The use of bonewax to control massive presacral bleeding

Massive presacral bleeding during retroperitoneal resection is unusual, and can be difficult to control. We describe a technique for managing this complication whereby bonewax is pushed through the presacral fascia and periosteum directly into the bleeding point in the sacrum, followed by abdominal packing. This maneuver proved successful for achieving hemostasis when we recently encountered this intraoperative complication. Received: September 27, 2001 / Accepted: May 7, 2002     

Control of presacral venous bleeding during rectal surgery

Background

Presacral venous hemorrhage is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication of rectal surgery. It is difficult to control presacral venous hemorrhage with conventional hemostatic measures and several alternative methods for hemostasis have been proposed. We described our experience of using the combination of a hemostatic matrix and an absorbable hemostat as an alternative method of hemostasis.

Methods

From September 2007 to March 2009, 83 patients underwent rectal surgery for cancer, ulcerative colitis, or familial adenomatous polyposis. Three patients (3.6%) had severe presacral hemorrhage, which was controlled by the combined use of a hemostatic matrix (FloSeal; Baxter, USA) and an absorbable hemostat (Surgicel Fibrillar; Ethicon, USA).

Results

Intraoperative blood transfusion was required in 1 patient. Postoperative blood loss was minimal and drain was removed on day 4 in all 3 patients.

Conclusions

The use of synthetic hemostatic agents is an effective and simple way to arrest presacral bleeding where conventional methods fail.     

直肠癌术中骶前大出血的防治

目的 探讨直肠癌根治术中骶前静脉丛大出血的预防和处理方法.方法 回顾性分析本院2001年1月至2007年12月收治的42例直肠癌术中骶前静脉丛大出血的临床资料.结果 42例骶前静脉丛大出血中40例止血成功,2例死亡,Miles术35例,Dixon术7例,30例出血量为900～8000 mL.结论 手术操作不当是导致骶前大出血的主要原因,按盆腔解剖结构正确操作是预防出血的关键,术中压迫法和术后纱布填塞法是处理骶前大出血最有效的方法.     

Endoscopic perineal approach to the presacral space: a feasibility study

Background  Currently, pathologies from the presacral space are explored primarily by using transabdominal approaches. Major complications may occur, including bowel and rectal perforation, or bleeding. To avoid and reduce these potentially severe risks, a new surgical approach to the presacral space, which permits exploration through the perineum with minimal invasive techniques, had already been developed and is now further elaborated in a cadaver and clinical study. Study design  A prospective study was performed using four cadavers with no history of pelvic or perineal disease. A minimally invasive exploration of the presacral retroperitoneum was performed to examine a potential new anatomical surgical space. After positioning the patients in the prone or supine position, a 1-cm vertical median incision was made in the ano-coccygeal ligament. Entry to the presacral space was first established through blunt-finger and balloon dissection. A 30° 10-mm laparoscope was inserted through a 12-mm trocar, and two additional 5-mm trocars were inserted to avoid injury to the sciatic nerve. A clinical pilot study was performed on three patients using this technique. Results  Under direct vision, a wide dissected cavity was observed, with the rectum and mesorectum retracted ventrally. Access and manipulation of posterior pelvic organs were simplified. Placing cadavers in the jack-knife position provided superior accessibility to the presacral space when compared with a supine position. Clear exposure of the sacrum, mesorectum, ureters and bladder, prostate region, iliac vessels (with its branches), and lymph nodes was achieved. Conclusion  Endoscopic perineal approach to the presacral space was considered.     

Laparoscopic management of presacral myelolipoma

Myelolipomas are rare, benign nonfunctioning tumors, most commonly found in the adrenal glands. At least 43 cases of extra adrenal myelolipomas have been reported, with at least 50% of these reported cases occurring in the presacral region. Herein we report a case of presacral myelolipoma managed laparoscopically.     

