117例双心室再同步起搏器植入术并发症分析

目的　双心室同步起搏已经被证明可有效改善充血性心力衰竭患者的心功能。进行双心室再同步治疗 (cardiacresynchronizationtherapy ,CRT)的技术关键是植入左心室导线。植入左心室导线技术难度大 ,操作复杂 ,有一定的并发症发生率 ,本文分析了 117例双心室起搏器植入术并发症。方法　充血性心力衰竭伴心室内阻滞患者 117例 ,其中男性 86例 ,女性 31例 ,平均年龄 (5 3 0 0±8 2 5 )岁。患者在进行逆行冠状静脉窦造影后 ,经冠状静脉窦插入导线至心脏静脉 (主要为心脏后静脉和侧后静脉 )进行左心室起搏。然后植入右心房和右心室电极导线。结果　 117例患者中 111例成功植入双心室起搏系统 ,成功率为 95 %。主要植入术的相关并发症包括 :冠状静脉窦夹层 4例(3 4 % % ) ,膈肌刺激需要重新植入 2例 (1 7% ) ;电极导线脱位 2例 (1 7% ) ,结论　双心室再同步治疗 (cardiacresynchronizationtherapywithbiventricularpacing)起搏器植入术有一定的术中并发症和一定的风险 ,术前应掌握好适应证并作好充分的准备 ,术中必须规范操作 ,严密观察 ,以减少并发症     

心脏再同步治疗术后近期左心室导线脱位的处理

目的探讨心脏再同步治疗（CRT）术后左心室导线脱位的方法及注意事项。方法共8例[其中CRT3例,心脏再同步治疗除颤器（CRT—D）5例]在术后4周内发现左心室导线脱位,脱位时间发现在3—24（10±6）d,发现时的临床表现分别为：新出现膈神经刺激3例、心电图发现左心室起搏失夺获2例、心功能恶化3例次及复查X线胸片发现1例。结果8例9人次均成功处理左心室导线脱位,其中6例7人次利用原左心室导线成功复位,2例发现后未及时复位并原左心室导线内保留了PTCA导丝,未能成功拔除。给予重新成功植入新的左心室导线,未出现并发症。结论CRT术后近期左心室导线脱位给予及时处理是安全、可行的,对脱位的左心室导线需评估后依不同情况分别作出相应的处理。     

左室四极起搏导线在心脏再同步治疗中的应用

目的初步评估左心室四极导线的安全性和有效性。方法入选符合心脏再同步治疗（CRT）适应证的患者,植入应用左心室四极导线的心脏再同步除颤器（CRT—D）。评估其安全性和急性期疗效。结果2例患者均通过静脉途径成功植入CRT—D装置,仅1例在头端（第1极）起搏测试时有膈神经刺激,未出现其他手术并发症。程控发现,优化的起搏向量下,2例患者的QRS时限和心脏同步性均最佳,左室射血分数改善。结论初步的应用结果表明,左心室四极导线在减少相关并发症的同时,提高CRT急性期疗效。     

26例左心室主动固定导线应用的回顾性分析

目的评价左心室主动固定导线（Starfix^4195美国美敦力公司）在心脏再同步治疗（CRT）中的应用价值。方法分析自2010年7月至2012年8月在浙江大学医学院附属第二医院植入Starfix^4195导线的26例患者,男16例,女10例,平均年龄（68．1±7．7）岁,其中扩张型心肌病16例,缺血性心肌病5例,其他5例。观察Staffix^4195导线植入至最优起搏位点的手术成功率;术后中位随访10．5个月,观察出现左心室导线脱位、膈神经刺激及阈值升高等并发症的发生率。结果26例患者均成功植入Staffix^4195导线,手术成功率100％,24例患者（92．3％）左心室导线植入在最优起搏位点。CRT术后随访时间≥6个月的124例患者中,CRT有反应21例（87．5％）,无反应3例（12．5％）。术后中位随访10．5个月,左心室导线起搏阈值稳定,与术中比较无明显增高[（1．0±0．5）V对（1．2±0．7）V,P〉0．05],术后均未出现左心室导线脱位、膈神经刺激等并发症。结论在CRT植入术中,Starfix^4195导线能稳定固定在左心室最优起搏位点,明显提高手术成功率,并显著减少术后并发症。     

50例心脏再同步治疗并发症分析

目的 探讨心脏再同步治疗(CRT)术中、术后并发症死亡病例分析.方法 心力衰竭患者50例,男性32例,女性18例,年龄35～79(62.18±13.16)岁,其中扩张性心肌病35例,高血压性心脏病2例,缺血性心肌病10例,三度房室阻滞3例.心功能Ⅲ级(NYHA分级)37例、Ⅳ级13例.植入心脏再同步治疗系统(CRT,含CRT-D),平均随访(22.1±12.8)个月.结果 50例患者中49例成功植入心脏再同步治疗系统,成功率为98%.植入术中、术后相关并发症包括:冠状静脉窦夹层3例(6%),心脏静脉穿孔1例(2%),右心室穿孔1例(2%),膈肌跳动1例(2%);死亡4例,其中围手术期死亡2例.结论 CRT植入术有一定的风险,主要与左心室电极导线的植入过程有关,但亦可能与右心室电极导线相关.应掌握好适应证并作好充分的准备,规范操作,严密观察;同时规范随访和程控,以减少并发症的发生.     

