右美托咪定辅助控制性降压在鼻内窥镜手术中的应用

目的 探讨右美托咪定辅助控制性降压在鼻内窥镜手术中的可行性和安全性.方法 选择鼻内窥镜择期手术患者60例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为三组,均采用静-吸复合麻醉.其中A组不行控制性降压,B、C组术中维持MAP在65～75 mm Hg,C组麻醉诱导和维持均输注右美托咪定.记录术中出血量、手术时间和术后30 min内咯血量.结果 手术开始20 min,B、C组MAP显著低于术前(P＜0.01),且明显低于A组(P＜0.01).B、C组术中出血量显著少于A组(P＜0.01),手术时间显著短于A组(P＜0.01).而C组术后咯血量明显少于A、B组(P＜0.01).结论 右美托咪定可用于鼻内窥镜手术辅助控制性降压,改善了患者拔管时耐受性,减少七氟醚和丙泊酚用量,不良反应较少.     

艾司洛尔联合硝酸甘油辅助芬太尼行控制性降压对鼻内镜手术出血的影响

目的探讨在鼻内镜手术中实艾司洛尔联合硝酸甘油辅助芬太尼行控制性降压对术中出血的影响。方法将97例择期全麻实施鼻内镜手术的患者随机分为对照组(Ⅰ组)53例和实验组(Ⅱ组)44例,2组均采用静脉滴注芬太尼、丙泊酚及吸入异氟醚进行控制性降压,Ⅱ组加用艾司洛尔联合硝酸甘油控制心率和血压。分别记录控制性降压开始时(T1)、控制性降压30 min(T2)、手术结束时(T3)和停止降压20 min(T4)时的心率、平均动脉压(MAP)。记录达到目标血压的时间。结果Ⅰ组患者中有6例未达到目标血压,Ⅱ组患者全部达到目标血压。Ⅱ组达到目标血压的时间明显短于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。结论在鼻内镜手术中采用艾司洛尔联合硝酸甘油辅助芬太尼行控制性降压,起效快、过程平稳。可控性强。能明显减少术野出血。为鼻内镜手术提供良好的手术操作环境。     

七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼快通道麻醉在鼻内窥镜手术中的应用

目的观察七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼快通道麻醉在鼻内窥镜手术中的应用效果。方法 60例择期行鼻内窥镜手术患者,年龄21～55岁,随机分为三组,每组20例。Ⅰ组全凭吸入七氟醚麻醉,Ⅱ组丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼,Ⅲ组七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼。观察三组患者术中、术后血流动力学变化,记录术后拔管时间、清醒时间、术后躁动评分(RS)、意识状态评分(OAA/S)等。结果三组术中血压控制均较满意。术后Ⅱ、Ⅲ组拔管时间及清醒时间较Ⅰ组短,躁动发生率稍低(P0.05)。结论七氟醚复合雷米芬太尼静吸复合麻醉与丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉均为鼻内窥镜手术提供安全、快捷、苏醒彻底的快通道麻醉方法。     

吸入七氟醚与丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼麻醉在全胃切除手术中的比较

目的 比较七氟醚吸入与丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼麻醉在全胃切除手术中的应用效果.方法 40例ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级择期全胃切除术患者随机均分为七氟醚组(S组)和丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼组(P组).记录围麻醉期各时点的血流动力学、脑电双频指数(BIS)、麻醉药浓度及用量、麻醉恢复期时间和苏醒期不良反应.结果 麻醉期两组DBP、MAP、HR均较麻醉前显著下降(P<0.05).两组患者术中均能维持足够的麻醉深度(BIS 45～60),术中血流动力学平稳.麻醉恢复期P组躁动、呛咳发生率明显低于S组(P<0.05).结论 七氟醚吸入麻醉或丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼静脉麻醉均可安全应用于全胃切除手术.     