直肠癌手术中骶前大出血的原因与处理

直肠癌手术中骶前静脉丛大出血是最可能危及生命的并发症之一,其处理极具挑战性。目前临床上有较多的止血处理方法,缝合结扎、填塞和按钉等处理措施尽管比较有效,但有时也会失败。常规的止血措施无效时,临床上需要去探寻新的、容易操作的有效止血方法。     

直肠癌根治术骶前静脉大出血的原因及处理对策

目的 探讨直肠癌根治术中骶前大出血的原因及纱布填塞压迫法治疗骶前大出血的临床应用价值。方法 对我院2001年1月-2006年9月的直肠癌患者术中发生的5例骶前静脉大出血的原因及纱布填塞法压迫止血治疗的经验进行回顾性分析。结果本组患者1例因用手指分离至骶尾部时撕破骶前筋膜致骶前静脉破裂出血,2例为未进入正常解剖层次盲目钝性分离骶前筋膜而引起出血,2例因术中骶前静脉出血处理不当致大出血,均使用纱布填塞压迫法后很快止血成功,顺利完成手术。术后72小时去除纱布,无再次继发性出血发生,患者恢复好,随访无不良反应。结论 直肠癌根治术中未能掌握正确的解剖层次或操作方法失当是骶前静脉丛大出血主要原因．纱布填塞压迫止血是处理骶前静脉破裂大出血可靠的方法。     

直肠癌术中骶前静脉丛破裂大出血的防治探讨

目的:探讨直肠癌根治术中骶前静脉丛破裂大出血的常见原因和防治方法。方法:对我科进行的直肠癌根治术患者进行系统性分析，术中发生骶前静脉丛破裂大出血7例，术中按出血部位和手术进展情况分别采取止血钉钉压、碘仿纱条填塞法止血。结果:6例止血成功并痊愈出院，1例因止血失败出血死亡。结论:手术操作不当是导致术中骶前静脉丛破裂大出血的主要原因，实行全直肠系膜切除(TME)是预防骶前静脉丛破裂大出血的关键。止血钉钉压和碘仿纱条填塞是治疗术中骶前静脉丛破裂大出血的有效方法。     

Image-guided posterior transperineal drainage for presacral abscess: An analysis of 21 patients

Objective

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the safety and efficacy of posterior transperineal drainage in patients with presacral abscess.

Successful management of presacral ganglioneuroma: A case report and a review of the literature

INTRODUCTIONPresacral ganglioneuromas are rare, usually benign lesions. Patients typically present when the mass is very large and becomes symptomatic.PRESENTATION OF CASEThis report describes the case of a 42 year old lady presenting with back pain who was subsequently diagnosed with a presacral ganglioneuroma based on MR imaging and a CT guided biopsy of the lesion.DISCUSSIONAfter counselling regarding nonoperative management, the patient opted for surgical resection. Open resection was performed with preservation of the neurovascular pelvic anatomy and an uneventful postoperative recovery. A review of the relevant literature was also performed using a search strategy in the online literature databases PUBMED and EMBASE.CONCLUSIONSurgical resection of a presacral ganglioneuroma is reasonable given their propensity for local effects and reported potential malignant transformation.     

盆腔手术骶前静脉丛大出血临床分析

目的探讨盆腔手术术中骶前静脉丛大出血的防治方法。方法回顾性分析鞍山市中心医院普外科1998年1月-2013年1月发生的8例骶前静脉丛大出血的临床病例资料。结果8例骶前静脉丛大出血全部止血成功,出血量为1000～4000mL,平均2600mL。结论熟悉盆腔解剖结构,并按解剖层次正确操作,是预防出血的关键。发生大出血时可用直接电凝法止血,方法简便易行。     

直肠癌根治术后吻合口出血的原因和处理

近年来,我国直肠癌的发病率逐渐升高,外科手术切除是治愈直肠癌的唯一方法,全直肠系膜切除术是国际上直肠癌手术的“金标准”。在外科治疗直肠癌的过程中,术后并发症是困扰外科医生的难题之一,其中术后吻合口出血是较为严重的并发症,如患者持续出血且临床未观察到或未及时处理,患者可出现失血性休克的表现,严重时甚至危及生命。本文针对直肠癌根治术后吻合口出血的原因进行归纳总结,并讨论了各原因的预防措施和治疗手段。     

