Lifestyle-related risk factors for stomach cancer in northeast Thailand.

Background: Stomach cancer is not common in Thailand but the life styles of the Thai population are changingto become more Western so that information for planning control programme of stomach cancer is necessary.The highest incidence rates of this neoplasm are found in Eastern Asia, ranging from age-standardized rates of95.5/105 (men) and 40.1/105 (women) in Yamagata, Japan to 4.1/105 (men) and 2.1/105 (women) in Khon Kaen,Northeast of Thailand. In Thailand, the estimated age-standardized incidence rates in 1993, 1996 were 4.9/105,4.1/105 in men and 3.0/105 , 2.6/105 in women. Risk factors for stomach cancer in Thai population are unclear,but possibly include low intake of vegetables and fruits, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and high intake ofsalt. Objective: To investigate various aspects of dietary factors, smoking, and alcohol drinking in determiningrisk of stomach cancer in Thai population. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Khon Kaen, Thailandduring 2002-2006, to study the role of these factors in stomach cancer. 101 stomach cancer cases and 202 matchedcontrols (case : control = 1:2) by sex, age (± 3 years) and region were recruited from Srinagarind Hospital andKhon Kaen Regional Hospital, in Khon Kaen Province. All of cases were histologically confirmed. Controls hada variety of diseases, the main ones being disease of the eye. Information on dietary habits, alcohol drinking andsmoking were collected by a structured questionnaire, blood samples were collected for further study. Results:The distribution of the general characteristics by case-control status, the distribution of age and sex were similarin cases and controls. In the final analysis, the factors that found to be higher risk but not statistically significantwere long-term filter cigarette smoking (OR=1.9, 95%CI: 0.85-4.50), long-term alcohol consumption (OR=1.2,95%CI: 0.51-2.60) and low intake of vegetables and fruits (OR=1.2, 95%CI: 0.74-1.96). A high intake of vegetableoil (OR=4.5, 95%CI: 1.00.-20.17) was found to be associated with increased risk, and similar tendencies werenoted for pork oil (OR=1.4, 95%CI: 0.63-3.01) and jeaw prik (mainly chilly with plara broth) (OR=1.2, 95%CI:0 .76- 2.01). Conclusion: Our study confirmed protective effects of a high intake of fruits and vegetables againststomach cancer development and showed a high intake of sauces to increase risk of stomach cancer as in othercountries in Asia.     

Dietary Fibre and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: a Case-Control Study

Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly occurring cancers in China. Dietary fibre hasbeen thought to decrease the risk of colorectal cancer in Western countries. However, studies investigatingthe association between dietary fibre (particularly soluble and insoluble fibres) and colorectal cancer havehitherto been lacking in China. Objective: This case-control study examined the effect of dietary fibre intakeon the risk of colorectal cancer, stratified by tumour site. Materials and Methods: The study included 265 cases(colon cancer, 105; rectal cancer, 144; colon and rectal cancer, 16) and 252 controls residing in Qingdao. A foodfrequency questionnaire that included 121 food items was used to collect dietary information. Odds ratio (OR)and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression analysis. Results:For food groups, controls in the study consumed more vegetables, soy food and total fibre than did colorectalcancer patients (p<0.05). The intakes of fruit, meat and sea-food did not differ significantly between cases andcontrols. However, we did not find any association between soy food intake and colon cancer. We observed inverseassociations between total fibre intake and colorectal, colon and rectal cancer (Q4 vs Q1: OR=0.44, 95%CI, 0.27-0.73; OR=0.40, 95%CI, 0.21-0.76; OR=0.52, 95%CI, 0.29-0.91). Vegetable fibre intake showed similar inverseassociations (Q4 vs Q1: OR=0.51, 95%CI, 0.31-0.85; OR=0.48, 95%CI, 0.25-0.91; OR=0.53, 95%CI, 0.29-0.97). Inaddition, inverse associations were observed between soluble fibre and insoluble fibre and both colorectal cancerand colon cancer. No relationship was found between colorectal cancer and fruit, soy or grain fibre intakewhenthe results were stratified by tumour site. Conclusions: The present study suggests that vegetable fibre and totalfibre play very important roles in protecting against colorectal cancer. Soluble and insoluble fibres were inverselyassociated with only colorectal cancer and colon cancer.     

