钝器伤后腹膜后血肿

1983年7月至1988年4月,LevelⅠ创伤中心共收治钝器伤所致腹膜后血肿(RPH)233例,占同期钝器伤入院者2.9％、腹部钝器伤入院者13％。致伤原因主要是车祸。患者平均年龄33.5岁(14～86岁),男性占70％。38％患者入院时有休克,50％有长骨骨折,48％有胸部严重损伤,55％有骨盆骨折,34％有脑损伤,15％有脊柱骨折。入院时的创伤评分、Glasgow     

后交叉韧带重建后翻修原因分析

目的 对后交叉韧带(PCL)重建失败原因进行分析.方法 回顾2001年11月至2007年5月8例PCL翻修病例,分析PCL重建失败的原因.结果 8例翻修手术中发现1例双束重建韧带的后内束断裂;7例单束重建者中4例重建的PCL已完全断裂、吸收,另3例重建韧带有部分连接性,但已明显松弛失用.8例患者中,1例双束重建的上下骨道位置正确,其他7例骨道位置均不正确,股骨端上骨道明显偏后,胫骨端下骨道位置明显偏上向前.8例均行一期翻修重建于术,其中应用自体半腱股薄肌腱移植物单束重建2例、双束重建1例、后内束重建1例,自体骨-髌腱-骨(B-T-B)单束重建2例,同种异体B-T-B单束与双束重建各1例.结论 PCL重建手术失败的原因与手术骨道位置异常有关.临床重建应注重选择正确骨道位置.     

后外侧和后内侧切口入路治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折

胫骨平台后髁骨折主要为膝关节屈曲位受到轴向暴力造成胫骨平台后髁在冠状面上的劈裂,严重者伴随着前交叉韧带的损伤,此类骨折临床上较为少见,而手术治疗时由于胫骨上段后外侧腓骨头的阻挡,显露与复位均较困难,治疗效果欠佳。笔者自1998年1月至2006年12月收治11例此种骨折患者．均采用后内和后外侧人路直视下复位内固定治疗．获得满意的复位和疗效。现报道如下。     

骨盆骨折后尿道损伤及后尿道狭窄

骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤的发病率近年来呈上升趋势 ,对后尿道损伤的诊断与处理日益重要 ,处理不当日后需再次手术 ,引起尿失禁、阳瘘则留下终身残废。作者就骨盆骨折后尿道损伤及后尿道狭窄的发病率、尿道损伤机制、后尿道损伤分类、诊断和处理作综述。     

改良后内侧、后外侧入路治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折

目的 探讨改良后内侧、后外侧入路治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折的疗效.方法 对2006年1月至2011年10月收治且获得随访的25例胫骨平台后髁骨折患者资料进行回顾性分析,男17例,女8例;年龄22～76岁,平均46.4岁.骨折按AO/OTA分型:41-B1型4例,41-B2型6例,41-B3型15例;按Luo等提出的三柱分型均为后柱骨折.10例胫骨平台后外侧髁骨折患者采用改良后外侧入路,15例胫骨平台后内侧髁骨折患者采用改良后内侧入路,后方骨折使用支撑钢板固定.末次随访时根据美国特种外科医院(HSS)膝关节评分系统评定膝关节功能恢复情况. 结果 25例患者术后获平均13.2个月(10 ～ 24个月)随访.术后即刻骨折复位质量Rasmussen评分为13～18分,平均16.5分;其中优20例,良4例,可l例,优良率为96.0％.25例患者完全负重下无疼痛感,X线片示骨折均获愈合,愈合时间平均为13.9周(12～18周).末见血管、神经损伤等手术相关并发症发生.末次随访时HSS膝关节评分平均为91分(74～97分),其中优17例,良8例,优良率为100％.膝关节活动度为0～ 125°.结论 对于胫骨平台后髁骨折,改良后内侧、后外侧入路能较好地暴露骨折部位,且允许直视下复位骨折和采用后方支撑钢板固定骨折,对周围软组织损伤较小,术后功能恢复良好.     

后外或后内入路手术治疗胫骨平台后柱骨折

目的探讨采用膝关节后外经腓骨小头切除入路、后内入路治疗胫骨平台后柱骨折的临床疗效。方法2004年1月至2008年6月间,共收治涉及胫骨平台后柱骨折患者10例,其中1例采用单纯后外切除部分腓骨小头入路;5例采用膝关节后外经腓骨小头切除联合前方入路,4例采用胫骨平台后内联合前方入路,直视下复位骨折,桡骨远端支撑钢板固定。结果随访24～40周（平均33．5周）,10例全部痊愈。平均X线愈合时间16周。术后24周采用美国特种外科医院（HSS）评分80～93分,平均84．5分。术后1例患者出现腓总神经麻痹,经营养神经治疗三周后恢复,全部病例无切口感染及皮缘坏死,尤螺钉松动、断裂以及内固定失效等并发症发生。结论采用膝关节后外经腓骨小头切除入路、后内入路治疗胫骨后侧平台骨折,具有手术野暴露清楚、准确解剖复位、内固定安置方便、临床疗效好,并发症少等优点。     

麻醉后寒战

麻醉后寒战是一种常见的术后并发症,其发生机理尚未清楚。其发生与体温、外界温度的关系仍未清楚,而与病人性别、年龄、术前情况、术前用药、麻醉和手术情况有关。可以用物理或药物方法进行有效的防治。     

钝性创伤后的腹膜后血肿

Maryland 休克创伤中心在1983～1988年收治1787例腹部钝性伤,其中发生腹膜后血肿(RPH)233例(13%),其治疗原则为(1)第1区(中央部)RPH应手术探查以排除火血管、胰或十二指肠创伤;(2)第2区(胁部)有膨胀性或搏动性血肿,或有尿外溢者给予探查;(3)第3区(盆腔)一般不予探查,除非有明确的大血管破裂或压迫止血后病情仍恶化。同时有一个区以上的 RPH 则列为第4区。剖腹探查是诊断 RPH 的主要方法(占73%),发现1、2、3和4区 RPH 分别占14%、37%、46%和3%。使用诊断性腹腔灌洗(DPL)168例,阳性结果125例,假阳性28例。81例探查了血肿(35%),第1区最常见大血管损害(21%),第2区最常见肾损伤(27%)。第2区右侧 RPH 伴胰或十二指肠损伤(14%).122例伴腹腔内脏器损伤,计肝65例、脾64例、空腔脏器49例、肠系膜31例、横膈19例和卵巢4例.在188例存活24小时以上伤员中,共发生并发症110例(59%),计 ARDS 76例、急性肾小管坏死42例、肝功能衰竭10例、DIC 9例和胃出血2例,并发感染46例、肺栓塞8例和胰腺炎7例。死亡91例(39%),其中半数在入院后24小时内死亡。总的死亡原因为多器官衰竭37例、休克33例和头     

肾移植后肿瘤

基质细胞衍生因子(SDF - 1)及其受体cXCR4 相互作用转导特定信号,已经被证实在许多生理和病理过程中都发挥了重要的作用.CXCR4 在肾癌细胞中高表达,SDF - 1/CXCR4 与肾癌细胞的增殖、存活、靶器官特异性转移等密切相关.阻断SDF - 1/CXCR4 通路能够有效地抑制肾癌的生长及转移,为治疗肾癌开辟了新途径.本文就SDF - I/CXCR4 在肾癌中的表达、与肾癌肿瘤性相关血管生成、癌细胞增殖、存活、转移、细胞内机制以及治疗作用的研究进展作一综述.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.