经骶入路手术治疗骶前肿瘤

目的探讨骶前肿瘤经骶切除的适应证及手术的安全性。方法总结分析1990年11月至2006年5月间收治的36例骶前肿瘤患者临床资料。结果36例骶前肿瘤包括13种不同的病理类型,良性肿瘤占72．2％,恶性肿瘤27．8％。其中经影像学检查肿瘤位于第4骶骨以下、并与周围重要脏器无粘连及指诊可触及瘤体一半、并排除其他手术禁忌证的23例入选经骶入路手术组。全组手术时间43～210（平均94）min;出血量为30～2000（平均350）ml;住院时间8～16（平均10．7）d。患者无术后死亡。无肛门失禁等并发症发生;其他手术并发症包括输尿管损伤1例和骶前脓肿1例,予再行乙状结肠造口并引流伤口后痊愈：骶部切口疝1例予补片疝修补术后痊愈。结论经骶入路切除低位骶前肿瘤手术安全有效。     

骶前引流方式对直肠癌低位前切除术后吻合口漏愈合的影响

目的比较经会阴和经腹壁两种不同的骶前引流方式对直肠癌低位前切除术后吻合口漏愈合的影响。方法总结2010年1月至2015年12月间45例直肠癌低位前切除术后吻合口漏的临床资料。结果经会阴和经腹壁两种引流方式在病人年龄、性别、是否接受新辅助放化疗、平均手术时间、p TNM分期、术后发生漏的确定时间、初次手术后平均住院时间等方面差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。但经会阴引流组的保护性造口率(16.7%)、腹膜炎发生率(8.3%)及再次手术率(16.7%)均明显低于经腹壁引流组(分别为75.8%、39.4%、93.9%,P0.05)。结论经会阴骶前引流可降低低位直肠吻合口漏的相关并发症,有助于吻合口漏的愈合。     

Presacral retroperitoneal hematoma after blunt trauma presents with rectal bleeding — A case report

IntroductionWe present a case of a presacral hematoma, which penetrated into the rectum resulting in rectal bleeding. This is an unusual presentation of a presacral hematoma.Presentation of the caseA 76-year-old woman, using warfarin anticoagulant prophylaxis, presented with a rectal bleed two days after a fall. A sigmoidoscopy revealed that the source of bleeding was a presacral hematoma penetrating into the rectum. A Computed Tomography scan of the pelvis confirmed the presence of a hematoma measuring 10 × 9.4 cm in the presacral space, as well as a fracture of os coccygis. She was transferred to a highly specialized facility, where she was treated conservatively with blood transfusions and repeated endoscopic toilet of the presacral cavity. One month after her initial fall, the patient had fully recovered.DiscussionRectal bleeding usually causes suspicion of a bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. In this report the patient’s anticoagulant treatment has likely contributed to bleeding and the formation of the hematoma. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a presacral hematoma acutely penetrating into the rectum and causing lower gastrointestinal bleeding.ConclusionRectal bleed after trauma, in a patient receiving anticoagulant treatment, should raise suspicion of a penetrating hematoma, and such patients should be managed at highly specialized facilities.     

Anal canal duplication associated with presacral cyst

Anal canal duplications are rare congenital malformations, with fewer than 50 reported cases in the literature. Anal canal duplications are noncommunicating second anal orifices located posterior to the true anus without other associated hindgut duplications. Typically, these are asymptomatic, tubular malformations that present in females before the age of 6 years. Here, we report on a 16-year-old girl with a symptomatic anal canal duplication associated with a presacral cystic component. This is an unusual presentation of an already rare entity. An overview of the clinical presentation, radiologic workup, surgical treatment, and histologic features of anal canal duplications is provided.     