新型左心室四极导线在心脏再同步治疗除颤器的应用一例

心脏再同步治疗（CRT）已成为公认的失同步性收缩性心力衰竭的有效治疗措施.然而,部分满足CRT植入适应证的患者却因左心室高起搏阈值或膈神经刺激（PNS）而无法接受再同步治疗.一种新型的左心室4极导线（QuartetTM,美国圣犹达公司）,可提供多个起搏位点以及多种起搏向量选择,不但可以解决左心室阈值高、膈神经刺激问题,并能将左心室起搏位点设于理想的起搏部位.本文将就我国植入的首台左心室4极导线心脏再同步治疗除颤器（CRT-D）进行报道.     

初期开展心脏再同步化治疗慢性心力衰竭的效果及技术难点

目的总结分析初期开展心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)慢性心力衰竭(简称心衰)的效果及技术问题。方法对20例植入CRT/CRTD的患者观察术前、术后6个月的心功能指标,描述左室电极的植入过程,随访患者预后。结果术后6个月有关心功能指标均明显改善(P均<0.01),随访32.9±21.9个月,死亡4例,其中1例猝死,3例非心脏原因死亡。左室导线进入冠状窦失败改为右室双位点起搏2例(2/20,10%),左室导线难以固定于靶静脉改为经心中静脉与靶静脉吻合支1例(1/20,5%),冠状静脉阶段性狭窄1例(1/20,5%),术后导线脱位3例(3/20,15%)均成功复位。术前冠状动脉造影/冠状静脉显影9例(9/20,45%),术中测试左室电极刺激膈肌跳动经调整电极位置均可避免。结论 CRT治疗心衰有效;术前冠状动脉/冠状静脉造影对指导和易化左室导线植入有益。右室双位点起搏改善心衰不明显,适当调整电极可避免膈肌刺激。     

心脏再同步治疗术中心脏静脉造影球囊破裂处理一例

心脏再同步治疗（CRT）可有效改善心力衰竭伴左束支传导阻滞患者的症状,降低其住院率和全因死亡率。CRT的关键技术为经冠状静脉窦（CS）将左心室导线植入靶静脉,存在一定风险和并发症。本文报道1例82岁患者在CRT术中因操作不慎而出现心脏静脉造影球囊破裂及相应处理。     

经冠状动脉造影顺行心脏静脉显影在左心室导线植入中的应用

目的左心室导线植入是决定心脏再同步治疗（CRT）手术成败和治疗效果的关键环节。应用经冠状动脉造影顺行心脏静脉显影方法，术前了解心脏静脉解剖特点，指导左心室导线植入。方法38例心力衰竭患者于CRT手术前先行冠状动脉造影，通过延长曝光时间，利用心脏静脉回流相显示心脏静脉系统。采用左锁骨下静脉穿刺，左心室导线置于心脏侧静脉或侧后静脉。结果通过顺行心脏静脉显影能清晰显示心脏静脉系统，包括冠状静脉窦、心大静脉、心中静脉、心脏侧静脉及侧后静脉。其中5例患者心脏侧静脉或侧后静脉细小或缺如，3例心脏侧后静脉或侧静脉与心中静脉夹角小于90。。左心室导线能顺利植入心脏侧静脉或侧后静脉33例。术中，4例改变导线位置至心大静脉，l例至右心室流出道。4例发生并发症．其中心脏静脉夹层3例，心脏静脉穿孔1例，均无严重后果。结论在CRT手术前，先通过冠状动脉造影顺行心脏静脉显像，充分了解心脏静脉系统的解剖特点，对左心室导线的放置颇有裨益。     

经房间隔穿刺左心室心内膜起搏心脏再同步治疗的现状及问题

心脏再同步治疗(CRT)已成为合并心室内阻滞的中重度慢性心力衰竭患者的重要治疗方式,可显著改善心力衰竭症状,提高患者生活质量,减少心力衰竭相关住院次数,降低死亡率.目前标准的CRT是把左心室导线植入到心脏静脉分支中,从心外膜起搏左心室,因受心脏静脉解剖限制,有左心室起搏部位不理想、进入心脏静脉不成功、左心室导线脱位、起搏阈值高、膈神经刺激等问题,显著影响CRT疗效.外科小切口开胸植入左心室心外膜导线是目前常常选择的备选治疗方案,但外科手术创伤大,还有麻醉风险.近年提出一种新的左心室导线植入策略:经穿刺房间隔途径植入左心室导线心内膜起搏.本文就经房间隔穿刺左心室心内膜起搏CRT的优势和缺陷进行分析和综述.     

