经额底纵裂入路显微手术切除鞍区肿瘤

目的 探讨经额底纵裂入路显微外科手术治疗鞍区肿瘤的于术方法及手术技巧.方法 应用经额底纵裂入路显微外科手术切除垂体瘤12例,脑膜瘤5例,颅咽管瘤3例,表皮样囊肿1例.结果 垂体瘤伞切除9例,近全切除3例;脑膜瘤SimpsonⅡ级切除5例;颅咽管瘤全切除3例;鞍上表皮样囊肿伞切除1例.结论 经额底纵裂入路对前颅底、鞍区草要解剖结构有良好暴露,有利于术中对大脑前动脉、颈内动脉、前交通动脉,垂体柄、视交叉、下丘脑及重要穿通血管等结构的保护,手术全切率高,术后出现偏瘫、失语、昏迷、尿崩的发生率低.     

小骨窗前纵裂入路显微手术切除巨大颅咽管瘤(17例报告)

目的评价小骨窗前纵裂入路在颅咽管瘤手术中的应用价值及并发症。方法经小骨窗前纵裂入路切除巨大颅咽管瘤17例,对手术技术及结果进行总结。结果本组全切除15例、近全切除2例,无手术死亡病例。由于术中直视下处理肿瘤在垂体漏斗部位的粘连,可较好保护垂体柄、下丘脑结构及局部穿支血管,13例患者超过2年的随访未见肿瘤复发及再生长。结论经小骨窗前纵裂入路可直视下处理肿瘤鞍内、鞍上及三脑室前部分,是鞍上生长位置较高的大型颅咽管瘤安全有效的手术入路之一。     

经额底纵裂入路切除颅咽管瘤的临床分析

目的探讨经额底纵裂入路切除颅咽管瘤的手术方法和疗效。方法回顾性分析2008-01-2015-02我院收治的经额底纵裂入路切除的颅咽管瘤临床资料。评价该手术入路及显微操作的优缺点。结果术中肿瘤全切41例;次全切除8例,保留垂柄(完全或部分保留)31例,因肿瘤完全侵蚀垂体柄将其与肿瘤一并切除14例,4例术中为见垂体柄。术后并发症主要为尿崩、电解质紊乱及体温调节紊乱。结论经额底纵裂入路切除鞍上颅咽管瘤具有操作空间大、安全性好、视角佳等优点,可作为切除鞍上颅咽管瘤的有效入路。     

鞍下鼻咽部颅咽管瘤1例报告

目的 探讨原发于鞍下鼻咽部颅咽管瘤的治疗方法。方法 对1例CT和MRI显示鞍下鼻咽部巨大囊性肿瘤的病儿，行经蝶入路手术大部分切除肿瘤。结果 病理诊断为颅咽管瘤，术后辅以放疗，随访2年，病儿症状消失。结论 鞍下鼻咽部颅咽管瘤可采用经蝶入路，术后辅以放疗有助于消除残留肿瘤及防止复发。     

经眶上锁孔入路切除鞍区颅咽管瘤

目的探讨经眶上锁孔入路切除鞍区颅咽管瘤的应用价值。方法对7例位于鞍上,肿瘤上下径为3．5～6cm的颅咽管瘤患者(部分囊性变者4例,完全实性者3例),作眉弓内弧形小切口,在眶上铣开一直径为2．5cm的半圆形小骨瓣,术中根据肿瘤位置,从视交叉前间隙,视神经外侧间隙和颈内动脉外侧间隙切除肿瘤。术中除注意保护视神经、垂体柄、下丘脑之外,还应防止损伤颈内动脉、后交通动脉、脉络膜前动脉和大脑后动脉发出的到下丘脑和前穿质部位穿通动脉的损伤。结果术中6例病人肿瘤全切除,1例病人次全切除,术后5例病人出现不同程度的尿崩症及电解质紊乱,经药物治疗后好转,6例病人视力改善。结论眶上锁孔入路切口小,但能提供鞍上区足够的手术空间,足以显露鞍区病变及其邻近结构,且减少了脑牵拉和手术创伤,有利于颅咽管瘤的全切除,是一种安全有效的处理鞍区病灶手术入路途径。     

29例大型颅咽管瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨手术切除大型颅咽管瘤的有效方法。方法对29例经显微手术切除的大型颅咽管瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,肿瘤位于鞍上者15例,进入第三脑室者8例,位于鞍上鞍内者6例。有明显钙化18例,无明显钙化11例。囊性肿瘤24例,实质性肿瘤5例。经右翼点入路手术切除23例,经纵裂-胼胝体入路手术切除6例。结果肿瘤全切27例,次全切2例;死亡2例。所有患者术后均有不同程度的一过性尿崩症,水电解质紊乱27例,动眼神经麻痹5例。27例平均随访3年,复发3例,余能正常生活学习。结论翼点入路是鞍区大型颅咽管瘤手术的首选入路,绝大多数患者可达到肿瘤全切和良好预后。     

