七十味珍珠丸等珍宝类藏成药中总砷、总汞及人工胃液仿生提取可溶性砷、汞含量的对比研究

目的：测定七十味珍珠丸等珍宝类藏成药中总砷、总汞以及可溶性砷汞的含量,对比评价分析珍宝类藏成药中有关砷、汞类有害物质的安全性。方法：通过高压密闭微波消解及聚焦微波消解技术消解珍宝类藏成药样品,提取其中总砷、汞,同时通过模拟人体胃肠道环境,采用人工胃液仿生提取样品中的可溶性砷、汞,结合氢化物-原子荧光法进行分析测定。结果：在选定的最佳条件下,仪器对砷与汞的检出限分别为0.075 μg·L^-1和0.01 μg·L^-1,总砷、汞回收率试验中砷的回收率为94.20%、汞的回收率为91.66%,人工胃液仿生提取可溶性砷汞回收率试验中砷的回收率为93.89%、汞的回收率为91.95%,RSD均小于4%。结论：4个品种10批样品的总砷含量为30.61～561.07 μg·g^-1,总汞含量为13599.47～64213.45 μg·g^-1;人工胃液仿生提取可溶性砷的含量为0.18～104.22 μg·g^-1,人工胃液仿生提取可溶性汞的含量为0.06～7.55 μg·g^-1。珍宝类藏成药中人工胃液仿生提取可溶性砷、汞的含量远低于总砷、汞的含量。     

七十味珍珠丸等名贵藏药的特点

在常见的正宗藏药产品中,名贵藏药和非名贵藏药之间有明显的区分。名贵藏药主要有七十味珍珠丸、仁青常觉、仁青芒觉、坐珠达西、二十五味珍珠丸、二十五味珊瑚丸、二十五味松石丸7个产品。这些产品之间有哪些共同点呢？我们以七十味珍珠丸为例进行简单分析。     

紫花地丁微量元素的形态分析

目的： 测定紫花地丁中微量元素3种形态的含量,对微量元素在紫花地丁中的存在形态进行研究。方法： 分别采用盐酸浸提和滤膜分离得到紫花地丁中微量元素的无机态,颗粒态和溶解态,利用电感耦合等离子体-质谱法（ICP-MS）测定各形态的含量,并进行了系统的形态分析。结果： 9个微量元素大多均以无机态的形式存在,有机态所占比例在10%～53%之间。汞的有机态比例虽在90%以上,但主要存在于颗粒态中,因此减低了水煎液中汞的毒性。除汞外,其他微量元素的可溶态比例均较高,在42%～92%之间,它们在水煎液中的浸出率均不超过51%。结论： 浸出率较低,可知传统的水煎液有利于减低重金属的含量;而有机态占有一定的比例,为后期紫花地丁的物质基础研究奠定基础。     

七十味珍珠丸为什么是治疗心脑血管病的最好的藏药

据统计,藏药用量在民族药中所占的比重接近一半,有一枝独秀的美誉。而在成百上千种藏药中,大多数人都知道一种药——七十味珍珠丸。换句话说,七十味珍珠丸是藏药中最具有代表性的品种,同样也是最为著名的藏药。     

高效液相多通道同时测定藏药珍珠丸系列品种中名贵药味所含的6种组分

目的：建立藏药珍珠丸系列品种（二十五味珍珠丸、七十味珍珠丸）中名贵药味西红花和牛黄所含6种组分（西红花苷-Ⅰ,西红花苷-Ⅱ、牛磺胆酸钠、胆酸、猪去氧胆酸、去氧胆酸）含量的HPLC-TUV-ELSD同时测定方法,并对不同企业的样品进行测定和分析。方法：采用Zorbax SB-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,流动相A为乙腈,B为1%甲酸,梯度洗脱程序为0～60 min,18%A～40%A,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温30℃, TUV检测波长为440 nm,ELSD漂移管温度80℃,雾化气压力为30 psi。结果：在选定的条件下,西红花苷-Ⅰ,西红花苷-Ⅱ、牛磺胆酸钠、胆酸、猪去氧胆酸、去氧胆酸6种组分分离良好,线性范围合理（r>0.9932）,加样回收率范围为97.5%～102.1%（n=6）,LOD分别为0.0001,0.0002,0.005,0.002,0.003,0.002 g·L^-1。结论：所建立的方法简便、快速、准确,能用于同时检测珍珠丸系列样品中6种组分的含量,为方中名贵药味的质量控制提供技术参考,并对市售样品进行质量分析。     

