抗CD38单克隆抗体:复发难治性系统性轻链型淀粉样变性患者的福音

系统性轻链(AL)型淀粉样变性是由异常单克隆免疫球蛋白轻链形成淀粉样蛋白,沉积于组织器官,进而造成组织结构损伤、器官功能障碍的系统性疾病[1].从异常单克隆免疫球蛋白轻链的来源看,大部分都是浆细胞所产生,来源于淋巴细胞的仅占2％[2],故针对异常克隆性浆细胞的治疗是AL型淀粉样变性治疗的主要方式之一.目前,自体外周血干...     

以黄疸为特征的原发性肝淀粉样变性1例报告

淀粉样变性是由不溶性淀粉样蛋白沉积在组织器官中引起的一类进行性、预后不良的疾病,主要可分为原发性（淀粉样物质为免疫球蛋白的轻链,AL型） 和继发性（淀粉样物质为淀粉A 蛋白,AA 型）.AL 型常累及肝、肾、脾、心脏、胃肠及皮肤等多个组织器官,以往的尸解发现95%的原发性淀粉样变性患者都有肝脏淀粉样物质沉积.     

多发性骨髓瘤合并心肌淀粉样变性诊治进展

多发性骨髓瘤（MM）是一种浆细胞异常增殖的恶性肿瘤,也叫浆细胞骨髓瘤,是由骨髓中异常增殖的浆细胞增生并分泌单克隆免疫球蛋白和（或）轻链（M蛋白）而导致相关的组织器官损伤。异常单克隆免疫球蛋白的轻链片段所形成的淀粉样物质在组织器官沉积而导致淀粉样变性。其中多发性骨髓瘤所致淀粉样变性中最重要的损害是心肌淀粉样病变,此类患者的发病机制复杂,心脏受损的临床表现具有多样性,常合并有其它多种组织及器官受累表现且缺乏特异性,容易误诊。本文拟对多发性骨髓瘤合并心肌淀粉样变性诊治进展做一综述。     

硼替佐米治疗轻链型淀粉样变性的经验浅谈

<正>系统性轻链型(AL型)淀粉样变性是由单克隆免疫球蛋白轻链错误折叠形成淀粉样蛋白,并沉积于组织器官,造成组织结构破坏、器官功能障碍并进行性进展的疾病,主要与克隆性浆细胞异常增殖有关,少部分与淋巴细胞增殖性疾病有关。AL型淀粉样变性治疗的目的是尽快达到一个充分、长期的血液学缓解,同时尽量减少不良反应,降低治疗相关死亡率。其治疗方案多来源于多发性骨髓瘤的成功经验,近年来,硼替佐米等新型药物已成为多     

系统性轻链型淀粉样变性异常浆细胞特征分析

目的:分析系统性轻链型淀粉样变性(AL)患者骨髓克隆性浆细胞数量与免疫表型特征,探索浆细胞数量、表型与疾病风险分层的联系。方法:多参数流式细胞术(MFC)检测AL患者骨髓浆细胞CD19、CD38、CD138、CD56、CD117表达情况及κ、λ轻链限制性,对照组选择同期诊断非AL的具有肾脏意义的单克隆免疫球蛋白血症(MGRS)及多发性骨髓瘤(MM)患者。收集实验室检查结果,观察AL患者临床特征,分析其单克隆浆细胞数量、免疫表型与疾病风险分层的关系。结果:共纳入AL患者119例,对照组非AL的MGRS 49例(伴单克隆免疫球蛋白沉积的增生性肾小球肾炎27例,单克隆免疫球蛋白沉积病16例,轻链沉积病3例,重链沉积病2例,轻链重链混合淀粉样变性(AHL)型1例、MM 19例。AL患者有96例(80.7%)骨髓浆细胞检测出轻链限制性,单克隆浆细胞表面CD19、CD56、CD117阳性率分别为10.4%、71.9%、46.9%。与MGRS、MM比较,AL单克隆浆细胞CD117阳性率较高(P=0.001,P0.001),浆细胞数量高于MGRS(P0.001)而低于MM(P0.001)。单克隆浆细胞CD19阴性的AL患者骨髓浆细胞数量高于CD19阳性患者(P=0.013)。结合Mayo分期系统,AL中单克隆浆细胞比例最高的为Ⅳ期0.98%(0.6%,1.37%),最低为Ⅱ期0.53%(0.29%,1.03%),两组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.033);CD117在Ⅳ期患者中阳性率高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ期患者(P=0.032,P=0.021)。结论:AL与MGRS、MM克隆性浆细胞数量及表型存在差异,AL患者Mayo分期等级高的患者克隆性浆细胞负荷及CD117阳性率较高,提示MFC检测AL患者骨髓浆细胞数量及其免疫表型特征,可辅助疾病的诊断、鉴别与疾病风险评估。     

