Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Australian community: an evolving epidemic

OBJECTIVE: To describe antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in community settings in Australia. DESIGN AND SETTING: Survey of S. aureus isolates collected prospectively Australia-wide between July 2004 and February 2005; results were compared with those of similar surveys conducted in 2000 and 2002. Main outcome measures: Up to 100 consecutive, unique clinical isolates of S. aureus from outpatient settings were collected at each of 22 teaching hospital and five private laboratories from cities in all Australian states and territories. They were characterised by antimicrobial susceptibilities (by agar dilution methods), coagulase gene typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, SCCmec typing and polymerase chain reaction tests for Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene. RESULTS: 2652 S. aureus isolates were collected, of which 395 (14.9%) were MRSA. The number of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) isolates rose from 4.7% (118/2498) of S. aureus isolates in 2000 to 7.3% (194/2652) in 2004 (P = 0.001). Of the three major CA-MRSA strains, WA-1 constituted 45/257 (18%) of MRSA in 2000 and 64/395 (16%) in 2004 (P = 0.89), while the Queensland (QLD) strain increased from 13/257 (5%) to 58/395 (15%) (P = 0.0004), and the south-west Pacific (SWP) strain decreased from 33/257 (13%) to 26/395 (7%) (P = 0.01). PVL genes were detected in 90/195 (46%) of CA-MRSA strains, including 5/64 (8%) of WA-1, 56/58 (97%) of QLD, and 25/26 (96%) of SWP strains. Among health care-associated MRSA strains, all AUS-2 and AUS-3 isolates were multidrug-resistant, and UK EMRSA-15 isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin (50%) or to ciprofloxacin alone (44%). Almost all (98%) of CA-MRSA strains were non-multiresistant. CONCLUSIONS: Community-onset MRSA continues to spread throughout Australia. The hypervirulence determinant PVL is often found in two of the most common CA-MRSA strains. The rapid changes in prevalence emphasise the importance of ongoing surveillance.     

三株社区获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的基因分型研究

目的 了解西南地区社区获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(CA-MRSA)流行株的基因特征.方法 用葡萄球菌盒式染色体(SCCmec)多重PCR分型技术、葡萄球菌A蛋白基因(spa)分型技术和多位点测序分型(MLST)技术对3株分离自临床的CA-MRSA(s35301、s29635、s19165)进行基因分型,并检测其杀白细胞毒素(PVL)基因.结果 3株MRSA的mecA基因(147 bp)全部为阳性扩增,还同时扩增出750 bp左右的片段,该产物经测序后证实为SCCmecⅣa型.spa分型:s35301、s29635为t437,s19165为t008.MIJST分型:s35301、s29635为ST59型,s19165为ST8型.s19165、s35301 PVL基因扩增阳性,s29635 PVL基因扩增阴性.结论 西南地区分离到CA-MRSA ST8-t008克隆株及ST59-t437克隆株.应注意控制CA-MRSA感染及传播.     

在校健康儿童鼻前庭携带金黄色葡萄球菌检测及药物敏感分析

目的了解成都市部分在校健康儿童鼻前庭金黄色葡萄球菌携带及药物敏感情况。方法本研究分两阶段(2005～2007年和2008～2010年)收集成都市部分中小学及幼儿园健康儿童鼻前庭拭子,培养并分离金葡菌,同时应用纸片扩散法进行青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、头孢西丁及万古霉素药敏试验。结果从2373份标本中分离出金葡菌430例,阳性率为18.12%;青霉素耐药率高达90.00%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)占6.28%;其中第一阶段MRSA检出率低于第二阶段(4.28%vs.9.25%,P=0.037),第二阶段城市儿童MRSA检出率高于农村儿童(14.74%vs.2.56%,P=0.006);未发现耐万古霉素的金葡菌。结论成都在校健康儿童鼻前庭金葡菌携带率较高且对常用抗生素具有较高耐药率。     

Survey of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in healthy college students, Hawai'i