保肝明目茶的制备工艺研究

目的：拟开发一款保肝明目茶，优选其最佳制备工艺。方法：以总多糖含量为评估指标，选用Design-Expert软件设计实验，优化水提工艺；以吸湿率、成形率、溶化性和含水量作为指标，选用正交设计，优选最佳制粒工艺。结果：最终确定的水提工艺：处方中的四味药材加12倍量水，提取温度80℃、提取时间2 h。最佳制粒工艺：取相对密度为1.25~1.30的浸膏，加入3倍浸膏量的赋形剂（玉米糊精∶可溶性淀粉=1∶4），再加入矫味剂甜菊糖0.25%，柠檬酸0.4%，混合制软材，制粒，干燥，整粒，即得。结论：优选的制备工艺稳定可行，为后期产品研发奠定了基础。     

再谈七十味珍珠丸

随着藏医药在内地的推广，患者对藏医药的认识也愈加深刻，不少患者已经尝试用藏医药治疗疾病，并且取得可喜的治疗效果。在数百种的藏药产品中，七十味珍珠丸是最负盛名的。围绕七十味珍珠丸，读者的问题也最多。     

星点设计响应面法优化滇南美登木总生物碱超声提取工艺

目的:筛选出滇南美登木中总生物碱提取的最优条件。方法:以盐酸小檗碱为对照品,采用酸性染料比色法,以总生物碱含量为指标,分别考察提取功率、提取时间、提取次数、液料比和乙醇的体积分数5个因素对超声提取滇南美登木中总生物碱的影响,在此基础上通过星点设计响应面试验确定最佳提取工艺,并进行验证。结果:滇南美登木中总生物碱的最佳超声提取工艺为:乙醇体积分数74%,提取功率457W,提取时间42min,提取次数为3次,液料比为20∶1(mL·g^-1)。验证试验测得最佳条件时总生物碱含量为(2.77±0.02)mg·g^-1(n=3,RSD=0.72%),与模型预测值结果接近。结论:本研究提取工艺简单,工艺参数可靠,提取效果良好,为滇南美登木中总生物碱的研究提供了科学的研究思路和试验依据。     

藏药服用有什么讲究？

哈尔滨刘默然：听说七十味珍珠丸服用时需要研碎泡一个晚上,第二天清晨服用,能不能介绍藏药服用方面的知识？     

朱砂在不同消化液中溶出汞的含量测定及影响因素分析

目的:测定朱砂在消化液中不同形态汞的含量,分析影响汞溶出的因素。方法:采用化学消化-原子吸收光谱法,考察胃肠道中存在的各种化学因素(酸度、胃蛋白酶、硫化钠、单质硫、氯化钠、氯化钾离子浓度等)对朱砂不同形态溶出的影响,并与纯品硫化汞做对比。结果:pH对朱砂中汞的溶出量有较大的影响,朱砂在人工肠液中溶解极少,含Na2S及单质硫对朱砂中汞溶出量的影响显著,溶液离子(Na+、K-)、胃蛋白酶对朱砂溶出影响很小。结论:朱砂在消化液中的不同形态汞(无机态、有机态、离子态)的溶出量与HgS含量、酸度、硫化物有关。     

Examination of blood levels of mercurials in practicing dentists using cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry

The toxicity of mercury compounds in dentistry has been an issue of increasing concern. Relatively few data are available concerning the possible in vivo biotransformation of elemental mercury from dental amalgam into more toxic organic mercurials. The present study was designed to evaluate the existence of this in vivo pathway in dentists who work in a confined environment where metallic mercury vapor is constantly present. Two hundred five practicing dentists and 24 nondental controls were asked to participate in this study. The total, inorganic, and organic mercury contents of blood were determined by syringe-injection cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. The student t-test indicates that the total and inorganic mercury levels in blood are significantly different between dentists and nondental controls at the significant level of p less than or equal to 0.05. The organomercurial levels are, however, insignificant at the same test level. This implies that high total and inorganic mercury levels are not correlated with high organomercurial levels in the blood of practicing dentists. Therefore, significant enzymatic conversion of inorganic to organic mercury compounds does not occur in vivo.     

前处理方法和外源性物质对含β-HgS药物中甲基汞检测假阳性结果的影响研究

目的:探索前处理方法和外源性物质对药物中β-硫化汞(β-HgS)转化为甲基汞带来的影响.方法:在前处理溶液体积为5 mL的条件下,考察超纯水、酸性前处理溶剂、碱性前处理溶剂、酸浓度、物理浸萃前处理手段和外源性物质对β-HgS转化为甲基汞的影响,采用高效液相色谱与冷蒸气-原子荧光光谱法(HPLC-CV-AFS)在线耦合测...     