心脏再同步治疗60例并发症分析

目的分析心脏再同步治疗(CRT)术中、术后并发症发生规律及防范对策。方法1999年7月至2006年1月,60例慢性心力衰竭患者[男性39例,女性21例,平均年龄(59.8±9.1)岁]接受CRT或CRT-D植入手术,其中52例双心室起搏。在最短1个月、最长66个月、平均22个月的随访期内追踪患者临床表现、死因以及各种并发症发生情况,同时给予相应的治疗干预。结果随访期内17例死亡(28.3%)的原因分别为心脏性猝死7例(11.7%,含1例手术失败)、心力衰竭恶化8例(13.3%,含1例手术失败)、中风1例(1.7%)、车祸1例(1.7%)。31例次并发症(51.7%)中7例左心室导线植入失败(11.7%)、2例冠状静脉窦夹层或穿孔(3.3%)、4例膈肌刺激(6.7%)、1例心律失常风暴(1.7%)、5例术中急性左心衰竭(8.3%)、4例导线脱位(6.7%)、3例阈值升高(5%)、3例交叉感知(5%)、2例囊袋积血(3.3%)。改行右心室流出道+右心室尖双部位起搏的6例患者,QRS波变窄程度和心力衰竭改善程度均不如双心室起搏显著,且3例死于心力衰竭恶化。5例CRT-D患者无心脏性猝死。结论严格把握适应证、提高左心室导线植入成功率、优化起搏系统的硬件和软件等,可确保患者在获益于CRT治疗的同时最大限度降低并发症风险。     

Epicardial CRT-P- and S-ICD Implantation in a Young Patient with Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava

Persistent left superior vena cava is known to be a challenging anatomic abnormality for transvenous cardiac device implantation. In the a case of a young man presenting with dilative cardiomyopathy with severely impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and second-degree atrioventricular block (AV block), cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with defibrillator (CRT-D) implantation was indicated. A transvenous approach was attempted, but placement of the right ventricular lead was not successful due to anatomic abnormalities. Therefore, epicardial CRT leads were implanted via a left mini-thoracotomy. For primary prevention of sudden death, the patient was also fitted with an additional subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S-ICD). Any cross-talk between the devices was ruled out both intraoperatively and by ergometry prior to discharge. The combination of epicardial CRT-P with S?ICD implantation might be a safe and effective alternative in patients with cardiac anatomic abnormalities.     

110例心脏再同步化治疗中左室电极导线植入的临床经验和并发症分析

目的探讨心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)中左室电极的植入方法、特殊病情的个体化处理及并发症的预防。方法对110例心力衰竭患者行CRT。左室电极植入的方法:冠状静脉窦(CS)插管、CS及心脏静脉逆行造影(RCV)、选择靶静脉并植入电极。根据RCV静脉解剖特点选择靶静脉及特殊情况个体化处理。观察左室电极植入的成功率、左室电极的型号、置入CS靶静脉的部位、并发症。结果左室电极植入成功率为96.4%(106/110),4例左室电极未成功植入者包括1例植入DDD双腔起搏器、2例植入埋藏式心脏转复除颤器(ICD)及1例行心外膜左室电极植入术。9例特殊情况需个体化处理,其中2例心侧静脉狭窄应用球囊扩张数次,3例应用多根经皮球囊扩张冠状动脉成形术(PTCA)导丝加强支撑下植入左室电极,4例需更换不同型号或厂家的电极(包括3例术中和1例择期更换)。术中发生冠状静脉夹层或心肌穿孔5例(4.7%),仅1例择期CRT成功,另4例发生轻微夹层,少量或未见心包积液,但血流动力学稳定未影响左室电极置入。术中急性左室心力衰竭4例(3.7%),室性心动过速、心室颤动2例(1.9%),均经治疗未影响手术。结论左室电极植入有一定的风险和难度,采取个体化处理策略,可提高左室电极植入的成功率、并使并发症降至最低限度。     

Device Therapies: New Indications and Future Directions

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICDs), cardiac resynchronization (CRT) and combination (CRT-D) therapy have be-come an integral part of the management of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). ICDs treat ventricular arrhythmia and CRTs improve left ventricular systolic function by resynchronizing ventricular contraction. De-vice therapies (ICD, CRT-D), have been shown to reduce all-cause mortality, including sudden cardiac death. Hospitaliza-tions are reduced with CRT and CRT-D therapy. Major device related complications include device infection, inappropriate shocks, lead malfunction and complications related to extraction of devices. Improvements in device design and implantation have included progressive miniaturization and increasing battery life of the device, optimization of response to CRT, and minimizing inappropriate device therapy. Additionally, better definition of the population with the greatest benefit is an area of active research.     