Currently, the carriage rate for Community-Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is unknown in Hawai'i. This survey focuses on a healthy population of 95 college students and 5 faculty who completed a survey related to possible risk factors for colonization of Staphylococcus aureus and were sampled for S. aureus from their anterior nares. Thirty-three (33%) subjects were carrying Staphylococcus aureus and of those, 3 (3%) carried MRSA. There was no significant association between Staphylococcus aureus carriage and ethnicity, gender exposure to seawater, prior Staphylococcus aureus infections, recent antibiotic use, or pets. Additional testing of a larger group of healthy individuals would be beneficial in assessing factors associated with CA-MRSA and Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) carriage in Hawai'i.     

Preliminary molecular epidemiology of the Staphylococcus aureus in lower respiratory tract infections: a multicenter study in China

Background  Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) remains as an important microbial pathogen resulting in community and nosocomial acquired infections with significant morbidity and mortality. Few reports for S. aureus in lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) have been documented. The aim of this study was to explore the molecular epidemiology of S. aureus in LRTIs in China.

Methods  A multicenter study of the molecular epidemiology of S. aureus in LRTIs was conducted in 21 hospitals in Beijing, Shanghai and twelve other provinces from November 2007 to February 2009. All the collected S. aureus strains were classified as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), mecA gene, virulence genes Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) and γ-hemolysin (hlg), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type, agr type, and Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST).

Results  Totally, nine methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and 29 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains were isolated after culture from a total of 2829 sputums or bronchoalveolar lavages. The majority of MRSA strains (22/29) had a MIC value of ≥512 µg/ml for cefoxitin. The mecA gene acting as the conservative gene was carried by all MRSA strains. PVL genes were detected in only one S. aureus strain (2.63%, 1/38). The hlg gene was detected in almost the all S. aureus (100% in MSSA and 96.56% in MRSA strains). About 75.86% of MRSA strains carried SCCmec III. Agr type 1 was predominant (78.95%) among the identified three agr types (agr types 1, 2, and 3). Totally, ten sequence type (ST) of S. aureus strains were detected. A new sequence type (ST1445) was found besides confirming ST239 as the major sequence type (60.53%). A dendrogram generated from our own MLST database showed all the bootstrap values ≤50%.

Conclusion  Our preliminary epidemiology data show SCCmec III, ST239 and agr type 1 of S. aureus as the predominant strains in LRTIs in Mainland of China.

     

Group A streptococcal infection in an aboriginal community.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether group A streptococcal infection and poststreptococcal sequelae are still a significant health issue for Aboriginal communities. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of streptococcal carriage, infection and antibody levels. SETTING: A north Queensland Aboriginal community. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and twenty preschool and school-aged children (2 to 12 years of age) living in the Lockhart River Community on Cape York Peninsula. RESULTS: Pyoderma was present in 43% of the children and in 76% of these culture of skin lesions grew group A streptococci. Group A streptococci also grew from 13% of throat swabs, making a total of 36% of children culture positive. Anti-streptolysin O and anti-DNAase B levels were remarkably high and increased with age. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence presented confirms a high level of group A streptococcal carriage and infection in children of the Lockhart River Community. Further investigation of this problem is warranted in other Aboriginal communities with a view to instituting appropriate control programs.     

无菌部位金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性及分子流行病学特征

目的:了解无菌部位分离的金黄色葡萄球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性及分子流行病学特征,为临床预防和控制其感染以及合理使用抗菌药物提供实验依据。方法:收集2011年8月至2012年6月某三甲医院无菌部位分离的非重复金黄色葡萄球菌50株。VITEK-2微生物分析系统进行菌株鉴定,PCR检测耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)杀白细胞毒素(PVL)基因,多重PCR对MRSA进行SCCmec基因分型。结果:在18种抗菌药物中,青霉素和红霉素的耐药率最高,分别为90.0%和62.0%;尚无对万古霉素、替加环素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺、达托霉素的耐药菌株。50株金葡菌中,MRSA 15株(30.0%),MSSA35株(70.0%),MRSA对12种抗菌药物的敏感率明显低于MSSA。15株MRSA中,SCCmecⅢ型11株(73.3%),SCCmecⅣ型4株(26.7%),PVL基因扩增均为阴性。结论:该院无菌部位分离的金黄色葡萄球菌以MSSA为主;MRSA对抗菌药物呈多重耐药性,且以SCCmecⅢ型为主。     

