍较为缺乏。笔者所在医院在大规模开展机器人手术的基础上,进行了少量机器人肺外科日间手术的尝试。本文主要针机器人肺外科日间手术的患者选择、手术体位、手术方式、术中特殊情况处理等进行经验总结,为未来机器人肺外科手术围手术期的规范化提供思路。     

肺癌手术中淋巴结清扫的现状与进展

淋巴结转移是肺癌主要而常见的转移途径,也是术后癌残留而导致复发和转移的主要因素,肺癌手术中纵隔、肺门淋巴结清扫至关重要。但目前淋巴结的清扫方式尚不统一,有系统淋巴结清扫术（CMLND）、根治性淋巴结清扫术、淋巴结采样、系统淋巴结采样以及前哨淋巴结技术导航切除,并且随着微创外科的发展,胸腔镜下淋巴结清扫也日趋成熟。而寻求一个更规范、更完善的淋巴结清扫方式甚有必要。现就目前肺癌手术中纵隔、肺门淋巴结清扫的临床意义、清扫方式、清扫范围以及胸腔镜下淋巴结清扫的现状以及展望进行综述。     

全胸腔镜下非小细胞肺癌淋巴结清扫的对比研究

目的探讨全胸腔镜下非小细胞肺癌根治术中区域淋巴结清扫的可行性、安全性及临床价值。方法我院2009年10月～2011年12月对181例周围型非小细胞肺癌分别施行全胸腔镜（全胸腔镜组,n=77）及传统开胸（传统开胸组,n=104）肺癌根治术,比较2组术中清扫淋巴结数、转移的阳性淋巴结数、手术时间、术中出血量、术后第1天胸管引流量及术后带胸引管时间和住院时间等情况。结果2组患者无围手术期死亡,全胸腔镜组手术时间（13I．0±25．6）min,与传统开胸组（129．2±26．8）min比较无显著差异（t=0．455,P=0．649）,术中出血量（140．8±110．6）ml与传统开胸组（148．1±96．8）ml比较无显著差异（t=-0．472,P=0．638）,术后带胸引管时间（8．4±3．1）d与传统开胸组（8．2±2．3）d比较无统计学差异（t=0．498,P=0．619）,术后住院时间（9．8±3．7）d与传统开胸组（10．6±2．1）d比较无统计学差异（t=-1．841,P=0．067）,清扫淋巴结（20．1±7．7）枚与传统开胸组（18．9±5．6）枚比较无统计学差异（t=1．214,P=0．226）。全胸腔镜组术后第1天胸液量（260．9±111．9）ml,显著少于传统开胸组（322．8±103．6）ml（t=3．841,P=0．000）。术后近期复发率全胸腔镜组5．2％（4／77）与传统开胸组5．8％（6／104）无统计学差异（∥=0．000,P=1．000）。全胸腔镜组转移率6．5％（5／77）与传统开胸组8．6％（9／104）无统计学差异（x。=0．289,P=0．591）。结论全胸腔镜下肺癌根治术淋巴结清扫治疗周围型肺癌 安全、有效、可行,术后胸液量少,在淋巴结清扫的彻底性方面能达到常规开胸手术的效果。     

全胸腔镜下非小细胞肺癌淋巴结清扫的临床研究

目的探讨电视胸腔镜下非小细胞肺癌根治术中区域淋巴结清扫的临床效果。方法选取我院2007年5月～2008年10月31例周围型非小细胞肺癌,在全胸腔镜（VATS组,n=14）及胸腔镜辅助小切口（VAMT组,n=17）下行肺癌根治术,比较2组术中清扫淋巴结数、转移的阳性淋巴结数及术后随访情况。结果2组患者无围手术期死亡及严重围手术期并发症,VATS组手术时间（193±92）min与VAMT组（188±101）min相比无统计学差异（t=0.143,P=0.887）,VATS组术中出血量（592±123）ml与VAMT组（648±120）ml相比无统计学差异（t=-1.297,P=0.211）,VAMT组每例清扫淋巴结数（14.6±7.5）枚与VATS组（15.2±4.5）枚无统计学差异显著性（t=0.262,P=0.795）,术后1年内复发或转移率VATS组（3/14,21.4%）与VAMT组（2/15,13.3%）相比无统计学差异（P=0.651）。结论全胸腔镜下肺癌根治术不辅加胸部小切口,在减少创伤的同时可完成标准的肺癌根治术。     