Dietary Carbohydrate,Fiber and Sugar and Risk of Breast Cancer According to Menopausal Status in Malaysia

Background: Dietary carbohydrate, fiber and sugar intake has been shown to play a role in the etiology ofbreast cancer, but the findings have been inconsistent and limited to developed countries with higher cancerincidence. Objective: To examine the association of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer risk withdietary carbohydrate, fiber and sugar intake. Materials and Methods: This population based case-control studywas conducted in Malaysia with 382 breast cancer patients and 382 controls. Food intake pattern was assessed viaan interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios(OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and a broad range of potential confounders were included in analysis.Results: A significant two fold increased risk of breast cancer among premenopausal (OR Q4 to Q1=1.93, 95%CI:1.53-2.61, p-trend=0.001) and postmenopausal (OR Q4 to Q1=1.87, 95%CI: 1.03-2.61, p-trend=0.045) womenwas observed in the highest quartile of sugar. A higher intake of dietary fiber was associated with a significantlylower breast cancer risk among both premenopausal (ORQ4 to Q1=0.31, 95%CI: 0.12-0.79, p-trend=0.009) andpostmenopausal (ORQ4 to Q1=0.23, 95%CI: 0.07-0.76, p-trend=0.031) women. Conclusions: Sugar and dietaryfiber intake were independently related to pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. However, no associationwas observed for dietary carbohydrate intake.     

A Population-based Case-control Study on Risk Factors for Gastric Cardia Cancer in Rural Areas of Linzhou

Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Although certaindietary factors and lifestyles have been suggested to be associated with gastric carcinogenesis, there have beenfew investigations focusing on rural areas. A case-control study was therefore carried out to investigate the riskfactors of gastric cardia cancer (GCC) in rural areas of Linzhou. A total of 470 newly diagnosed cases of GCCand 470 healthy controls were included. Face-to-face interviews were conducted, using a uniform questionnairecontaining questions on demographics, per capita income, living habits, dietary habits and family history oftumors. The relationship between putative risk factors and GCC was assessed by odds ratios (OR) and their 95%confidence intervals (95%CI) derived from conditional logistic regression model by the COXREG commandusing SPSS 12.00. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate simultaneously the effects ofmultiple factors and other potential confounding factors. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that smoking(OR=1.939, 95%CI:1.097-3.426), alcohol drinking (OR=2.360, 95%CI: 1.292-4.311), hot food consumption(OR=2.034, 95%CI: 1.507-2.745), fast eating (OR=1.616, 95%CI: 1.171-2.230), mouldy food (OR=4.564, 95%CI:2.682-7.767), leftover food (OR=1.881. 95%CI: 1.324-2.671), and family history of tumor (OR=2.831, 95%CI:1.588-5.050) were risk factors for GCC. High per capita income (OR=0.709, 95%CI: 0.533-0.942), high educationlevel (OR=0.354, 95%CI: 0.163-0.765), consumption of fresh fruits (OR=0.186, 95%CI: 0.111-0.311) and vegetables(OR=0.243, 95%CI: 0.142-0.415), and high BMI (OR=0.367, 95%CI: 0.242-0.557) were protective factors forGCC. Our data indicate that unhealthy lifestyle and dietary habits might be important contributors to GCC inthis population.     

Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Stomach Cancer among Male Adults: A Case-Control Study in Northern Viet Nam