Staphylococcus aureus carriage in selected communities and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns

The carriage and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in the community were determined. Nasal, throat and axillary swabs were taken from 100 healthy adults and 90 disabled nursing home inmates. Antibiotic disc susceptibility testing was conducted following the NCCLS method. Staphylococcus aureus carriage was noted in 29% of healthy adults and 47.7% of nursing home inmates. Out of 79 strains, resistance to antibiotics were as follows; penicillin (92.4%), genetamicin (2.5%), tetracycline (6.3%), fusidic acid (11.3%), erythromycin (3.8%), pefloxacin (5.1%), mupirocin (3.8%), amikacin (3.8%), ciprofloxacin (2.5%) and chloramphenicol (2.5%). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was not isolated. Multiple colonizations and multi-antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus were shown to occur in healthy individuals without risk factors and not previously hospitalized.     

院内外环境分离金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性及毒素基因检测

目的检测医院及环境样中金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus,SA）耐药基因及毒素基因,了解其分布情况。方法采用多重聚合酶链反应（multiplex polymeras chain reaction,PCR）技术分别检测耐药基因mecA、femA与毒素基因TSST、PVL。结果 83株金黄色葡萄球菌,仅3株（3.61%）菌检出mecA基因,22株菌（26.50%）检出femA基因,15株菌（18.07%）同时检出mecA与femA基因。医院样本检出12株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus,MRSA）,3株甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性的金黄色葡萄球菌（methicillin-resistant and coagulasenegative Staphylococcus aureus,MRCNS）。83株分离自医院及环境样本SA,2株分离自咽拭子的样本检出TSST基因,检出率4.54%（2/44）;1株分离自血液的样本检出PVL基因,检出率2.27%（1/44）,其余菌株未检出毒素基因。结论院内样本中,部分菌株携带mecA基因,环境样本未发现携带mecA菌株,两者存在差异。83株SA菌,毒素基因携带率较低。检测耐药、毒素基因携带率,为临床治疗及院内感染控制,食物中毒溯源提供依据。     

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a rural American Indian community

CONTEXT: Until recently, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have been acquired primarily in nosocomial settings. Four recent deaths due to MRSA infection in previously healthy children in the Midwest suggest that serious MRSA infections can be acquired in the community in rural as well as urban locations. OBJECTIVES: To document the occurrence of community-acquired MRSA infections and evaluate risk factors for community-acquired MRSA infection compared with methicillin-susceptible S aureus (MSSA) infection. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study with medical record review. SETTING: Indian Health Service facility in a rural midwestern American Indian community. PATIENTS: Patients whose medical records indicated laboratory-confirmed S aureus infection diagnosed during 1997. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of MRSA infections classified as community acquired based on standardized criteria; risk factors for community-acquired MRSA infection compared with those for community-acquired MSSA infection; and relatedness of MRSA strains, determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: Of 112 S aureus isolates, 62 (55%) were MRSA and 50 (45%) were MSSA. Forty-six (74%) of the 62 MRSA infections were classified as community acquired. Risk factors for community-acquired MRSA infections were not significantly different from those for community-acquired MSSA. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis subtyping indicated that 34 (89%) of 38 community-acquired MRSA isolates were clonally related and distinct from nosocomial MRSA isolates found in the region. CONCLUSIONS: Community-acquired MRSA may have replaced community-acquired MSSA as the dominant strain in this community. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and PFGE subtyping support the finding that MRSA is circulating beyond nosocomial settings in this and possibly other rural US communities.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌同源性分析及耐药性研究

