固体脂质纳米粒和纳米结构脂质载体在经皮给药系统中的研究进展

目的介绍固体脂质纳米粒和纳米结构脂质载体在经皮给药系统中的应用与优势,为其开发利用提供参考。方法查阅国内外相关文献共30余篇,从固体脂质纳米粒和纳米结构脂质载体用于经皮给药系统的优势、药物在固体脂质纳米粒和纳米结构脂质载体中的分布形式及固体脂质纳米粒和纳米结构脂质载体在经皮给药领域中的应用等方面进行综述。结果固体脂质纳米粒和纳米结构脂质载体可以增强药物稳定性,能在皮肤表面产生包封效应,增加皮肤水合作用,具有药物靶向性。结论固体脂质纳米粒和纳米结构脂质载体是极有发展前景的新型经皮给药系统。     

纳米结构脂质载体用于肺靶向递送体系研究进展

目的 为肺部疾病的治疗和难溶性药物替代制剂的研发提供参考。方法 总结纳米结构脂质载体（NLC）的基本类型、制备方法及在肺部疾病治疗中应用的研究进展,并探讨其提高肺部相关疾病治疗有效性和安全性的效果。结果 NLC包括无定型、不完全晶体型、多重结构型3种形态,制备方法包括高压均质法、溶剂分散法、熔融乳化-超声法、乳微法等;NLC可使药物活性成分更易被包载,储存中药物外泄减少,物理稳定性更好,能控制药物靶向释放,提高难溶性药物的饱和溶解度;一定程度上降低给药频率,减少给药剂量和减弱不良反应。结论 NLC为基于脂质纳米粒上开发的一种新型药物传递系统,其载体药物经肺部吸入给药,特别适用于肺部疾病的治疗,是口服和静脉给药途径较有潜力的替代方案。     

肺部给药新剂型国内外研究进展

近年来,肺部给药剂型在医药市场获得快速增长。随着药用辅料、给药新技术的发展,微球、纳米粒、脂质体、固体脂质纳米粒、纳米脂质载体、胶束等作为药物载体表现出良好的应用前景。本文通过查阅和分析近年来国内外发表的相关文献专利,就肺部给药新剂型的研究近况作一综述。     

纳米药物载体在经皮给药系统中应用的研究进展

目的介绍纳米药物载体在经皮给药系统中的应用。方法查阅国内外文献共31篇,从纳米药物载体在经皮给药系统中的应用及各自的优势和不足等方面进行综述。结果纳米药物载体具有提高药物的化学稳定性、促进药物经皮吸收、控制药物释放以及定位给药等优点,在药物的经皮吸收方面具有广阔应用前景。结论纳米药物载体为药物的经皮通透提供了新的途径和方法,但是其安全性和有效性仍需进一步研究。     

脂质体肺部给药的应用进展

脂质体肺部给药作为一种非侵入性给药形式,可以使药物局部定量化,实现肺部疾病的直接靶向,免除肝脏首过效应,生物利用度高,同时通过脂质双层的延时作用,避免频繁给药。本文介绍了脂质体肺部给药的相关优越性、给药方式以及国内外有关脂质体作为抗炎抗感染药物、抗氧化药物、抗哮喘药物、抗肿瘤药物、抗血栓药物等的载体,通过肺部给药的形式发挥相关作用的研究与进展。     

纳米载体应用于透皮给药系统的研究进展

纳米载体经皮给药系统是近几年经皮给药的研究热点。本文综述了各种纳米载体在经皮给药系统中应用的研究进展,其中囊泡、微乳和固体脂质纳米粒作为经皮给药载体已得到相对深入的研究,而新型纳米载体如胶束、树状大分子和细胞促透多肽等尽管研究较少,但基于其明显的促渗作用,将会为经皮给药系统的研究提供新方向。     