Objective: This study investigated the association between fruit and vegetable intake and stomach cancer, with considering the impacts of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and tobacco smoking. Methods: A case-control study featuring 80 male incident stomach-cancer cases and 126 male controls was conducted in a general hospital in Viet Nam. A semi-quantitative food frequency and demographic lifestyle questionnaire were used; and venous blood samples were collected to determine H. pylori status by IgG ELISA. The respective associations between fruit and vegetable intake and stomach cancer were examined using unconditional logistic regression analysis with adjustments for possible cofactors. Results: Fruit intake and stomach cancer showed a weak inverse association when this became non-significant after adjusting for H. pylori infection (OR = 0.50, 95%CI: 0.22–1.12, p trend = 0.094). Stratifying by H. pylori status returned a negative trend for fruit intake and stomach cancer among H. pylori-negative participants (OR = 0.21, 95%CI: 0.06–0.69, p trend = 0.010), but no significant interaction for H. pylori-positive participants (OR = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.21–2.68, p trend = 0.670). Vegetable intake and stomach cancer showed no association, regardless of H. pylori status. Compared to ever-smokers with low intake, never-smokers with high vegetable (OR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.06–0.95) and fruit intake (OR = 0.20, 95%CI: 0.06–0.65) showed the lowest odds of stomach cancer. Conclusions: Fruit, but not vegetable, intake showed a weak inverse association with stomach cancer. H. pylori infection and tobacco-smoking status may influence the protective effects of fruit and vegetable intake on stomach cancer.     

Risk Factors for Esophageal Cancer: a Case-control Study in South-western China

Esophageal cancer is a crucial cancer in China. Yanting in Sichuan Province was a key area with highest esophageal ‍cancer mortality in China, but little evidence on esophageal cancer risk factors has been reported for this area and ‍the etiology remains unclear. To clarify risk factors, a 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted. Totals of 185 ‍eligible esophageal cancer patients and 185 healthy residents matched for sex and age were recruited. Conditional ‍logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for possible risk/ ‍protective factors. All ORs were adjusted by family history of esophageal cancer and occupation, and then further ‍adjusted by other possible confounding factors. Our results showed that smoking and alcohol drinking were risk ‍factors for esophageal cancer with dose-response. The ORs (95% CI) compared with never smokers and drinkers ‍were 4.06 (1.55-10.6) and 2.49 (1.06-5.85), respectively. The OR was further increased to 8.86 (95%CI, 3.82-20.5) for ‍both smoking and drinking in combination. Eating food rapidly (OR=5.84, 95%CI, 2.05-16.7), drinking shallow ‍ground water (OR=4.18, 95%CI, 1.30-13.4) and frequent intake of picked vegetables (OR=2.12, 95%CI, 1.00-4.49) ‍appeared to increase the risk, while frequent intake of fresh fruit (OR=0.42, 95%CI, 0.19-0.89), fresh vegetables ‍(OR= 0.62, 95%CI, 0.32-1.17) and eggs (OR=0.59, 95%CI, 0.25-1.39) decreased the risk. In conclusion, smoking and ‍alcohol drinking are common in Yanting and main contributors to esophageal cancer. Consumption of fresh fruit ‍and eggs are not common and high consumption of these two foods as well as fresh vegetables may decrease the risk ‍of esophageal cancer in this area. In addition, drinking shallow ground water and eating food rapidly, as well as ‍frequent intake of pickled vegetables, are also factors increasing the risk. ‍ ‍     

Alcohol Dehydrogenase-2 and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-2 Genotypes,Alcohol Drinking and the Risk for Stomach Cancer in Chinese Males

Objective: To investigate the relationship among alcohol dehydrogenase-2 (ADH2) and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) genetic polymorphisms, alcohol consumption, and the susceptibility of stomach cancer in Chinese males. Methods: Three hundred and eighty-two stomach cancer patients and 382 healthy controls from Taixing and Changshu city of Jiangsu province were enrolled in this study. ADH2 and ALDH2 genotypes were examined by PCR and denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: (1) In no drinkers, compared with ALDH2G/G carriers, ALDH2 G/A (OR=1.67, 95%CI: 1.01-2.78) carriers showed a significantly elevated risk of developing stomach cancer. No association was found between ADH2 genotypes and risk of stomach cancer. (2) ALDH2 A allele carriers with cumulative amount of alcohol consumption ≥2.5 (Kg * years) were at a higher risk of developing stomach cancer compared with those with cumulative amount of alcohol consumption <2.5Kg (Kg * years) (OR=2.72, 95%CI:0.89-8.31) and ALDH2 G/G carriers with cumulative amount of alcohol consumption <2.5 (Kg * years) (OR=2.46, 95%CI=0.90-6.72) or ≥2.5 (Kg * years) (OR=2.53, 95%CI=0.86-7.49). (3) Compared with individuals with ADH2 A/A and ALDH2 G/G genotypes, ADH2 G and ALDH2 A allele carriers were not at a high risk of developing stomach cancer, with regard to the status of alcohol consumption, and even cumulative amount of alcohol consumption ≥1.5 (Kg * years) (OR =1.65, 95%CI:0.56-4.82). Conclusion: ADH2 and ALDH2 polymorphisms and alcohol drinking may not play an important role in the development of stomach cancer in Chinese males.     

