减重代谢手术术中不良事件及处理(附视频)

减重代谢手术在全球得到了越来越多的关注,在我国开展的医院和例数也逐年增多。但减重代谢手术面对的患者为良性疾患,患者自身期望较高,再加上肥胖、糖尿病等合并症,手术的风险和并发症也并不少见。本文拟回顾四川大学华西医院在实施减重代谢手术时术中出现的一些典型不良事件,及其处理对策,旨在为广大减重代谢外科医生提供相关手术经验,促进我国减重外科事业更好地健康平安发展。     

T2DM肥胖患者伴早期胃癌行减重代谢手术1例

腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术（LRYGB）治疗2型糖尿病（T2DM）的肥胖患者后，患者的血糖、体重迅速得到改善，疗效明显。但治疗后的患者由于术式的限定，术后旷置胃无法再行内镜检查，潜在存在发生肿瘤等其他疾患的可能，其发生风险目前还无文献报告。对于有胃部肿瘤家族史和肿瘤标记物异常等高危患者应慎重考虑行LRYGB手术，拟行LRYGB的患者术前胃镜检查是非常必要的，应适当扩大胃镜活检可疑病灶的指征。结合文献尚未见LRYGB术前发现胃肿瘤的报道，现报道1例我院拟行LRYGB治疗肥胖型T2DM的患者，术前胃镜检查意外发现早期胃癌，后行胃癌根治术（远端胃切除）联合胃肠转流手术，术后获得与LRYGB治疗肥胖型T2DM同等疗效及胃癌根治效果。     

减重代谢手术并发症单中心总结

目的 总结山东大学附属济南市中心医院胃肠外科减重代谢手术的并发症及处理方法.方法 回顾性分析自2013年11月至2018年11月在山东大学附属济南市中心医院胃肠外科接受减重代谢手术的230例患者的病例资料,其中行腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术(LRYGB)57例和腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(LSG)173例,总结分析并发症、...     

胃后动脉在代谢手术规范化操作中的意义

近年来,我国代谢外科手术例数迅猛增长,但同时也出现了一系列问题：部分开展手术的医院和术者缺乏相应的规范化培训,故对于手术适应证和手术方式的选择、手术操作要点的掌握等存在不足[1]。为了规范应用代谢手术方式并促进其健康有序地发展,中国医师协会外科医师分会肥胖和糖尿病外科医师委员会制定了《中国肥胖和2型糖尿病外科治疗指南（2014）》[1]。     

术前减重在减重代谢手术中的作用：一项系统评价及Meta分析

目的系统评价术前减重是否可以改善减重代谢手术患者的临床疗效。 方法通过检索PubMed、Emabase、Cochrane数据库搜集关于术前减重对接受减重代谢手术治疗患者临床疗效的研究,检索时限均从建库至2020年10月。采用Review Manager 5.3软件进行Meta分析,主要评估术前合并症改善、术中腔镜中转、手术时间、住院时间、非计划二次手术、术后伤口感染、术后出血、术后早期并发症、术后合并症改善、术后体重减轻指标。 结果共纳入包括6 000名患者在内的10项研究。Meta分析显示,与常规对照组相比,术前减重组在术前合并症改善、术中腔镜中转、手术时间、术后早期并发症、术后出血、术后伤口感染、非计划二次手术、住院时间、术后合并症改善、术后6个月减轻指标、术后12个月均无明显获益,两组间差异均无统计学意义。而术前减重组在术后短期3个月内体重减轻更明显。 结论实施减重代谢手术前进行术前减重可能使患者在术后短期内体重减轻更明显,但在围手术期风险、合并症改善、住院时间、远期体重减轻等方面获益并不明显,其临床疗效仍需更多高级别循证研究证据的帮助与支持。     

Gastrointestinal changes after bariatric surgery

Severe obesity is a preeminent health care problem that impacts overall health and survival. The most effective treatment for severe obesity is bariatric surgery, an intervention that not only maintains long-term weight loss but also is associated with improvement or remission of several comorbidies including type 2 diabetes mellitus. Some weight loss surgeries modify the gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology, including the secretions and actions of gut peptides. This review describes how bariatric surgery alters the patterns of gastrointestinal motility, nutrient digestion and absorption, gut peptide release, bile acids and the gut microflora, and how these changes alter energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism.     