全胸腔镜肺癌根治术淋巴结清扫的探讨

目的探讨全胸腔镜下肺叶切除治疗临床Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌淋巴结清扫的安全性和可行性。方法 2006年1月～2008年12月,160例临床Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌接受全腔镜下肺叶切除术、纵隔淋巴结清扫,采用不撑开肋骨三孔法,并与同期247例接受常规开放手术的Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌进行比较。结果胸腔镜组淋巴结清扫组数(2.4±1.5)组与开胸组(2.6±1.6)组无显著差异(t=1.262,P=0.208),胸腔镜组清扫淋巴结(9.8±6.2)枚,与开胸组(9.9±5.9)枚无统计学差异(t=-0.160,P=0.873)。开胸组并发症发生率11.7%(29/247)和围手术期死亡率2.8%(7/247)与胸腔镜组并发症发生率9.4%(15/160)和围手术期死亡率0.6%(1/160)无显著差异(χ2=0.564,P=0.453;χ2=1.446,P=0.229)。胸腔镜组生存情况优于开胸组(χ2=5.373,P=0.020)。结论全胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗临床Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌在技术上是安全可行的,其淋巴结清扫可达到开放手术的范围,远期疗效不亚于开放手术。     

机器人辅助肺癌手术中国临床专家共识

机器人手术系统已经广泛应用于各种类型的肺切除手术,在中国胸外科医师的不懈努力下,中国机器人肺切除手术的数量以及质量均达到令人瞩目的水平.随着技术进步及推广,机器人手术的普及率也不断提高.为进一步规范临床诊疗行为,保障诊疗质量,促进该技术规范、稳步发展,中国医师协会医学机器人医师分会胸外科专业委员会组织国内相关专家,制定...     

Comparison between robot-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for mediastinal and hilar lymph node dissection in lung cancer surgery

 Open in a separate windowOBJECTIVESLymph node dissection (LND) with robot-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (RATS) in lung cancer surgery has not been fully evaluated. The aim of this study was to compare LND surgical results between video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and RATS.METHODSWe retrospectively compared perioperative parameters, including the incidence of LND-associated complications (chylothorax, recurrent and/or phrenic nerve paralysis and bronchopleural fistula), lymph node (LN) counts and postoperative locoregional recurrence, among 390 patients with primary lung cancer who underwent lobectomy and mediastinal LND by RATS (n = 104) or VATS (n = 286) at our institution.RESULTSThe median total dissected LN numbers significantly differed between the RATS and the VATS groups (RATS: 18, VATS: 15; P < 0.001). They also significantly differed in right upper zone and hilar (#2R + #4R + #10L) (RATS: 12, VATS: 10; P = 0.002), left lower paratracheal and hilar (#4L + #10L) (RATS: 4, VATS: 3; P = 0.019), aortopulmonary zone (#5 + #6) (RATS: 3, VATS: 2; P = 0.001) and interlobar and lobar (#11 + #12) LNs (RATS: 7, VATS: 6; P = 0.041). The groups did not significantly differ in overall nodal upstaging (P = 0.64), total blood loss (P = 0.69) or incidence of LND-associated complications (P = 0.77).CONCLUSIONSIn this comparison, it was suggested that more LNs could be dissected using RATS than VATS, especially in bilateral superior mediastinum and hilar regions. Accumulation of more cases and longer observation periods are needed to verify whether RATS can provide the acceptable quality of LND and local control of lung cancer.     