Cardiac resynchronization therapy: Part 2--issues during and after device implantation and unresolved questions.

Encouraged by the clinical success of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), the implantation rate has increased exponentially, although several limitations and unresolved issues of CRT have been identified. This review concerns issues that are encountered during implantation of CRT devices, including the role of electroanatomical mapping, whether CRT implantation should be accompanied by simultaneous atrioventricular nodal ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation, procedural complications, and when to consider surgical left ventricular lead positioning. Furthermore, (echocardiographic) CRT optimization and assessment of CRT benefits after implantation are highlighted. Also, controversial issues such as the potential value of CRT in patients with mild heart failure or narrow QRS complex are addressed. Finally, open questions concerning when to combine CRT with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy and the cost-effectiveness of CRT are discussed.     

Cardiac resynchronization therapy: Part 2--issues during and after device implantation and unresolved questions

Encouraged by the clinical success of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), the implantation rate has increased exponentially, although several limitations and unresolved issues of CRT have been identified. This review concerns issues that are encountered during implantation of CRT devices, including the role of electroanatomical mapping, whether CRT implantation should be accompanied by simultaneous atrioventricular nodal ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation, procedural complications, and when to consider surgical left ventricular lead positioning. Furthermore, (echocardiographic) CRT optimization and assessment of CRT benefits after implantation are highlighted. Also, controversial issues such as the potential value of CRT in patients with mild heart failure or narrow QRS complex are addressed. Finally, open questions concerning when to combine CRT with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy and the cost-effectiveness of CRT are discussed.     

CRT-D在慢性心力衰竭患者的临床应用

目的 心脏再同步治疗（CRT）可以显著改善慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者心功能,而植入型心律转复除颤器（ICD）可以有效预防心脏性猝死.具有CRT和ICD功能的CRT-D已开始应用于临床.本文初步总结CRT-D的临床应用.方法 4例药物治疗无效的CHF患者,合并左束支阻滞、左心室舒张末内径增大,而且既往有室性心动过速病史.其中扩张性心肌病3例,缺血性心肌病1例.接受组织多普勒检查证实存在心脏运动不同步后,接受了CRT-D治疗.结果 4例患者均成功植入CRT-D.左心室起搏导线植入到心脏后静脉3例,心脏侧后静脉1例.术中测试除颤能量≤20 J,无并发症发生.术后1周左心室射血分数从0.34增加至0.42。结论 CRT-D植入技术难度大,风险高,但其安全性肯定.鉴于其显著疗效,建议同时满足CRT和ICD适应证的患者应该接受CRT-D治疗.     

Collateral approach for LV lead implantation in a case with abnormal venous anatomy

A 75-year-old man, 8 years after CABG, with ischemic cardiomyopathy underwent cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) for refractory heart failure. Retrograde occlusion venography revealed absence of lateral vein. A functionally occluded middle cardiac vein with branch to anterolateral vein was used for left ventricular lead implantation. Using a collateral route for left ventricular lead implantation is a new technique. Lead position was stable with excellent threshold. Follow-up at 6 months reveals continued stable lead position.     

Sex Disparities in the Choice of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Device: An Analysis of Trends,Predictors, and Outcomes

BackgroundThere is limited evidence on the influence of sex on the decision to implant a cardiac resynchronization therapy device with pacemaker (CRT-P) or defibrillator (CRT-D) and the existence of sex-dependent differences in complications that may affect this decision.MethodsAll patients undergoing de novo CRT implantation (2004-2014) in the United States National Inpatient Sample were included and stratified by device type (CRT-P and CRT-D). Multivariable logistic regression models were conducted to assess the association of female sex with receipt of CRT-D and periprocedural complications.ResultsOut of 400,823 weighted CRT procedural records, the overall percentages of women undergoing CRT-P and CRT-D implantations were 41.5% and 27.8%, respectively, and these percentages increased compared with men over the study period. Women were less likely to receive CRT-D (odds ratio 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.64-0.67), and this trend remained stable throughout the study period (P = 0.06). Furthermore, compared with men, women were associated with increased odds of procedure-related complications (bleeding, thoracic, and cardiac) in the CRT-D group but not in the CRT-P group. Factors such as atrial fibrillation, malignancies, renal failure, advanced age (> 60 years), and admission to nonurban/small hospitals favoured the receipt of CRT-P over CRT-D, whereas history of ischemic heart disease, cardiac arrest ,or ventricular arrhythmias favoured the receipt of CRT-D over CRT-P.ConclusionsWomen were associated with persistently reduced odds of receipt of CRT-D compared with men over an 11-year period. This study identifies important factors that predict the choice of CRT device offered to patients in the United States.