颅咽管瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨颅咽管瘤的显微手术切除方法。方法总结5 a来我院神经外科治疗的46例颅咽管瘤。其中采用翼点入路41例,经胼胝体前入路3例,经胼胝体-翼点入路2例,应用显微技术从鞍区解剖间隙分块切除肿瘤。结果 46例颅咽管瘤,全切除41例,次全切除4例,大部分切除1例。术后34例出现一过性尿崩,中枢性高热4例,癫发作2例,出现电解质紊乱31例,均为高钠血症;死亡1例,为严重的下丘脑反应。随访3个月～5 a,能参加工作或学习者38例,需生活照顾者7例,病理显示均为颅咽管瘤。结论根据颅咽管瘤生长范围选择合理的手术入路,应用显微外科技术,充分利用鞍区解剖间隙是切除颅咽管瘤的关键。     

颅咽管瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨颅咽管瘤的显微手术切除方法。方法总结5 a来我院神经外科治疗的46例颅咽管瘤。其中采用翼点入路41例,经胼胝体前入路3例,经胼胝体-翼点入路2例,应用显微技术从鞍区解剖间隙分块切除肿瘤。结果 46例颅咽管瘤,全切除41例,次全切除4例,大部分切除1例。术后34例出现一过性尿崩,中枢性高热4例,癫发作2例,出现电解质紊乱31例,均为高钠血症;死亡1例,为严重的下丘脑反应。随访3个月～5 a,能参加工作或学习者38例,需生活照顾者7例,病理显示均为颅咽管瘤。结论根据颅咽管瘤生长范围选择合理的手术入路,应用显微外科技术,充分利用鞍区解剖间隙是切除颅咽管瘤的关键。     

前纵裂入路显微手术切除鞍上脑室内外型颅咽管瘤

目的 探讨前纵裂入路在鞍上脑室内外型颅咽管瘤显微手术切除中的应用,并比较与其他手术入路的优缺点.方法 回顾性分析22例采用前纵裂入路显微手术切除鞍上脑室内外型大型颅咽管瘤患者,分析手术技巧及术后效果.结果 肿瘤全切20例,次全切除2例,无手术死亡病例.术后发生电解质紊乱15例,尿量增多17例,2-7周后好转,术后1周内视力好转15例.随访6-60个月,肿瘤复发2例,均为12个月内复发.结论 前纵裂入路可直视下处理肿瘤在垂体漏斗部位的粘连,是鞍上脑室内外型颅咽管瘤较好的手术入路.     

前纵裂入路显微手术切除鞍区颅咽管瘤

目的探讨前纵裂入路显微手术切除鞍区颅咽管瘤的疗效。方法回顾性分析19例经前纵裂入路手术治疗的颅咽管瘤病人的临床资料。结果肿瘤全切除14例,大部分切除4例,1例因肿瘤大片钙化并粘连严重仅行部分切除。术中保留垂体柄12例,被肿瘤完全侵蚀的垂体柄切除4例,未见垂体柄或垂体3例。术后视力改善11例、恶化1例。术后1例出现额叶血肿行血肿清除术;1例术后16 d死于重度肺部感染。术后16例出现尿崩、电解质紊乱,14例出现垂体功能障碍,均给予对症治疗。15例术后随访3~36个月,肿瘤复发2例。结论对于以中线生长为主、无明显偏侧生长的大型和巨大型鞍区颅咽管瘤,前纵裂入路可获得良好的术野暴露,手术安全、效果良好。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Sense of coherence as a predictor of subjective state of health: results of 4 years of follow-up of adults

A number of cross-sectional population studies have shown that a strong sense of coherence (SOC) is associated with various aspects of good perceived health. The association does not seem to be entirely attributable to underlying associations of SOC with other variables, such as age or level of education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study reported here was to determine whether SOC predicted subjective state of health. METHODS: The study was carried out as a two-way panel mail survey of 1976 individuals with 4 years interval for two collections of data. The statistical method used was multivariate cumulative logistic modeling. Age, initial subjective state of health, initial occupational training level, and initial degree of social integration were included as potential explanatory variables. RESULTS: A strong SOC predicted good health in women and men. CONCLUSIONS: SOC can be interpreted as an autonomous internal resource contributing to a favorable development of subjective state of health. SOC data should, however, be regarded as complementary to and not a substitute for information already known to be associated with increased risk of future ill health.