饮酒与膀胱癌关系的全人群病例对照研究

目的探讨饮酒与膀胱癌发生的关系。方法采用全人群为基础的病例对照研究,共调查1996年1月1日~1998年12月31日期间确诊的上海市区膀胱癌新发病例608例,健康人群对照607例。采用非条件logistic回归分析,调整吸烟等可能的混杂因素,以估计饮酒对膀胱癌发生的危险度及其95%可信区间。结果与不饮酒者相比,男、女性饮酒者患膀胱癌相对危险度分别是1.22(95%CI0.94~1.59)、0.50(95%CI0.13~1.90)。男性随总酒精摄入量增加患膀胱癌的危险有增加趋势,OR值分别为1.10(1~80g/d)和1.56(>80g/d)(趋势检验P=0.043)。男性总酒精摄入量与饮酒年限的联合作用分析表明,与不饮酒者相比,总酒精摄入量超过80g/d、饮酒年限超过40年者患膀胱癌危险度为2.11(95%CI1.11~4.01)。将饮酒分3层、吸烟分4层进行男性饮酒与吸烟的联合作用分析,结果显示总酒精摄入量>80g/d且吸烟≥35包年者的OR值为2.78(95%CI1.46~5.28)。未发现各饮酒种类与男性膀胱癌有显著关联。在不吸烟男性组中的分析显示,饮酒习惯的OR值均没有统计学意义。结论饮酒可能与男性膀胱癌有一定联系,但作用较弱,似乎主要表现为对吸烟男性的作用。     

Consumption of Food Groups and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Case–Control Study

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the consumption of specific food groups predicts the risk of pancreatic cancer, a case–control study of nutrition and pancreatic cancer among French-Canadians was carried out in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Methods

A total of 179 pancreatic cancer cases (97 males and 82 females) and 239 population-based control subjects were interviewed. Dietary intake was evaluated via a validated food frequency questionnaire that gathers information on over 200 different food items and beverages. Odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed by unconditional logistic regression.

Results

After adjustment for age, smoking, diabetes status, proxy interview, gender and total energy intake, a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer was related to vegetables and vegetable products [OR?=?0.47; 95%CI: (0.21–1.06) p-trend?=?0.024], while an increased risk was associated with the consumption of lamb, veal and game [OR?=?2.24; 95%CI: (1.11–4.52) p-trend?=?0.026], when the upper and lower quartiles of intake were compared. Changes in dietary intake over the last decade revealed an elevated risk with augmented consumption of soups, sauces and gravies [OR?=?2.32; 95%CI: (1.20–4.49) p-trend=0.03], beef products [OR?=?2.07; 95%CI: (0.95–4.51) p-trend=0.05] as well as fish and shellfish [OR?=?1.48; 95%CI: (0.78–2.80) p-trend=0.05].

Conclusions

These findings suggest that a diet rich in vegetables and vegetable products may decrease the risk of pancreatic cancer.     

Trans-Lycopene and β-Cryptoxanthin Intake and Stomach Cancer in Vietnamese Men: A Pilot Case-Control Study