Lobectomy with extended lymph node dissection by video-assisted thoracic surgery for lung cancer

Background: Between September 1992 and September 1996, we performed 88 VATS (video-assisted thoracic surgery) lobectomies and two VATS pneumonectomies. Methods: The indications for surgery were 68 cases of lung cancer, nine cases of bronchiectasis, six cases of tuberculosis, and seven cases of benign lesions. Of the 68 cases of lung cancer, 36 were treated by VATS lobectomy with extended lymph node dissection for clinical stage I lung cancer, making full use of recently developed devices for thoracoscopic surgery, such as roticulating endoscissors, miniretractors, endoclips, and harmonic scalpels. Results: Twenty-four lymph nodes were resected on average (range, 10 to 51) by VATS. This number was comparable to lymph nodes resected in open thoracotomy during the same period. Among the 36 patients who underwent extended lymph node dissection, 20 showed no lymph node metastasis postoperatively (stage I), while 16 had N1 or N2 cancer. All patients with stage I cancer have survived 4 to 36 months (median: 17 months) with no signs of recurrence. Conclusions: This survival of stage I lung cancer after VATS is comparable to that of open thoracotomy. We thus believe that VATS lobectomy with extended lymph node dissection can be an alternative to standard posterolateral thoracotomy for stage I lung cancer. Received: 10 May 1996/Accepted: 19 November 1996     

肺癌淋巴结转移规律的临床研究

目的 探讨原发性肺癌淋巴结转移频率,分布范围及特点,为广泛廓清提供依据。方法 按Ｎａｒｕｋｅ肺癌淋巴结分布图对３８６例肺癌病人施行了手术切除及广泛肺门、叶间及纵隔淋巴结廓清术。结果 清除淋巴结２６０３组,Ｎ１淋巴结转移率２０．１％,Ｎ２淋巴结转移率１６．２％。Ｔ１,Ｔ２,Ｔ３间淋巴结经差异非常显著。     

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目的 分析进展期胃癌胃周淋巴结转移及淋巴结清除与病人预后的关系。方法 对1982－1992年间收治并行手术治疗的进展期胃癌299例进行统计分析。结果 肿瘤进展与淋巴结转移的程度显著相关（P＜0.05）。淋巴结转移有无、淋巴结清扫与术后生存直接相关，对于侵及浆膜下或侵出浆膜并伴有远处淋巴结转移的病例，淋巴结清扫仍能提高术后生存率（P＜0.05）。结论 严格的淋巴结清扫可以提高胃癌病人术后生存率。     

Factors affecting major morbidity after video-assisted thoracic surgery for lung cancer

Background

Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has been widely applied in the treatment of lung cancer. However, few studies have focused on the clinical factors predicting the major postoperative complications.

Methods

Clinical data from 525 patients who underwent resection of primary lung cancer with VATS from January 2007–August 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. Risk factors related to major postoperative complications were assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses with logistic regression.

Results

Major complications occurred in 36 (6.86%) patients, of which seven died (1.33%) within 30 d, postoperatively. Major complications included respiratory failure, hemothorax, myocardial infarction, heart failure, bronchial fistula, cerebral infarction, and pulmonary embolism. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that age >70 y (odds ratio [OR], 2.105; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.205–3.865), forced expiratory volume during the first second expressed as a percentage of predicted ≤70% (OR, 2.106; 95% CI 1.147–3.982) combined with coronary heart disease (OR, 2.257; 95% CI 1.209–4.123) were independent prognostic factors for major complications.

Conclusions

Age >70 and forced expiratory volume during the first second expressed as a percentage of predicted ≤70% combined with coronary heart disease are independent prognostic factors for postoperative major complications. Patients in these groups should undergo careful preoperative evaluation and perioperative management.     

非小细胞肺癌淋巴结清扫方式临床研究

目的 比较非小细胞肺癌不同纵隔淋巴结清扫方式间的差异,为规范化开展肺癌淋巴结清扫临床研究提供依据.方法 在202例Ⅰa-Ⅲa期肺癌中进行前瞻性临床对照试验,比较常规清扫(RMLD)和全纵隔骨骼化清扫(SCLD)两种术式,分析手术经过和术后病理分期情况.结果 RMLD 107例,SCLD 95例.两组术前一般情况、临床分期及肺切除方式无明显差异,SCLD组平均扫除淋巴结组数显著高于RMLD组(8.9组对6.2组,P＜0.001),术后总体并发症(14.7%对14.0%,P=0.884)和病死率(2.1%对1.9%,P=0.904)无差异,但SCLD组分别有3例(3.2%)右侧乳糜胸和左侧喉返神经损伤发生.术后病理证实两组组织学类型及分期无明显差异,RNLD和SCLD组pN2分别占27.1%和24.2%(P=0.888),跳跃性纵隔转移率(RMLD 9.3%对SCLD 7.4%,P=0.613)以及纵隔多组转移率(RMLD 15.0%对SCLD 16.8%,P=0.714)亦无明显差异.分析纵隔各组淋巴结转移率发现上叶肺癌下纵隔转移率＜5%,而中、下叶肺癌上、下纵隔转移率均＞10%;cT1病例以及低度恶性肿瘤无一发生纵隔转移.结论 对非小细胞肺癌行常规纵隔清扫可达到与全纵隔骨骼化清扫同样的分期效果,后者手术风险并不高于常规清扫,但应避免右侧乳糜胸和左侧喉返神经损伤的发生;上叶肺癌仅需扫除上纵隔淋巴结而无需常规清扫下纵隔;早早期肺癌以及低度恶性肿瘤没有必要进行常规纵隔清扫.     