固体脂质纳米粒在中药经皮给药中的研究进展

目的:介绍固体脂质纳米粒作为载体应用于中药经皮给药的研究进展。方法:以"固体脂质纳米粒""中药""经皮给药""纳米载体""Solid lipid nanoparticles""Traditional Chinese medicine""Transdermal drug delivery""Nano-carrier"等为关键词,组合查询2000-2014年Pub Med、中国知网全文数据库、维普中文期刊数据库和万方数据库中有关固体脂质纳米粒的常用脂质材料、透皮机制、优劣势及其在中药经皮给药研究进展的相关文献并进行综述。结果与结论:共查阅文献167篇,有效文献32篇。固体脂质纳米粒常用脂质材料为甘油三酯、甘油酯、类胆固醇等,经皮给药时常用表面活性剂有豆磷脂、卵磷脂等。其透皮机制尚不明确,可提高药物物理稳定性、提高难溶性药物生物利用度、降低药物刺激性,同时具有促渗、缓释、靶向作用。其劣势为载药量相对较低。现已有鬼臼毒素、灯盏花素、雷公藤内酯醇、青藤碱固体脂质纳米粒等用于经皮给药中。存在的不足有药物包载有限以及在安全性和有效性方面尚缺乏系统评价等,尚需深入研究。     

口服结肠靶向纳米载体的研究进展

通过对近年来有关口服结肠靶向给药纳米载体的文献进行归纳和总结,列出了常用的新型口服结肠靶向纳米给药载体如纳米粒、纳米乳、胶束、脂质体纳米凝胶和纳米混悬液等。结肠靶向纳米载体可使药物选择性到达结肠部位,减少给药剂量、降低药物毒副作用,从而提高药物口服生物利用度,发挥治疗结肠相关疾病的作用。     

纳米晶体技术在肺吸入给药中的研究进展

肺吸入给药是可实现肺靶向或全身给药的理想给药途径。然而肺部结构特征的复杂性给开发肺吸入制剂研发带来了困难,纳米晶体技术为解决难溶性药物肺部给药提供了一种有效的方法,其粒径小,可克服肺部中存在的生理屏障,提高药物的生物利用度,近年来引起了药物制剂学家的广泛关注。本文围绕肺部给药的屏障及纳米晶体在肺吸入给药的应用展开综述,期望为促进难溶性药物肺部给药提供借鉴。     

纳米药物载体介导的联合给药逆转肿瘤多药耐药的研究进展

目的:为设计用于联合给药逆转肿瘤多药耐药的新型纳米药物载体提供参考。方法:以"纳米药物载体""联合给药""多药耐药""Multidrug resistance""Co-delivery""Nanoparticle"等为关键词,组合查询2012-2017年在中国知网、万方、维普、Pub Med、Elsevier等数据库中的相关文献,对纳米药物载体介导的联合给药在逆转肿瘤多药耐药中的优势及联合给药的类型进行综述。结果与结论:共检索到相关文献282篇,其中有效文献47篇。药物经纳米载体包载后具有增加药物在肿瘤部位的蓄积、延长药物在体内的循环时间、促进药物在肿瘤部位的靶向递送、控制联合给药药物比例、增强逆转多药耐药的协同作用等优势。纳米载体可以介导不同类型药物的联合给药用于逆转肿瘤多药耐药。联合递送的药物组合类型包括化疗药与化疗药、化疗药与多药耐药逆转剂、化疗药与小干扰RNA、化疗药与单克隆抗体、天然产物与天然产物等。其中,采用化疗药与其他药联合给药是最常见的联合给药类型。纳米药物载体介导的联合给药是逆转肿瘤多药耐药的非常具有潜力的给药形式,但目前均未进入临床阶段。为使纳米药物载体介导的联合给药更好地应用于临床,在处方工艺和临床效果评价等方面尚需大量的研究工作。     

In vitro characterization and growth inhibition effect of nanostructured lipid carriers for controlled delivery of methotrexate