Objective: To examine the association between dietary intake of Trans-Lycopene and β-Cryptoxanthin and stomach cancer in Vietnamese men. Methods: A case-control study including 80 male incident stomach cancer cases and 146 male controls was performed in a general hospital in Viet Nam. A validated semi-quantitative food frequency (SQFFQ) and demographic lifestyle questionnaire were designed, and venous blood samples were collected to determine H. pylori status by IgG ELISA. Nutrient intake was converted using the data of SQFFQ and the Nutritive Composition Table of Vietnamese Foods, updated in 2019. The respective associations between Trans-Lycopene and β-Cryptoxanthin intake and stomach cancer were examined using unconditional logistic regression analysis with adjustments for possible cofactors. Results: Both Trans-Lycopene and β-Cryptoxanthin intake and stomach cancer showed a significantly inverse association, tertile-3 versus tertile-1, (OR = 0.15, 95%CI: 0.06–0.35, p trend = 0.00) and (OR = 0.34, 95%CI: 0.14–0.79, p trend = 0.02, respectively). For Trans-Lycopene intake stratifying by H. pylori status remained the benefit effect against stomach cancer among H. pylori-negative participants (OR = 0.15, 95%CI: 0.03–0.69, p trend = 0.02) and H. pylori-positive participants (OR = 0.13, 95%CI: 0.04–0.42, p trend = 0.00). Conclusions: Both Trans-Lycopene and β-Cryptoxanthin intake showed a strong protective effect against stomach cancer. The findings suggest that these two types of fat-soluble micronutrients would be considered as an anti-cancer therapy for both primary and secondary prevention.     

Healthy Plant Foods Intake Could Protect Against Prostate Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study

Background: Several studies have investigated the association between healthy plant foods intake and prostate cancer risk with inconsistent results. So this study was conducted to examine the existence of any possible association between healthy plant foods and prostate cancer risk. Materials and Methods: Sixty newly diagnosed prostate cancer cases and 60 controls engaged in a hospital-based case-control study. A validated 16o-items semi-quantitative FFQ was used to assess usual dietary intakes. Energy-adjusted amounts of healthy plant foods intake were calculated using the residual method. Logistic regression model was also used to derive beta estimates and odds ratios. Results: Cases were older and more likely to be inactive. In crude model, individuals in the highest tertile vs lowest tertile of total healthy plant foods (OR= 0.12; 95 % CI 0.04, 0.34), total fruits (OR= 0.11; 95 % CI 0.04, 0.30), total vegetables (OR= 0.08; 95 % CI 0.03, 0.24), fresh fruits (OR= 0.11; 95 % CI 0.04, 0.30), and raw vegetables (OR= 0.06; 95 % CI 0.02, 0.18) had significantly lower risk of prostate cancer. After controlling for potential confounders (age, BMI, total energy intake, job, education, smoking, physical activity, some drug usage, and also dietary intakes), just total healthy plant foods (OR= 0.12; 95 % CI 0.02, 0.55), total vegetables (OR=0.03; 95 % CI 0.00, 0.25), and raw vegetables (OR= 0.01; 95 % CI 0.00, 0.12) were associated with lower prostate cancer risk. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that a diet rich in healthy plant foods and especially total or raw vegetable may protect against prostate cancer.     

Association between Vegetable,Fruit and Carbohydrate Intake and Breast Cancer Risk in Relation to Physical Activity

Background: Although the nutritional may exert effect on the breast cancer risk, it is not clear whetherthe role diet is the same in sedentary and physically active women. The aim of this study was to evaluate theassociation between fruit, vegetable and carbohydrate intake and the risk of breast cancer among Polish womenconsidering their physical activity level. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted that included858 women with histological confirmed breast cancer and 1,085 controls, free of any cancer diagnosis, aged28-78 years. The study was based on a self-administered questionnaire to ascertain physical activity, dietaryintake, sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive factors, family history of breast cancer, current weightand high, and other lifestyle factors. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimatedin unconditional logistic regression analyses including a broad range of potential confounders. Results: Withcomparison of the highest vs lowest quartile of intake, strong significant associations were observed for totalvegetables (OR=0.37, 95%CI=0.20-0.69 P for trend <0.01 and OR=0.53, 95%CI=0.29-0.96, P for trend <0.02),and total fruits (OR=0.47, 95%CI=0.25-0.87, P for trend <0.05 and OR=0.47, 95%CI=0.24-0.90, P for trend<0.02) among women characterized by the lowest and the highest quartile of physical activity. No associationswere observed for total carbohydrate intake. Additional analysis showed a positive association for sweets anddesert intake among women in the lowest quartile of physical activity (OR=3.49, 95%CI=1.67-7.30, P for trend<0.009) for extreme quartiles of intake comparing to the referent group. Conclusions: The results suggest thata higher consumption of vegetable and fruit may be associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer, especiallyamong women who were low or most physically active throughout their lifetimes. These findings do not supportan association between diet high in carbohydrate and breast cancer. However, a higher intake of sweets anddeserts may by associated with an increased risk of breast cancer among women who were less physically active.     

Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking and Risk of Stomach Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Vietnamese Men

Objective: This study investigated the impacts of waterpipe tobacco (WTP) and cigarette smoking on stomach cancer development in Vietnamese men. Methods: A total of 80 stomach cancer cases and 146 controls were recruited in a hospital-based case-control study. Data on sociodemographic, anthropometric characteristics, tobacco smoking, and the dietary pattern was obtained based on a semi-quantitative food frequency and demographic lifestyle questionnaire; and venous anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies were tested by ELISA. Unconditional logistic regression analysis with adjustments for potential confounding was performed to estimate the association between target exposures and stomach cancer. Results: Compared to the never tobacco smokers, the risk of stomach cancer significantly increased among tobacco smokers (OR 2.95, 95%CI 1.26-6.90, p=0.013). Those who early started tobacco smoking before 26 years old had a high risk of SC (OR 3.04, 95%CI 1.29-7.20, p for trend=0.011). For types of tobacco, It was increased risk in exclusively cigarette smokers (OR 2.85, 95%CI 1.19-6.85, p=0.019) and in WPT smokers (OR 3.09, 95%CI 1.24-7.68, p=0.015). The daily frequency and longer duration of exclusively WPT or cigarette smoking tended to be significantly higher SC risk. Conclusions: The findings suggest that tobacco smoking, particularly water pipe tobacco smoking, dramatically and independently increased the risk of stomach cancer.     

Dietary antioxidants and risk of Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus in an Australian population

While dietary antioxidants are emerging as potentially modifiable risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), studies on dietary antioxidants and its precursor Barrett's esophagus (BE) are limited. The present study extends previous work on BE by investigating risks of nondysplastic BE, dysplastic BE and EAC associated with intake of antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, β‐carotene, and selenium. Age and sex matched control subjects (n=577 for BE; n=1,507 for EAC) were sampled from an Australian population register. Information on demography, and well established EAC risk factors were obtained using self‐administered questionnaires. Intake of antioxidants for patients newly diagnosed with nondysplastic BE (n=266), dysplastic BE (n=101), or EAC (n=299), aged 18–79 years, were obtained using a food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using multivariable adjusted logistic regression models. High intake of β‐carotene from food and supplement sources combined was inversely associated with risk of dysplastic BE (OR Q4 vs. Q1=0.45; 95%CI: 0.20–1.00). High intake of vitamin E from food sources (OR Q4 vs. Q1=0.43; 95%CI: 0.28–0.67), from food and supplements combined (OR Q4 vs. Q1=0.64; 95%CI: 0.43–0.96), and a high antioxidant index score were inversely associated with risk of EAC. We found no significant trends between intake of β–carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium and risk of nondysplastic or dysplastic BE. However, our data suggest that a high intake of β‐carotene may be associated with decreased risk of dysplastic BE.     

Diet Patterns and Risk of Squamous Cell Oesophageal Carcinoma: A Case-control Study in Uruguay

Background: Oesophageal cancer presents high incidence rates in the so-called Brazilian-Uruguayan belt.Materials and Methods: The present study included 1,170 participants (234 cases and 936 controls) which wereanalyzed by unconditional multiple logistic regression in order to examine risk of oesophageal squamous cellcarcinoma (OESCC) associated with several food groups. Results: Boiled red meat (OR 2.59, 95%CI 1.69-3.97),lamb meat (OR 1.64, 95%CI 1.07-2.51), processed meat (OR 1.49, 95%CI 1.01-2.21), whole milk (OR 1.78,1.19-1.68), fresh vegetables and fruits (OR 0.42, 95%CI 0.27-0.63), mate consumption (OR 2.04, 95%CI 1.32-3.16), and black tea (OR 0.10, 95%CI 0.04-0.28) were significantly associated with risk of OESCC. Conclusions:Hot beverages (mate) and hot foods (boiled meat) appear to be important determinants in the risk of OESCC,allowing the penetration of carcinogens in tobacco and alcohol into the oesophageal mucosa.     