Laparoscopic revolution in bariatric surgery

The history of bariatric surgery is investigational. Dedicated surgeons have continuously sought for an ideal procedure to relieve morbidly obese patients from their burden of comorbid conditions, reduced life expectancy and low quality of life. The ideal procedure must have low complication risk, both in short- and long term, as well as minimal impact on daily life. The revolution of laparoscopic techniques in bariatric surgery is described in this summary. Advances in minimal invasive techniques have contributed to reduced operative time, length of stay, and complications. The development in bariatric surgery has been exceptional, resulting in a dramatic increase of the number of procedures performed world wide during the last decades. Although, a complex bariatric procedure can be performed with operative mortality no greater than cholecystectomy, specific procedure-related complications and other drawbacks must be taken into account. The evolution of laparoscopy will be the legacy of the 21^st century and at present, day-care surgery and further reduction of the operative trauma is in focus. The impressive effects on comorbid conditions have prompted the adoption of minimal invasive bariatric procedures into the field of metabolic surgery.     

减重手术术后胃食管反流病的研究进展

减重手术做为目前治疗肥胖症有效术式,其安全和持久性得到了广泛的认可。其中腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(LSG)由于操作简单、不改变胃肠道结构、具有安全性高且疗效明显的优点,近年来做为主要的减重术式得到迅速普及应用。但肥胖症患者在行LSG术后,胃食管反流病发病率、疾病的转归、术中是否加做抗反流手术目前尚无统一意见。     

Efficacy and safety of peroral endoscopic myotomy after prior sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass surgery

BACKGROUNDPer-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is safe and effective for the treatment of achalasia. There is limited data on performance of POEM in patients with altered upper gastrointestinal anatomy, especially after bariatric surgery. Outcomes in patients with prior sleeve gastrectomy have not been reported.AIMTo assess the efficacy and safety of POEM in patients with prior bariatric surgery.METHODSA prospective POEM database was reviewed from 3/2017-5/2020 to identify patients who underwent POEM after prior bariatric surgery. Efficacy was assessed by technical success (defined as the ability to successfully complete the procedure) and clinical success [decrease in Eckardt score (ES) to ≤ 3 post procedure]. Safety was evaluated by recording adverse events.RESULTSSix patients (50% male, mean age 48 years) with a history of prior bariatric surgery who underwent POEM were included. Three had prior sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and three prior Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Four patients had achalasia subtype II and 2 had type I. Most (4) patients had undergone previous achalasia therapy. Technical success was 100%. Clinical success was achieved in 4 (67%) patients at mean follow-up of 21 mo. In one of the clinical failures, EndoFLIP evaluation demonstrated adequate treatment and candida esophagitis was noted as the likely cause of dysphagia. There were no major adverse events.CONCLUSIONPOEM is technically feasible after both RYGB and SG and offers an effective treatment for this rare group of patients where surgical options for achalasia are limited.     

Laparoscopy for primary and secondary bariatric procedures

Recently obesity has been defined as a disease and has turned bariatric surgery into a part of a chronic illness management. Obesity induces several comorbidities leading to cardiovascular disease and mortality. The effects of bariatric surgery on these comorbidities used to be classified as weight-loss induced. However bariatric surgery has recently been termed metabolic surgery because of the suspected direct, weight loss independent effect of bariatric procedures on the physiopathological mechanisms causing excess fat storage and insulin resistance. This review describes the standard procedures commonly performed and their specific outcomes on metabolic diseases in order to work towards more patient tailored treatment of obesity and to reduce side effects. Furthermore this review focuses on gaps in understanding the pathogenesis of obesity and its treatment with bariatric surgery. Surgery failures as well as new techniques are discussed and evaluated.     

The cooperation between endoscopists and surgeons in treating complications of bariatric surgery

The results of lifestyle interventions and pharmacotherapy are disappointing in severe obesity which is characterised by premature death and many obesity-associated co-morbidities. Only surgery may achieve significant and durable weight losses associated with increased life expectancy and improvement of co-morbidities. Bariatric surgery involves the gastrointestinal tract and may therefore increase gastrointestinal complaints. Bariatric surgery may also result in complications which in many cases can be solved by endoscopic interventions. This requires a close cooperation between surgeons and endoscopists. This chapter will concentrate on the most commonly performed operations such as the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, the adjustable gastric banding and the sleeve gastrectomy, in the majority of cases performed by laparoscopy. Operations such as the vertical banded gastroplasty and the biliopancreatic diversion with or without duodenal switch will not be discussed at length as patients with these operations will not be encountered frequently and their management can be found under the headings of the other operations.     

Metabolic syndrome and liver disease in the era of bariatric surgery: What you need to know!