The octanol/water distribution of mercury compounds

Lipophilicity plays an important role in the biological action of mercurials. The distribution of one inorganic and five organic mercury compounds was determined in an n-octanol/water system. Lipophilicity decreased in the order CH₃HgCl, bromomercurihydroxypropane, HgCl₂, chlormerodrin, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB), p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid (PCMBS). The toxicity of mercurials, as reported in the literature, appears to parallel their lipophilicity.     

Current approaches of the management of mercury poisoning: need of the hour

Mercury poisoning cases have been reported in many parts of the world, resulting in many deaths every year. Mercury compounds are classified in different chemical types such as elemental, inorganic and organic forms. Long term exposure to mercury compounds from different sources e.g. water, food, soil and air lead to toxic effects on cardiovascular, pulmonary, urinary, gastrointestinal, neurological systems and skin. Mercury level can be measured in plasma, urine, feces and hair samples. Urinary concentration is a good indicator of poisoning of elemental and inorganic mercury, but organic mercury (e.g. methyl mercury) can be detected easily in feces. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are a rapid, cheap and sensitive method for detection of thymine bound mercuric ions. Silver nanoparticles are used as a sensitive detector of low concentration Hg²⁺ ions in homogeneous aqueous solutions. Besides supportive therapy, British anti lewisite, dimercaprol (BAL), 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA. succimer) and dimercaptopropanesulfoxid acid (DMPS) are currently used as chelating agents in mercury poisoning. Natural biologic scavengers such as algae, azolla and other aquatic plants possess the ability to uptake mercury traces from the environment.     

高效液相色谱法同时检测洋参抗衰合剂中丹参5种水溶性成分

目的：建立高效液相色谱法同时测定洋参抗衰合剂中5种水溶性丹参成分含量的方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法，Agilent ZORBAX Extend C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm，5 μm）色谱柱；以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相，梯度洗脱：0~15 min，5.0% A；15~25 min，5.0%→30.0% A；25~35 min，30.0%→36.0% A；检测波长287 nm；柱温30℃；体积流量1.0 μg·mL^-1，测定洋参抗衰合剂中5种水溶性丹参成分含量。结果：洋参抗衰合剂方中君药丹参所含丹参素钠、原儿茶醛、阿魏酸、迷迭香酸、丹酚酸B共5种水溶性有效成分在考察浓度范围内各成分药物浓度与峰面积之间呈良好线性关系，平均加样回收率在95%~105%之间，RSD均在2.0%以内。结论：该方法快速、准确，重复性好，可用于洋参抗衰合剂中丹参水溶性成分的全面质量控制，有利于合剂水提效果的整体监控。     

The comparative toxicology of ethyl- and methylmercury

Neurotoxicity and renotoxicity were compared in rats given by gastric gavage five daily doses of 8.0 mg Hg/kg methyl- or ethylmercuric chloride or 9.6 mg Hg/kg ethylmercuric chloride. Three or 10 days after the last treatment day rats treated with either 8.0 or 9.6 mg Hg/kg ethylmercury had higher total or organic mercury concentrations in blood and lower concentrations in kidneys and brain than methylmercury-treated rats. In each of these tissues the inorganic mercury concentration was higher after ethyl than after methylmercury.Weight loss relative to the expected body weight and renal damage was higher in ethylmercury-treated rats than in rats given equimolar doses of methylmercury. These effects became more severe when the dose of ethylmercury was increased by 20%. Thus in renotoxicity the renal concentration of inorganic mercury seems to be more important than the concentration of organic or total mercury. In methylmercury-treated rats damage and inorganic mercury deposits were restricted to the P₂ region of the proximal tubules, while in ethylmercury-treated rats the distribution of mercury and damage was more widespread.There was little difference in the neurotoxicities of methylmercury and ethylmercury when effects on the dorsal root ganglia or coordination disorders were compared. Based on both criteria, an equimolar dose of ethylmercury was less neurotoxic than methylmercury, but a 20% increase in the dose of ethylmercury was enough to raise the sum of coordination disorder scores slightly and ganglion damage significantly above those in methylmercury-treated rats.In spite of the higher inorganic mercury concentration in the brain of ethylmercurythan in the brain of methylmercury-treated rats, the granular layer damage in the cerebellum was widespread only in the methylmercury-treated rats. Thus inorganic mercury or dealkylation cannot be responsible for granular layer damage in alkylmercury intoxication. Moreover, histochemistry demonstrated no inorganic mercury deposits in the granular layer.     