Diet and Cancer Risk in the Korean Population: A Metaanalysis

Many studies have found links between diet and cancer. The summary estimates of the association betweendietary factors and cancer risk were investigated using previously reported studies of the Korean population.Gastric cancer risk was inversely associated with the high intake of soy foods [OR (95% CI): 0.32 (0.25-0.40)for soybean, 0.56 (0.45-0.71) for soybean curd, and 0.67 (0.46-0.98) for soymilk], allium vegetables [OR (95%CI): 0.37 (0.26-0.53) for green onion, 0.54 (0.40-0.73) for garlic, and 0.54 (0.35-0.85) for onion], fruits [OR (95%CI): 0.61 (0.42-0.88)], and mushrooms [OR (95% CI): 0.43 (0.21-0.88)]. Salt and Kimchi were associated with anincreased gastric cancer risk [OR (95% CI): 1.92 (1.52-2.43) and 2.21 (1.29-3.77), respectively]. Colorectal cancerrisk was positively associated with meat intake [OR (95% CI): 1.25 (1.15-1.36)]. Total soy products, soybeancurd, and soymilk showed an inverse association with breast cancer risk [OR (95% CI): 0.61 (0.38-0.99), 0.47(0.34-0.66), and 0.75 (0.57-0.98), respectively]. Green/yellow and light colored vegetables were associated witha reduced risk of breast cancer [OR (95% CI): 0.34 (0.23-0.49) and 0.44 (0.21-0.90), respectively]. Mushroomintake was inversely associated in pre-menopausal women only [OR (95% CI): 0.47 (0.26-0.86)]. In conclusion,soy foods, fruits and vegetables might reduce cancer risk in the Korean population. High salt food might be riskfactor for gastric cancer, and intake of high amount of meat might cause colorectal cancer.     

Dietary and Lifestyle Factors and Risk of Non-Hodgkin’sLymphoma in Oman

Background: The incidence of various types of cancers including the non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) hasincreased during the recent years. Diet and lifestyle factors have been reported to play an important role inthe etiology of NHL. However, no such data are available from the Middle Eastern countries, including Oman.Materials and Methods: Forty-three histologically confirmed cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) diagnosedat the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) and the Royal Hospital (RH), Muscat, Oman and forty-threeage and gender matched controls were the subjects of this study. Frequency matching was used to select thecontrol population. Information on social and demographic data as well as the dietary intake was collected bypersonal interviews, using a 117-items semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Results: A non-significantincreased risk of NHL was observed with higher body mass index (BMI) (OR=1.20, 95%CI: 0.45, 2.93), whereasa significantly decreased risk of NHL was associated with a higher educational level (OR=0.12, 95%CI: 0.03,0.53). A significantly increased risk was observed for higher intake of energy (OR=2.67, 95%CI: 0.94, 7.57),protein (OR=1.49, 95%CI: 0.54, 4.10) and carbohydrates (OR=5.32, 95%CI: 1.78, 15.86). Higher consumptionof daily servings from cereals (OR=3.25, 95%CI: 0.87, 12.09) and meat groups (OR=1.55, 95%CI: 0.58, 4.15)were also found to be associated with risk of NHL, whereas a significantly reduced risk was associated withhigher consumption of vegetables (OR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.07, 0.82). The consumption of fruits, milk and dairyproducts however showed no significant association with the risk of developing NHL. Conclusion: The resultssuggest that obesity, high caloric intake, higher consumption of carbohydrate and protein are associated withincreased risk of NHL, whereas a significantly reduced risk was observed with higher intake of vegetables.     