重视系统性淀粉样变性的诊断和治疗

<正>系统性淀粉样变性是一类疾病的总称,临床上以免疫球蛋白轻链型淀粉样变性(AL型)最为常见,占淀粉样变性的80%以上。AL型淀粉样变性好发于老年人,中位诊断年龄约62岁,随着我国人口老龄化和环境致病因素的加剧,AL型淀粉样变性的发病率也呈现出逐年升高的趋势。笔者所在单位1979年～2002年的13 519例肾活检结果显示淀粉样变性占肾活检总数的0,5%,而近年来AL型淀粉样变性已占肾活检总数的2%左右。国外资料表     

肾淀粉样变性病理诊断的体会

淀粉样变性可以分为系统性和局灶性两类.系统性淀粉样变性包括免疫球蛋白轻链（AL）、血清淀粉样A物质（AA）、家族性、衰老的系统性淀粉样变性和透析相关的淀粉样变性.局灶性淀粉样变则包括：局灶的AL淀粉样变以及与帕金森病和快速进展性疾病相关的阿尔茨海默病,克雅病;此外2型糖尿病也属此类.最常见的累及肾脏的淀粉样物质是AL、AA以及家族性淀粉样变性.笔者从肾活检病理角度谈谈对肾淀粉样变性诊断的体会.     

伴多浆膜腔积液等多系统损害的轻链型心肌淀粉样变性1例

<正>心肌淀粉样变(cardiac amyloidosis,CA)是一种淀粉样蛋白沉积于心脏组织从而引起心脏功能改变的限制型心肌病。CA主要有免疫球蛋白轻链型淀粉样变性(immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis,AL)和运甲状腺素蛋白型淀粉样变性(transthyretin amyloidosis,ATTR)两型，其中又以AL为代表^[1]。AL-CA临床表现较为隐匿，可表现出复杂多样的症状、体征，常伴有其他心外表现^[2]，常因不能及时诊断而延误治疗，导致预后差，病死率高。现报道我院收治的1例伴多浆膜腔积液等多系统损害的AL-CA病人。     

肝淀粉样变性临床特征

对77例肝淀粉样变性的患者进行临床观察.并对肝脏受累免疫球蛋白轻链的淀粉样变性幸存者的影响因素进行了研究。对照组是由伴有免疫球蛋白轻链淀粉样变性但不累及肝脏的患者。持续观察77例患者.发现19例肝淀粉样变性,58例淀粉样变性但不累及肝脏,19例     

轻链淀粉样变性累及多器官1例报道并文献复习

轻链淀粉样变性(light-chain amyloidosis,AL)即原发性系统性淀粉样变性,是由于浆细胞克隆性增殖引起轻链型淀粉样蛋白前体在不同组织中形成不溶性蛋白纤维沉积,可累及全身多个器官,引起多个器官功能衰竭。该病发病率低,临床表现复杂多变,误诊率高,常延误治疗时机,预后较差。现报道1例多器官累及AL,并结合文献复习,探讨该病的发病机制、诊断、治疗与预后特征,提高对该病诊断及治疗的认识,降低误诊率。     

CT diagnosis of complete tracheal rings in an adult

We report a case of complete tracheal rings diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) in a 34-year-old woman with history of congenital heart disease who presented with long-standing shortness of breath and chest tightness. CT of the trachea revealed concentric narrowing of the distal trachea, with an "O"-shaped lumen and absence of wall thickening. Virtual endoscopic CT images showed concentric rings at the site of stenosis, consistent with complete tracheal rings, which were confirmed by conventional bronchoscopy. To our knowledge, the CT findings of this condition have not been previously described. CT with 3-dimensional reconstructions has the potential to noninvasively aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with this condition.     