Thimerosal distribution and metabolism in neonatal mice: comparison with methyl mercury

Thimerosal, which releases the ethyl mercury radical as the active species, has been used as a preservative in many currently marketed vaccines throughout the world. Because of concerns that its toxicity could be similar to that of methyl mercury, it is no longer incorporated in many vaccines in the United States. There are reasons to believe, however, that the disposition and toxicity of ethyl mercury compounds, including thimerosal, may differ substantially from those of the methyl form. The current study sought to compare, in neonatal mice, the tissue concentrations, disposition and metabolism of thimerosal with that of methyl mercury. ICR mice were given single intramuscular injections of thimerosal or methyl mercury (1.4 mg Hg kg(-1)) on postnatal day 10 (PND 10). Tissue samples were collected daily on PND 11-14. Most analysed tissues demonstrated different patterns of tissue distribution and a different rate of mercury decomposition. The mean organic mercury in the brain and kidneys was significantly lower in mice treated with thimerosal than in the methyl mercury-treated group. In the brain, thimerosal-exposed mice showed a steady decrease of organic mercury levels following the initial peak, whereas in the methyl mercury-exposed mice, concentrations peaked on day 2 after exposure. In the kidneys, thimerosal-exposed mice retained significantly higher inorganic mercury levels than methyl mercury-treated mice. In the liver both organic and inorganic mercury concentrations were significantly higher in thimerosal-exposed mice than in the methyl mercury group. Ethyl mercury was incorporated into growing hair in a similar manner to methyl mercury. The data showing significant kinetic differences in tissue distribution and metabolism of mercury species challenge the assumption that ethyl mercury is toxicologically identical to methyl mercury.     

Levels of organic and inorganic mercury in human blood predicted from measurements of total mercury

The toxicologically relevant mercury species inorganic and organic Hg in blood are frequently determined by separate measurements of total Hg and of inorganic Hg, with their difference indicating organic Hg. It is shown that the different partition of inorganic and organic Hg between erythrocytes and plasma (e/p ratio) can be used to calculate the concentrations of either Hg species in either blood constituent from measurement of total Hg only. This was tested on the blood of different groups of volunteers. The calculated concentrations of inorganic and organic Hg in cells and plasma were then compared by linear regression with their previously measured counterparts. An accurate prediction has been found for individual levels of inorganic Hg in plasma and organic Hg in cells. These calculated levels were little affected by variations of the e/p ratios. The coincidence between calculated and measured levels of inorganic Hg in cells and organic Hg in plasma was more sensitive to alterations of the e/p ratios. In conclusion, the relevant concentrations of inorganic Hg in plasma and organic Hg in cells can reliably be calculated from measurements of total Hg and from assumed e/p ratios. This means a sizeable reduction of analytical work, and also provides specific information in cases of low-level co-exposure to both Hg species. Besides the possibility to introduce automated analyses of total Hg in mercury speciation in blood, the proposed calculation scheme has the potential to easily enlarge the data base in epidemiological and toxicological surveys of mercury exposure.     

木瓜不同炮制品中水溶性有机酸的含量比较

目的比较不同炮制方法对木瓜中水溶性有机酸含量的影响。方法采用酸碱滴定法以0.1moloLNaOH标准溶液为滴定液,苹果酸为对照品测定水溶性有机酸的含量。结果水溶性有机酸含量:生品6.61%,炒黄品5.78%,炒焦品4.87%,酒炙品4.82%,盐炙品4.77%。结论炮制温度和时间对木瓜中水溶性有机酸的含量有影响。     

Differential immunotoxic effects of inorganic and organic mercury species in vitro

Despite the fact that humans are exposed to multiple forms of mercury (elemental, inorganic, and organic), most research on mercury toxicity has focused on methylmercury (MeHg) and on neurotoxic outcomes and mechanisms. Recent work has indicated that the immunotoxic effects of mercury compounds may be significant contributors to human disease as well as mechanistically relevant to other target organ toxicities. In this study, we compared the effects of inorganic Hg (iHg) to organic Hg species (MeHg and ethylmercury, EtHg) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro at sub-cytotoxic concentrations, using methods developed to characterize response of human PBMCs to iHg in vitro. PBMCs were isolated from six volunteer blood donors (three males and three females) and cultured in the presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and low levels (up to 200 nM of each Hg species, separately) for 24 h in culture. Cell culture supernatants were analyzed for cytokine concentrations with a bead-based multiplex assay.