The present study describes the design and characterization of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for controlled delivery of methotrexate (MTX). A series of NLCs with or without MTX were prepared using different ratios of liquid–lipid to solid–lipid and type and concentration of surfactants. The effect of different formulation parameters on the physical properties of NLCs, entrapment efficiency of MTX and in vitro drug release was evaluated. In addition, the in vitro delivery and cytotoxicity of MTX-loaded NLCs against human prostate cancer DU-145 cells and ovarian human cancer A2780 cells were investigated. Drug loading capacity, particle size and surface charge of the prepared NLCs and the in vitro MTX release were affected by the formulation parameters. In vitro growth inhibition assay using DU-145 and A2780 cancer cell lines showed that drug-free NLCs maintained cell viability while MTX-loaded NLCs inhibited the growth of both cell lines. In addition, MTX-loaded NLCs showed superior inhibitory effect on cell growth over the free drug especially in A2780 cell lines and a higher cytotoxic effect on DU-145 at higher drug concentration. The results of the current study warrant further exploration for the use NLCs as a controlled delivery system for chemotherapeutic agents.     

纳米结构脂质载药系统的研究进展

纳米结构脂质载体是在第一代脂质纳米粒——固体脂质纳米粒的基础上发展起来的一种新型药物传递系统,相比于传统脂质纳米粒,具有安全性好、稳定性高等优势,故而引起国内外医药工作者的广泛关注。对纳米结构脂质载体的特点、性质、结构、制备工艺及其用作载药系统的研究情况进行概述,为其在医药领域中的深度开发提供参考。     

PEGylated nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with 10-hydroxycamptothecin: an efficient carrier with enhanced anti-tumour effects against lung cancer

Most drugs do not have the pharmacokinetic features required for optimal pulmonary delivery. In this study, we developed PEGylated nanostructured lipid carriers (PEG-NLCs) to improve the delivery of anti-tumour agents to lung tumours. PEG-40 NLCs modified with PEG-40 stearate (molecular weight 2000 Da), PEG-100 NLCs modified with PEG-100 stearate (molecular weight 5000 Da) and NLCs without PEG modification were prepared by melt-emulsification and homogenization, and were loaded with 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT). They were investigated in terms of physiological characteristics, biodistribution, cellular uptake, and anti-tumour effect in-vivo. PEG-NLCs exhibited regular morphology, with a spherical shape. The particle size (measured by laser diffraction) was approximately 100 nm. Encapsulation in PEG-NLCs protected the active lactone form of HCPT compared with HCPT solution after incubation with plasma. In biodistribution studies, PEG-NLCs, especially PEG-40 NLCs, had longer circulation time and decreased uptake by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) compared with unmodified NLCs. PEG-NLCs accumulated in the lungs after i.v. injection in mice. PEG-NLCs showed enhanced cellular uptake by human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial A549 cells. In-vivo experiments indicated that PEG-NLCs loaded with HCPT have superior efficacy against A549 lung cancer compared with HCPT solution and NLCs. These results suggest that PEG-NLCs is a promising delivery system for HCPT in the treatment of lung cancer.     

Lipid nanoparticles for chemotherapeutic applications: strategies to improve anticancer efficacy

Introduction: Chemotherapy remains the major form of treatment for cancer. However, chemotherapy often fails due to a variety of barriers, resulting in a limited intratumoral drug disposition. Recently, lipid nanoparticles (LNs, i.e., solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs)) have been shown to provide a favorable means for efficiently delivering drugs to tumor sites, while minimizing their side effects.

Areas covered: The delivery of drugs to tumors is restricted by a series of barriers, including the tumor abnormalities, strong adverse effects and poor specificity of cytotoxic drugs, and the induction of multidrug resistance (MDR). The present review summarizes the strategies using SLNs and/or NLCs to improve the anticancer efficacy of cytotoxic drugs, including passive targeting, active targeting, long circulating and MDR reversing. Specifically, the most significant in vitro and in vivo results on the use of SLNs and/or NLCs are highlighted.