Primary systemic amyloidosis presenting with advanced heart failure

Primary systemic amyloidosis (AL) is a rare, sporadic disease caused by deposition of immunoglobulin light chains in various tissues; symptoms vary based on which organs are infiltrated by the amyloid fibrils. Cardiac involvement occurs in up to 50% of patients with primary amyloidosis and is associated with a very poor prognosis. We report a case of a 57-year-old black man who presented with symptoms consistent with congestive heart failure. He was later found to have primary systemic amyloidosis, confirmed by abdominal fat pad biopsy.     

Bilateral Kidney Infarction Due to Primary AL Amyloidosis: A First Case Report

Primary Amyloid Light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare form of plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by tissue deposition of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain. Kidney involvement is the most frequent manifestation, and patients usually present with glomerular disease.We report an exceptional case of bilateral kidney infarcts caused by AL amyloidosis. A 34-years-old man presented with progressive dyspnea, loin pain, recurrent macroscopic hematuria, and acute kidney injury. Computed tomography showed bilateral kidney infarcts.The diagnosis of AL amyloidosis was established on the kidney biopsy with the characterization of major vascular amyloid deposits that selectively stained with antilambda light chain antibody. An amyloid restrictive cardiomyopathy was also present, responsible for the life-threatening conduction disturbance, but without patent cardioembolic disease. The patient then underwent emergency heart transplantation, followed by a conventional chemotherapy with bortezomib, melphalan, and dexamethasone. More than 3 years later, the patient has subnormal renal function, a well-functioning heart transplant, and a sustained hematologic response.In addition to the very uncommon presentation, this case illustrates the tremendous progress that has occurred in the management of severe forms of AL amyloidosis.     

围术期26例不典型肺栓塞临床分析及早期诊断的探讨

目的探讨围术期急性肺栓塞的不典型病例特点。方法回顾性分析26例围术期具有不典型症状急性肺栓塞的临床资料。结果 26例急性肺栓塞围术期患者,发生肺栓塞时晕厥、呼吸困难急促、胸闷胸痛、神志或意识改变等症状的发生率分别为31%、54%、19%、27%。结论围术期急性肺栓塞常以不典型症状为表现,易与其基础疾病相混淆,对有上述症状的患者应高度警惕,尽快完善CVP监测、D-二聚体定量测定、床旁心血管彩超,条件允许者行双源CT肺动脉造影可早期诊断肺栓塞。     

Abnormal stress echocardiography findings in cardiac amyloidosis

Abstract

Background: Cardiac involvement in immunoglobulin light chain (amyloid light chain, AL) amyloidosis is characterized by myocardial interstitial deposition but can also cause obstructive deposits in the coronary microvasculature.

Methods: We retrospectively identified 20 patients who underwent stress echocardiography within 1 year prior to the histologic diagnosis of AL amyloidosis. Only patients with cardiac amyloidosis and no known obstructive coronary disease were included.

Results: Stress echocardiograms (13 exercise; 7 dobutamine) were performed for evaluation of dyspnea and/or chest pain. Stress-induced wall motion abnormalities (WMAs) occurred in 11 patients (55%), 4 of whom had normal left ventricular wall thickness. Coronary angiogram was performed in 9 of 11 patients and demonstrated no or mild epicardial coronary artery disease. Seven (54%) patients had an abnormal exercise blood pressure which occurred with similar likelihood between those with and without stress-induced WMAs.

Conclusions: Stress-induced WMAs and abnormal exercise blood pressure may occur in patients with cardiac AL amyloidosis despite the absence of significant epicardial coronary artery disease. This finding should raise the possibility of cardiac amyloidosis even in the absence of significant myocardial thickening.     