目的对临床分离的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)进行耐药情况和分子流行病学监测,探讨院内MRSA的流行趋势。方法收集我院2009年1月~2011年6月临床标本分离的MRSA菌株60株;采用Microscan WalkAway 40进行菌株鉴定,同时对所有金黄色葡萄球菌进行药物敏感性分析;采用脉冲场凝胶电泳技术对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌进行分子分型。结果共收集60株MRSA菌株,其中17株被认为是可疑社区获得(CAMRSA),43株被认为是医院获得(HA-MRSA)。所有菌株均对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因和奎奴普丁/达福普汀敏感,未出现耐药菌株。CA-MRSA与HA-MRSA对左旋氧氟沙星和利福平的敏感性有明显差异。临床分离的MRSA菌株PFGE分型较为分散,共分为13种型别,每种型别的菌株数分别为2~6株不等,未出现大范围的院内流行克隆。结论本院收集的临床分离的MRSA菌株多重耐药性严重,其中CA-MRSA相对HAMRSA敏感性稍高。所有金黄色葡萄球菌未出现糖肽类抗菌药物耐药。MRSA菌株未出现大范围的院内流行株,但仍应加强院内感染流行控制。     

广州市96株血流感染金黄色葡萄球菌的基因分型及耐药性分析

目的 分析血流感染中分离金黄色葡萄球菌的分子分型特征和药物敏感试验结果,为耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌防治提供基础依据。方法 对中山大学附属第一医院2013—2017年血流感染分离的96株金黄色葡萄球菌应用MLST和spa技术进行分子分型,同时进行药物敏感试验分析血流感染中金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、奎奴普丁/达福普汀、利奈唑胺等14种抗生素的药敏特征。结果 96株金黄色葡萄球菌中40株为甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA）,其主要型别为ST59-t437型7株（占17.5%）,ST1-t114型4株（占10.0%）,ST239-t030型3株（占7.5%）,ST239-t037、ST45-t116、ST5-t2595和ST7-t091型均为2株（均占5.0%）;56株甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（Methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, MSSA）,其主要型别为ST188-t189型14株（占25.0%）,ST7-t803型3株（占5.4%）,ST188-t2883、ST6-t701、ST30-t338和ST59-t437型均2株（均占3.6%）。spa分型中发现4个新型,分别为t17040、t17041、t17044、t17046。40株MRSA菌株对红霉素和克林霉素耐药率分别为82.9%和51.2%,对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、奎奴普丁/达福普汀耐药率均为0;56株MSSA对所试验抗生素敏感率均较高,对奎奴普丁/达福普汀、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因、替加环素的敏感率为100.0%,复方新诺明的敏感率为94.5%,对庆大霉素和利福平的敏感率均为96.4%。结论 血流感染中金黄色葡萄球菌分子分型型别较多,应重视金黄色葡萄球菌的感染控制。     

多重PCR法检测金黄色葡萄球菌耐药基因及致病毒素基因

目的：了解金黄色葡萄球菌（简称金葡菌）耐药基因及所携带致病毒素基因PVL与TSST-1的特点。方法：应用多重PCR法检测mecA基因、TSST-1基因及Py￡基因。结果：84株金 葡球经多重PCR法对其mecA基因进行检测．检出率为58．3％（49／84）。PVL基因阳性菌株的分离率为23．8％（20／84）,州￡阳性的MRSA为13株（13／49,26．5％）,PyL阳性的MSSA为7株（7／35,20．O％）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;未检出TSST-1基因。结论：金葡菌的耐药性呈上升趋势,且金葡菌可产生多种毒素,在分离金葡菌的同时,应加强其耐药基因及毒素基因的检测。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性分析

目的:了解我院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,指导临床合理使用抗生素.方法:用PC20(美国德灵)鉴定板、头孢西丁纸片扩散法和MRSA乳胶凝集试剂盒对临床分离的69株金黄色葡萄球菌进行MRSA检测,并用PC20鉴定板做药敏实验.结果:PC20板法、头孢西丁纸片扩散法和乳胶凝集法对MRS...     