Expert opinion: The future success of SLNs and NLCs for administration of cytotoxic drugs will depend on their ability to efficiently encapsulate and release drugs, the possibility for large-scale production, selective tumor cells targeting and increased antitumor efficacy with reduced tissue toxicity.     

Box–Behnken study design for optimization of bicalutamide-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier: stability assessment

Abstract

Bicalutamide (BCM) is an anti-androgen drug used to treat prostate cancer. In this study, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were chosen as a carrier for delivery of BCM using Box–Behnken (BB) design for optimizing various quality attributes such as particle size and entrapment efficiency which is very critical for efficient drug delivery and high therapeutic efficacy. Stability of formulated NLCs was assessed with respect to storage stability, pH stability, hemolysis, protein stability, serum protein stability and accelerated stability. Hot high-pressure homogenizer was utilized for formulation of BCM-loaded NLCs. In BB response surface methodology, total lipid, % liquid lipid and % soya lecithin was selected as independent variable and particle size and %EE as dependent variables. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was done for morphological study of NLCs. Differential scanning calorimeter and X-ray diffraction study were used to study crystalline and amorphous behavior. Analysis of design space showed that process was robust with the particle size less than 200?nm and EE up to 78%. Results of stability studies showed stability of carrier in various storage conditions and in different pH condition. From all the above study, it can be concluded that NLCs may be suitable carrier for the delivery of BCM with respect to stability and quality attributes.     

Targeting delivery of simvastatin using ICAM-1 antibody-conjugated nanostructured lipid carriers for acute lung injury therapy

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a critical illness without effective therapeutic modalities currently. Recent studies indicated potential efficacy of statins for ALI, while high-dose statins was suggested to be significant for attenuating inflammation in vivo. Therefore, a lung-targeted drug delivery system (DDS) delivering simvastatin (SV) for ALI therapy was developed, attempting to improve the disease with a decreased dose and minimize potential adverse effects. SV-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (SV/NLCs) with different size were prepared primarily. With particle size increasing from 143.7?nm to 337.8?nm, SV/NLCs showed increasing drug-encapsulated efficiency from 66.70% to 91.04%. Although larger SV/NLCs exhibited slower in vitro cellular uptake by human vascular endothelial cell line EAhy926 at initial stage, while in vivo distribution demonstrated higher pulmonary accumulation of the larger ones. Thus, the largest size SV/NLCs (337.8?nm) were conjugated with intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) antibody (anti-ICAM/SV/NLCs) for lung-targeted study. The anti-ICAM/SV/NLCs exhibited ideal lung-targeted characteristic in lipopolysaccharide-induced ALI mice. In vivo i.v. administration of anti-ICAM/SV/NLCs attenuated TNF-α, IL-6 and inflammatory cells infiltration more effectively than free SV or non-targeted SV/NLCs after 48-h administration. Significant histological improvements by anti-ICAM/SV/NLCs were further revealed by H&;E stain. Therefore, ICAM-1 antibody-conjugated NLCs may represent a potential lung-targeted DDS contributing to ALI therapy by statins.     

Budesonide-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers reduce inflammation in murine DSS-induced colitis

The challenge for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the delivery of the drug to the site of inflammation. Because nanoparticles have the ability to accumulate in inflamed regions, the aim of the present study was to evaluate nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for the treatment of IBD. Budesonide (BDS) was chosen as a candidate anti-inflammatory drug. BDS-loaded NLCs (BDS-NLC) produced by high-pressure homogenization had a size of 200 nm and a negative zeta potential. BDS-NLCs reduced the TNF-α secretion by activated macrophages (J774 cells). BDS-NLCs were more active in a murine model of dextran sulfate-induced colitis when compared with Blank-NLCs or a BDS suspension: BDS-NLCs decreased neutrophil infiltration, decreased the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in the colon and improved the histological scores of the colons. These data suggest that NLCs could be a promising alternative to polymeric nanoparticles as a targeted drug delivery system for IBD treatment.     