Metabolic syndrome(MS) is defined as the constellation of obesity, insulin resistance, high serum triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high blood pressure. It increasingly affects more and more people and progressively evolves into a serious issue with widespread healthcare, cost, and quality of life associated consequences. MS is associated with increased morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular or chronic liver disease. Conservative treatment, which includes diet, exercise, and antidiabetic agents, is the mainstay of treatment, but depends on patient compliance to medical treatment and adherence to lifestyle modification recommendations. Bariatric surgery has recently emerged as an appropriate alternative treatment with promising longterm results. Sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass constitute the most commonly performed procedures and have been proven both cost-effective and safe with low complication rates. Liver transplantation is the only definitive treatment for end-stage liver disease and its utilization in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis has increased more than fivefold over the past 15 years. In this review, we summarize current state of evidence on the surgical treatment of MS.     

Staple-line leak after sleve gastrectomy in obese patients: A hot topic in bariatric surgery

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is a surgical procedure that is being increasingly performed on obese patients. Among its complications, leaks are the most serious and life threatening. The placement of esophageal, covered, self-expandable metal stents in these cases has been performed by many authors but reports on the outcome of this procedure are limited and the technical aspects are not well defined. Stent migration is the main complication of the procedure and poses a challenge to the surgeon, with a limited number of options. Here we evaluate the technical and clinical outcome of a new, dedicated, self-expanding metal stent, comparing the advantages of this stent to those traditionally used to treat staple-line leak after sleeve gastrectomy. While published data are limited, they seem support the use of this kind of new stent as the best option for the stenting treatment of a staple-line leak after sleeve gastrectomy, over other kinds of stents. Further studies based on larger series are needed to better evaluate patient outcome.     

Endoscopic management of bariatric complications: A review and update

With over a third of Americans being considered obese, bariatric procedures have now become the most performed operation be general surgeons in the United States. The most common operations are the Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass, the Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy, and the Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Band. With over 340000 bariatric procedures preformed worldwide in 2011, the absolute number of complications related to these operations is also increasing. Complications, although few, can be life threatening. One of the most dreaded acute complication is the anastomotic/staple line leak. If left undiagnosed or untreated they can lead to sepsis, multi organ failure, and death. Smaller or contained leaks can develop into fistulas. Although most patients with an acute anastomotic leak return to the operating room, there has been a trend to manage the stable patient with an endoscopic stent. They offer an advantage by creating a barrier between enteric content and the leak, and will allow the patients to resume enteral feeding much earlier. Fistulas are a complex and chronic complication with high morbidity and mortality. Postoperative bleeding although rare may also be treated locally with endoscopy. Stenosis is a more frequent late complication and is best-managed with endoscopic therapy. Stents may not heal every fistula or stenosis, however they may prevent certain patients the need for additional revisional surgery.     

Phase angle and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease before and after bariatric surgery

BACKGROUNDObesity is a global health problem that is continuing to increase in the young population. In Brazil, the frequency of obesity in 2018 was 19.8%. Several comorbidities are directly associated with obesity, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is considered the most common liver disorder in Western countries and affects up to 46% of adults. Bariatric surgery is effective in treating obesity and can improve NAFLD; however, the effect of bariatric surgery on body composition, phase angle (PA), and improving NAFLD needs to be further studied.AIMTo analyze the PA in the postoperative period of bariatric surgery and to correlate it with changes in body composition and liver disease.METHODSThis study is a retrospective cohort study of the analysis of the medical records of patients undergoing bariatric surgery in a reference center of a teaching hospital in Porto Alegre over a 2-year period. Patients older than 18 years whose record contained all information relevant to the study were included. The data analyzed were body composition and PA through electrical bioimpedance and NAFLD through liver biopsy in the pre- and postoperative period. The level of significance adopted for the statistical analyses was 5%.RESULTSWe evaluated 379 patients with preoperative data. Regarding PA, 169 patients were analyzed, and 33 patients had liver biopsy pre- and postoperatively with NAFLD information. In total, 79.4% were female, with a mean age of 39.1 ± 10.6 years. The average body mass index (BMI) was 45.9 ± 7.5 kg/m². The PA showed a mean of 5.8 ± 0.62° in the preoperative period and a significant reduction in the postoperative period. A postoperative reduction in body composition data (skeletal muscle mass, fat percentage, fat mass, body cell mass, BMI and visceral fat area) was shown as well. Regarding liver disease, all patients presented a reduction in the degrees and stages of liver disease in the postoperative period, and some had no degree of liver disease at all. CONCLUSIONPA decreased after bariatric surgery, with a direct correlation with weight loss and changes in body composition. The decrease in PA was not correlated with the improvement in NAFLD.