Incidence of Community-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in a Regional Hospital

Background and Objective: Since the early 2000s, the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections among the community of people lacking known healthcare risk factors has increased. This MRSA infection is referred to as community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) infection and is distinct from hospital-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) infection, which occurs among people with known healthcare risk factors. Understanding the epidemiology of CA-MRSA infections is critical; however, this has not been investigated in detail in Japan. Our objective was to investigate the incidence of CA-MRSA infections in a regional hospital.Patients and Methods: We investigated CA-MRSA isolates and infections in a rural regional hospital by reviewing medical records of one year. Infections were classified as CA-MRSA if no established risk factors were identified.Results: During 2008, 31 Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates were detected in 29 unique patients, with 1 methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates obtained from 19 patients (66%) and MRSA obtained from 10 patients (34%). In the 10 patients with MRSA, the number of HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA cases were nine (32% of patients with S. aureus isolates) and one (3%), respectively. The patient with CA-MRSA was diagnosed with cellulitis due to CA-MRSA. All nine patients with HA-MRSA exhibited colonization.Conclusion: We observed a CA-MRSA case in a regional hospital in Japan, suggesting that incidence trends of CA-MRSA should be considered in future research and treatment.     

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in carriage and disease: a difference in IgA1 protease activity levels

CONTEXT: Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strains form part of the normal flora of the human upper respiratory tract but are also implicated in a wide range of diseases. Infections caused by nontypeable H influenzae are major health and socioeconomic burdens. No single bacterial trait has been associated with disease as opposed to colonization. OBJECTIVES: To compare IgA1 protease activity in nontypeable H influenzae strains isolated from patients with symptomatic Haemophilus infection (sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or normally sterile tissue) vs strains from throat swabs of asymptomatic carriers and to compare iga gene carriage and variability in nontypeable H influenzae strains. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective study of 63 strains (44 clinical and 19 carriage) collected between 1991 and 2000 and maintained at the Public Health Laboratory, Gwynedd General Hospital, Bangor, Wales. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Levels of IgA1 protease activity produced by carriage strains and clinical isolates from symptomatic patients; the determination of the size and sequence of a variable region of the iga gene. RESULTS: Bacterial IgA1 protease activity was significantly higher (P<.001) in strains isolated from sputum, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or normally sterile tissue of symptomatic individuals (median, 155 mU; interquartile range [IQR], 80-220 mU; mean, 169 mU; 95% confidence interval [CI], 126-211 mU) than in those isolated from throat swabs of asymptomatic carriers (median, 30 mU; IQR, 15-90 mU; mean, 56 mU; 95% CI, 26-86 mU; assayed on secretory IgA). The iga gene was detected in 97% of all strains examined. Variations in the sizes and sequences of part of the iga genes were also apparent. This variable region encodes a polypeptide linker connecting the protease domain to the beta-core autotranslocator, a porelike structure required for secretion of the protease. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal the importance of iga gene variability and expression levels in the establishment of disease phenotype. They identify nontypeable H influenzae IgA1 protease as a virulence factor and as a potential target for the development of new strategies to fight these important pathogens.     

Rapid Identification of Hospitalized Patients at High Risk for MRSA Carriage

Patients who are asymptomatic carriers of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are major reservoirs for transmission of MRSA to other patients. Medical personnel are usually not aware when these high-risk patients are hospitalized. We developed and tested an enterprise-wide electronic surveillance system to identify patients at high risk for MRSA carriage at hospital admission and during hospitalization. During a two-month study, nasal swabs from 153 high-risk patients were tested for MRSA carriage using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of which 31 (20.3%) were positive compared to 12 of 293 (4.1%, p < 0.001) low-risk patients. The mean interval from admission to availability of PCR test results was 19.2 hours. Computer alerts for patients at high-risk of MRSA carriage were found to be reliable, timely and offer the potential to replace testing all patients. Previous MRSA colonization was the best predictor but other risk factors were needed to increase the sensitivity of the algorithm.     