腹腔镜下骶前肿瘤切除术6例临床分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜下切除原发性骶前肿瘤的可行性、手术方法及安全性。方法:回顾分析6例原发性骶前肿瘤患者的临床资料,术前经直肠指诊、B超、CT和/或MRI做出诊断,均采用完全腹腔镜手术切除肿瘤。患者21~63岁,平均(40.8±13.5)岁;肿瘤直径平均(6.7±2.1)cm。结果:肿瘤均被顺利完整切除,术中未出现不可控制的出血,出血量200~1 100 ml,平均(350.2±118.3)ml;6例患者术后24~72 h肠道功能恢复并进食,未出现腹部并发症。随访3~24个月,平均(11.2±7.2)个月,随访期间患者均未出现肿瘤复发,排尿及性功能基本正常。术后标本病理类型:皮样囊肿2例,良性畸胎瘤1例,间质瘤1例(高风险),脂肪瘤1例,神经纤维瘤1例。结论:腹腔镜下切除骶前肿瘤是安全、可行的,与既往文献报道的开腹手术相比,具有出血少、创伤小、术后康复快、住院时间短等优点,是技术条件成熟的医院可选择的手术方式。     

Rectal bleeding in infants and children

In 408 children from 1978 to 1988 rectal bleeding was evaluated in relation to sex, age, etiology and laboratory examinations. Anal fissures and juvenile polyps were the most common causes, invagination and parasitic infections the next. The different possibilities of treatment are analysed.      

Telephonic management of rectal bleeding in young adults – a prospective randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: The majority of young adults referred with rectal bleeding to a colorectal specialist clinic have a very low risk of serious disease such as cancer, and a high chance of gaining symptom relief by simple dietary changes. To determine whether young low-risk patients with rectal bleeding can be managed with a structured telephonic interview and dietary advice, rather than an outpatient visit. METHOD: A single-blinded, prospective, randomized controlled trial was performed in two stages. Patients under 40 years with rectal bleeding only were offered inclusion. Part-I trial: Patients were interviewed on telephone by the colorectal nurse specialist (CNS) and randomized to receive dietary advice (Advice Group) or not (Control Group). All patients were seen in clinic 6 weeks later by a doctor 'blinded' to their trial status. Part-II trial: Patients were interviewed on telephone by the CNS and again randomized to an Advice Group or a Control Group. The Control Group were seen in clinic 6 weeks later. The Advice Group were telephoned again 6 weeks later, and if their bleeding had stopped, were not brought to clinic. All patients were tracked for a year after the study to ensure no adverse diagnoses came to light. RESULTS: Part-I trial: 63 of 89 eligible patients were contactable and none refused the study. Seventy per cent of the Advice Group compared with 33% (P = 0.001) of the Control Group had symptomatic improvement when seen in clinic. Approximately 30% of each group required further treatment. Part-II trial: 54 of 94 eligible patients were contactable. However a further nine declined to enter the trial; 90% of patients in the Advice Group had improved at 6 weeks as judged by telephone interview compared with 56% of patients in the Control Group (P = 0.024) who were seen in clinic. The 90% of patients who improved in the Advice Group did not need to come to clinic to be seen. In both parts of the trial, the CNS identified a small number of patients with urgent symptoms at interview and brought them to clinic. The majority had anal fissures or haemorrhoids although in Part-II, one patient had ulcerative colitis and one had colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION: Telephonic consultation is an effective way of identifying those patients with urgent symptoms among a cohort of young adults referred to the hospital with rectal bleeding. Telephonic dietary advice leads to resolution of rectal bleeding in the majority of patients without urgent symptoms.     

Colonoscopy for rectal bleeding in childhood.

Undiagnosed rectal bleeding can pose a significant problem in the pediatric patient. A systematic and logical approach to the work-up of the child with rectal bleeding is necessary for prompt and accurate diagnosis. It is our impression that the addition of colonscopy in carefully selected patients will decrease the number of children with undiagnosed significant rectal bleeding.