Fat intake and its relationship with pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Malaysia

Background: Fat intake has been shown to play a role in the etiology of breast cancer, but the findings have been inconsistent. Objective: To assess the association of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer risk with fat and fat subtypes intake. Methodology: This is a population based case-control study conducted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from January 2006 to December 2007. Food intake pattern was collected from 382 breast cancer patients and 382 control group via an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and a broad range of potential confounders was included in analysis. Results: This study showed that both premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer risk did not increase significantly with greater intake of total fat [quartile (Q) 4 versus Q1 OR=0.76, 95% CI, 0.23-2.45 and OR=1.36, 95% CI, 0.30-3.12], saturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=1.43, 95% CI, 0.51-3.98 and ORQ4 to Q1=1.75, 95% CI, 0.62-3.40), monounsaturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=0.96, 95% CI, 0.34-1.72 and ORQ4 to Q1=1.74, 95% CI, 0.22-2.79), polyunsaturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=0.64, 95% CI, 0.23-1.73 and ORQ4 to Q1=0.74, 95% CI, 0.39-1.81), n-3 polyunsaturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=1.10, 95% CI, 0.49-2.48 and ORQ4 to Q1=0.78, 95% CI, 0.28-2.18), n-6 polyunsaturated fat (ORQ4 to Q1=0.67, 95% CI, 0.24-1.84 and ORQ4 to Q1=0.71, 95% CI, 0.29-1.04) or energy intake (ORQ4 to Q1=1.52, 95% CI, 0.68-3.38 and ORQ4 to Q1=2.21, 95% CI, 0.93-3.36). Conclusion: Total fat and fat subtypes were not associated with pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer risk after controlling for age, other breast cancer risk factors and energy intake. Despite the lack of association, the effects of total fat and fat subtypes intake during premenopausal years towards postmenopausal breast cancer risk still warrant investigation.     

福建省贲门癌发病因素的病例对照研究

 目的　探讨贲门癌发生的危险因素。方法采用病例对照研究方法 ,研究对象 5 82例 ,其中贲门癌新病例 2 91例 ,对照 2 91例。应用统一制订的调查表进行流行病学调查。对资料进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。 结果　贲门癌的危险因素有 :三餐不按时 (OR =1.4 4,95 %CI :1.15 1.81)、进食快 (OR=1.4 0 ,95 %CI :1.0 9 1.80 )、食用猪油 (OR =1.6 7,95 %CI :1.19 2 .35 )、饮用井水 (OR =1.90 ,95 %CI :1.2 7 2 .84 )、吸烟 (OR =1.2 8,95 %CI :1.0 5 1.5 8)和家庭肿瘤史 (OR =3.15 ,95 %CI :1.97 5 .0 4 )。常吃新鲜蔬菜(OR =0 .5 3,95 %CI :0 .2 8 0 .99)、水果 (OR =0 .75 ,95 %CI :0 .5 6 1.0 0 )、牛奶 (OR =0 .5 2 ,95 %CI :0 .2 9 0 .93)及文化程度高者 ,其胃癌发生风险低。结论　本研究首次发现不良的饮食方式是贲门癌的危险因素 ,对...     

Fruits,Vegetables and the Risk of Cancer: a Multisite Case-Control Study in Uruguay

Introduction: Previous studies have suggested that high intake of fruit and vegetables may decrease the riskof a wide range of cancers, but this evidence has been challenged by the results of recent studies. Methods: Tofurther explore the association between fruit and vegetable intake and cancer risk we conducted a case-controlstudy of 11 cancer sites in Uruguay between 1996 and 2004, including 3,539 cancer cases and 2,032 hospitalcontrols. We used unconditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)of cancer associations. Results: In the multivariable model higher intake of fruits and vegetables combined wasassociated with a decreased risk of cancers of the esophagus (odds ratio, OR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.42-0.97), lung(OR=0.75, 95% CI: 0.57-0.98), breast (OR=0.47, 95% CI: 0.31-0.71), prostate (OR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.44-0.92)and all sites combined (OR=0.73, 95% CI: 0.61-0.87). When evaluated separately, fruit intake was more stronglyassociated with decreased cancer risk than vegetables. These inverse associations were mainly observed in men,among persons with high intake of meat, alcohol drinkers and among smokers. Conclusion: Our results providesome evidence that high intake of fruits and vegetables and particularly fruit may decrease the risk of cancer.However, because of the possibility that these findings could be due to residual confounding from intake ofmeat, alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking, further studies in populations with a large number of participantswith low or no exposure to these potential confounding factors are warranted.