医院获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染回顾性分析

目的：分析医院获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）感染的高危因素、药物敏感率和临床转归,为临床诊治MRSA感染提供依据。方法对临床送检各类标本中分离出的110例次MRSA,按照科室分布、标本种类、药物耐药性及临床疗效等进行回顾性分析。结果医院获得性MRSA主要分布于ICU、神经内科、干部科,感染主要来源于痰液、手术切口分泌物、皮肤创面分泌物,分别占68.2%、11.8%和8.2%,对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、碳青霉烯类敏感率为0,对氟喹诺酮类、大环内酯类、氨基糖甙类抗生素呈不同程度耐药,对替考拉宁、替加环素、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因和喹奴/达福普汀敏感率为100%;在ICU 90%以上的MR-SA感染患者为年龄80岁以上、侵入性操作和长期使用广谱抗生素,在非ICU病房则以住院时间长和接受手术者居多。结论 MR-SA感染多发生于有多个基础疾病和高危因素者,临床表现复杂多样,临床上应加强对MRSA的防控,且应根据药敏合理使用抗生素,降低耐药菌株产生的概率。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌抗生素耐药和耐药基因的检测

目的探讨北京地区社区感染和院内感染中金黄色葡萄球耐药情况变化。方法用琼脂稀释法检测了471株从北京地区收集的金黄色葡萄球菌对11种抗生素的敏感水平(其中422株菌株从1993年至2000年门诊脓疱疮患儿分离获得,49株从2000年烧伤病房住院患者分离获得)。用聚合酶链反应方法对上述菌株进行了mecA耐药基因的检测。结果引起社区感染的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的比率由1993年的12.2%上升至2000年的29.8%,对甲氧西林均表现为低度耐药。引起院内感染的金黄色葡萄球菌对甲氧西林的耐药率为63.3%,表现为高度耐药。所有的金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素100%耐药,对红霉素、四环素、克林霉素和氯霉素的耐药率分别约80%、70%、60%和50%。引起社区感染的金黄色葡萄球菌中未发现庆大霉素和利福平耐药菌株,对环丙沙星的耐药率由1993年的2.4%上升至2000年的21.3%;引起院内感染的金黄色葡萄球菌中对庆大霉素、环丙沙星和利福平的耐药率分别为63.3%、63.3%和57.1%。所有的金黄色葡萄球菌均对夫西地酸和万古霉素敏感。2000年分离的多重耐药菌株比例较1993年有所增加。PCR对mecA耐药基因的测定结果显示,所有对甲氧西林高度耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌mecA耐药基因均呈阳性;对甲氧西林低度耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌mecA耐药基因均呈阴性。结论在本实验所及范围内,北京地区金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药率逐渐上升,mecA耐药基因测定是筛选耐药MRSA菌株的快速、简易手段。     

169株金黄色葡萄球菌药敏结果分析

目的探讨金黄色葡萄球菌耐药特征,指导临床合理用药。方法使用美国BD公司PHOENIX100全自动细菌鉴定/药敏仪进行鉴定、K-B法药敏试验、B-内酰胺酶测试,并以“WHONET5”软件对数据进行分析处理。结果产B-内酰胺酶90株占53. 3%,MRSA占SA感染标本总数的60. 9%,MRSA耐药率介于8. 3%—95. 3%,本室未检出耐万古霉素、替考拉宁、呋喃妥因的菌株,耐药率低的抗生素有利福平、阿米卡星、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢噻肟。耐药率高的有青霉素、苯唑青霉素、红霉素、SMZ、喹洛酮类等。结论金黄色葡萄球菌呈高度耐药性,万古霉素是治疗MRSA感染的首选抗生素,MRSA的耐药性应引起广泛关注。