Are nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) better than solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs): development, characterizations and comparative evaluations of clotrimazole-loaded SLNs and NLCs?

In recent years, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are among the popular research topics for the delivery of lipophilic drugs. Although SLNs have demonstrated several beneficial properties as drug-carrier, limited drug-loading and expulsion of drug during storage led to the development of NLCs. However, the superiority of NLCs over SLNs has not been fully established yet due to the contradictory results. In this study, SLNs and NLCs were developed using clotrimazole as model drug. Size, polydispersity index (PI), zeta potential (ZP), drug-loading (L), drug encapsulation efficiency (EE), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), drug release and stability of SLNs and NLCs were compared. Critical process parameters exhibited significant impact on the nanoparticles' properties. Size, PI, ZP and EE of the developed SLNs and NLCs were<100 nm, <0.17, <-22 mV and>82%, respectively. SEM images of SLNs and NLCs revealed spherical shaped particles (≈ 100 nm). DSC and XRD studies indicated slight difference between SLNs and NLCs as well as disappearance of the crystalline peak(s) of the encapsulated drug. NLCs demonstrated faster drug release than SLNs at low drug-loading, whereas there was no significant difference in drug release from SLNs and NLCs at high drug-loading. However, sustained/prolonged drug release was observed from both formulations. Furthermore, this study suggests that the drug release experiment should be designed considering the final application (topical/oral/parenteral) of the product. Regarding stability, NLCs showed better stability (in terms of size, PI, EE and L) than SLNs at 25°C. Moreover, there was no significant difference in drug release profile of NLCs after 3 months storage in compare to fresh NLCs, while significant change in drug release rate was observed in case of SLNs. Therefore, NLCs have an edge over SLNs.     

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs): recent advances in drug delivery

Solid lipid-based nanoparticles (SLBNs) were developed as potential alternatives to other conventional drug delivery systems such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and emulsions. In general, SLBNs are divided into two types: solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). SLNs are distinguishable from NLCs by the composition of solid particle matrix. SLBNs can be prepared by several methods including high pressure homogenization, solvent emulsification (or diffusion)-evaporation, and microemulsion technologies. Then, SLBNs can be characterized in terms of particle size distribution, surface charge, morphology, and crystallinity. SLBNs are well-tolerated and efficient carrier systems for parenteral, oral, inhalational, ocular, and dermal applications. This review provides an overview of the preparation and characterization technologies for SLBNs and focuses on recent advances in drug delivery using SLBNs.     

Lipid-based nanoformulations in the treatment of neurological disorders

Abstract

The neurological disorders affect millions of people worldwide, and are bracketed as the foremost basis of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The treatment options are symptomatic and often the movement of drugs is restricted by a specialized network of endothelial cell layers (adjoined by tight cell-to-cell junction proteins; occludin, claudins, and junctional adhesion molecules), pericytes and astroglial foot processes. In recent years, advances in nanomedicine have led to therapies that target central nervous system (CNS) pathobiology via altering signaling mechanisms such as activation of PI3K/Akt pathway in ischemic stroke arrests apoptosis, interruption of α-synuclein aggregation prevents neuronal degeneration in Parkinson’s. Often such interactions are limited by insufficient concentrations of drugs reaching neuronal tissues and/or insufficient residence time of drug/s with the receptor. Hence, lipid nanoformulations, SLNs (solid lipid nanoparticles) and NLCs (nanostructured lipid carriers) emerged to overcome these challenges by utilizing physiological transport mechanisms across blood–brain barrier, such as drug-loaded SLN/NLCs adsorb apolipoproteins from the systemic circulation and are taken up by endothelial cells via low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor mediated endocytosis and subsequently unload drugs at target site (neuronal tissue), which imparts selectivity, target ability, and reduction in toxicity. This paper reviews the utilization of SLN/NLCs as carriers for targeted delivery of novel CNS drugs to improve the clinical course of neurological disorders, placing some additional discussion on the metabolism of lipid-based formulations.