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目的：探讨胃癌No16淋巴结清扫术式的可行性和意义，提出合适的No 16淋巴结清扫术指征。方法：对1998年9月至2001年9月所行的48例No16淋巴结清扫术病例资料进行分析。结果：在48例No16淋巴结清扫术中发现有第16淋巴结转移者9例，转移率为18．6％，浸润型胃癌、肿瘤直径大于5cm、肿瘤侵及浆膜以及第2、3站淋巴结受累时，No16淋巴结转移率明显增高（P＜0．05）。全组病例无手术死亡，手术并发症也未见明显增高。结论：只要严格掌握手术适应证，No16淋巴结清扫术是安全、可行、有效的。     

胃癌淋巴结清除术所致淋巴漏的防治

目的总结胃癌淋巴结清除术所致淋巴漏的防治经验.方法报告4例胃癌术后或术中发现的胃癌手术所致淋巴漏的诊治经过.结果2例胃癌术后淋巴漏经保守治疗治愈,2例术中发现淋巴漏经缝扎处理避免了术后淋巴漏的发生.结论全胃肠外营养(TPN)是胃癌术后淋巴漏的有效治疗方法,了解腹膜后淋巴系统的引流与分布规律是预防的关键.     

Minimally invasive retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular cancer

Testicular cancer is the most common solid organ malignancy in young men between the ages of 15 and 35. Although much of this increase in survival can be attributed to improvements in systemic chemotherapy, surgery retains a critical role in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of testicular cancer. Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is an effective staging and therapeutic procedure in patients with low-stage testicular cancer. It is an attractive alternative to the open approach, with faster recovery, improved cosmesis, and reduced post-operative morbidity driving its application. In experienced hands, it can be used in postchemotherapy patients.     

What factors affect lymph node yield in surgery for rectal cancer?

OBJECTIVE: The detection of lymph node metastases is of vital importance in patients undergoing excisional surgery for rectal cancer as it provides important prognostic information and facilitates decision-making with regards to adjuvant therapy. It has been suggested that patients in whom only a small number of nodes are present in the excised specimen have a worse prognosis, presumably due to inadequate lymphadenectomy and consequent understaging of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine which factors affect the yield of lymph nodes. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients who had undergone a resection for histologically proven adenocarcinoma of the rectum. The total number of lymph nodes identified in the excised specimen was recorded in each case. A multivariate analysis was performed to ascertain whether this number was significantly influenced by any of several variables. RESULTS: A total of 167 patients were studied (M:F ratio 107 : 60, median age 70 years). The median number of lymph nodes contained within the resected specimen was 16 (interquartile range 10-21). On univariate analysis a significantly higher yield of lymph nodes was obtained with tumours in the middle third of the rectum (P=0.007), larger tumours (P < 0.001), more locally advanced tumours according to both pT staging (P=0.001) and Dukes' staging (P=0.020), an increased number of involved nodes (P=0.003) and examination by a specialist histopathologist (P=0.003). On multivariate analysis the only significant variables were tumour size (P=0.021), number of positive nodes (P=0.007) and histopathologist (P=0.021). CONCLUSIONS: The number of lymph nodes identified within the excised specimen in patients undergoing resection of a rectal cancer positively correlates with the size of the tumour and is also dependent on the examining histopathologist. In addition, in node-positive patients the number of involved nodes increases with increasing lymph node yield.