Quantitative serum free light chain assay in the diagnostic evaluation of AL amyloidosis

We compared a new serum immunoassay for quantitation of serum free light chains (FLC) with the conventional tests for clonal immunoglobulin production: bone marrow immunohistochemistry, serum immunofixation electrophoresis, and urine immunofixation electrophoresis. Serum samples from 169 patients with AL amyloidosis and 20 controls were examined. Elevated levels of κ-FLC and λ-FLC were found in 94% and 93% of patients with the respective clonal disease. However, false positive elevations of κ-FLC and λ-FLC were found in 30% and 44% of patients with clonal disease of the other light chain subtype. We found that the FLC level was a reliable test for the diagnosis of clonal disease when the FLC κ:λ ratio was abnormal and was comparable to the conventional tests in patients with AL amyloidosis. After a histologic tissue diagnosis of amyloidosis, determining the type as AL amyloidosis relies on a panel of hematologic tests to determine light chain clonality and the exclusion other forms of amyloidosis.     

Quantitative serum free light chain assay in the diagnostic evaluation of AL amyloidosis.

We compared a new serum immunoassay for quantitation of serum free light chains (FLC) with the conventional tests for clonal immunoglobulin production: bone marrow immunohistochemistry, serum immunofixation electrophoresis, and urine immunofixation electrophoresis. Serum samples from 169 patients with AL amyloidosis and 20 controls were examined. Elevated levels of kappa-FLC and lambda-FLC were found in 94% and 93% of patients with the respective clonal disease. However, false positive elevations of kappa-FLC and lambda-FLC were found in 30% and 44% of patients with clonal disease of the other light chain subtype. We found that the FLC level was a reliable test for the diagnosis of clonal disease when the FLC kappa:lambda ratio was abnormal and was comparable to the conventional tests in patients with AL amyloidosis. After a histologic tissue diagnosis of amyloidosis, determining the type as AL amyloidosis relies on a panel of hematologic tests to determine light chain clonality and the exclusion other forms of amyloidosis.     

Lenalidomide and dexamethasone in the treatment of AL amyloidosis: results of a phase 2 trial

In immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis, amyloid fibril deposits derived from immunoglobulin light chains produced by a clonal plasma cell dyscrasia accumulate in tissues and damage vital organs. Treatment regimens used in multiple myeloma can be effective in AL amyloidosis; however, patients with this disease often tolerate these regimens poorly because of multisystem organ dysfunction. Thalidomide and lenalidomide have both been shown to be effective in myeloma. In this report, we describe results of a phase 2 trial of the use of lenalidomide, as a single agent and in combination with dexamethasone, for the treatment of AL amyloidosis. Thirty-four patients with AL amyloidosis, most with prior therapies, were enrolled in the trial. The initial dose of lenalidomide used (25 mg/d) was poorly tolerated; however, a reduced dose of 15 mg/d was generally well tolerated. Of 24 evaluable patients, 7 (29%) achieved a hematologic complete response and 9 (38%) achieved a partial hematologic response, for an overall hematologic response rate of 67%. Hematologic responses were also associated with clinical responses. Fatigue and myelosuppression were the most common treatment-related adverse events (35%), while thromboembolic complications (9%) were the most serious. Findings from this trial indicate that lenalidomide can be effective in treating AL amyloidosis.     

Improvement of cardiac diastolic function and prognosis after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in AL cardiac amyloidosis

AL amyloidosis is a disease in which immunoglobulin L chain is deposited in multiple organs, and the prognosis of cardiac amyloidosis is extremely poor. Although several treatments based on that for multiple myeloma, have been performed, there is no clear evidence that cardiac function is improved. We report a case of AL cardiac amyloidosis with moderate cardiac dysfunction for which we performed autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (auto-PBSCT) in combination with high-dose melphalan therapy. This treatment resulted in significant improvement in cardiac function and good prognosis for about 3.5 years after the diagnosis. Therefore, auto-PBSCT is a possible option as up-front therapy for AL cardiac amyloidosis.     

Acquired factor X deficiency in light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is rare and associated with advanced disease

Introduction

Systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis can lead to an acquired coagulopathy secondary to acquired factor X (aFX) deficiency. However, it is not very clear who develops aFX deficiency in AL amyloidosis.