七氟醚和硝普钠控制性降压对患者一氧化氮、内皮素及氧自由基的影响

目的 探讨七氟醚和硝普钠(SNP)控制性降压对患者一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素(ET)和氧自由基的影响.方法 择期手术病人48例,年龄28～64岁,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为3组(n=16):七氟醚常压组(Ⅰ组)、七氟醚降压组(Ⅱ组)和SNP降压组(Ⅲ组).3组麻醉诱导后均吸入七氟醚1 MAC.手术开始后10 min,Ⅱ组吸入七氟醚浓度增加至3 MAC,Ⅲ组开始持续静脉输注0.01% SNP 2～5 μg·kg-1·min-1,使平均动脉压(MAP)快速降至基础值的60%-70%(55-73 mm Hg),再调整七氟醚呼气末浓度(1.87～2.54 MAC)和SNP输注速率(1.5～4 μg·ks-1·min-1)维持降压,降压40 min后,Ⅱ组七氟醚呼气末浓度降至0.8 MAC;Ⅲ组停止输注SNP,使血压很快升至降压前水平.分别于手术开始后10 min(降压前即刻,T0)、降压20 min(T1)、40 min(T2)和停止降压后20 min(T3)采集静脉血,测定血浆NO、ET、丙二醛(MDA)浓度及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性.结果 与T0比较,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组血浆NO浓度在T1～3时降低,Ⅲ组血浆NO浓度在T1,2时升高,Ⅲ组在T1,2时血浆ET浓度升高,3组在T1～3,时血浆MDA和SOD浓度均升高(P＜0.05或0.01);与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组在T1,2时血浆NO浓度降低,Ⅲ组在T1～3时血浆NO浓度升高,Ⅲ组血浆ET浓度在T1～3时升高(P＜0.05),Ⅱ组各时点血浆NO浓度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);Ⅱ组在T1～3时血浆MDA和SOD水平升高(P＜0.05).结论 七氟醚控制性降压可降低患者血浆NO浓度,SNP控制性降压可升高血浆NO及ET浓度;七氟醚控制性降压及硝普钠控制性降压均可导致患者氧自由基生成增加,七氟醚控制性降压使氧自由基增加的程度更高.     

控制性降压在鼻内窥镜手术中的应用

目的探讨在鼻内窥镜手术中实施控制性降压的方法及可行性。方法将进行鼻内窥镜手术33例患者作为研究组,在手术中应用控制性降压。将同期未实施控制性降压的29例差异作为对照组。对比分析2组患者的手术情况及临床变化。结果研究组在即刻时点与手术20 min相比,血压下降明显,差异有统计学意义;对照组在即刻时点与手术20 min相比差异无统计学意义;手术20 min 2组对比差异有统计学意义;2组在各时点的心率变化差异无统计学意义;2组术中出血量以及手术时间对比,P<0.01;2组血气分析值无差异性。结论在复合麻醉基础上应用七氟醚可以显著控制患者的血压,而不影响心率,减少了鼻内窥镜手术术中出血量及手术时间,值得推广。     

鼻内镜手术患者异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼控制性降压的可行性

目的探讨鼻内镜手术患者异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼控制性降压的可行性。方法择期行鼻内镜手术患者30例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=15):对照组(Ⅰ组)和降压组(Ⅱ组)。两组均采用静脉注射咪达唑仑、异丙酚、瑞芬太尼和维库溴铵麻醉诱导,持续输注异丙酚和瑞芬太尼、间断静脉注射维库溴铵麻醉维持。桡动脉穿刺置管监测有创动脉血压(MAP)。Ⅰ组不施行控制性降压,Ⅱ组于手术开始时降压,瑞芬太尼初始速率为0.25μg·kg-1·min-1,每隔2分钟增加0.1μg·kg-1·min-1,直到降至靶目标血压,维持MAP 50～70 mm Hg至手术结束。分别记录控制性降压开始即刻(T0)、30 min(T1)和停止降压20min(T2)的HR、MAP,并于各时点抽桡动脉血行血气分析和乳酸测定。用评分法评定术野的质量。结果与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组手术时间缩短(P<0.05),术野质量提高0.05)。两组均无心血管不良事件发生。结论异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼用于鼻内镜手术患者控制性降压安全、有效。     

雷米芬太尼控制性降压对颅脑手术患者血液动力学的影响

目的观察神经外科手术中雷米芬太尼控制性降压对血液动力学的影响。方法20例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级择期行颅脑手术患者,采用全凭静脉复合麻醉,术中持续泵注雷米芬太尼行控制性降压,维持MAP 60~70 mmHg,观察降压前(T0)、降压达目标时(T1)、维持降压15 min(T2)、30 min(T3)、停降压15 min(T4)3、0 min(T5)6个时点的MAP、HR、心输出量(CO)、心脏指数(CI)、心室收缩加速度指数(ACI)、左心做功(LCW)、外周血管阻力(SVR)的变化。结果与T0比较,T1、T2、T3时点MAP、SVR、LCW均显著降低(P<0.01);HR亦明显减慢(P<0.05);CO、CI、ACI无明显降低。结论神经外科手术中行雷米芬太尼控制性降压安全、有效,具有对心功能影响小的优点。     

瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉与瑞芬太尼-七氟醚麻醉用于腹腔镜胆囊手术的比较

目的 比较瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉和瑞芬太尼七氟醚麻醉用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic chdecystectomy,LC)对患者血流动力学及术后苏醒的影响.方法 48例行择期LC患者,年龄21岁～73岁,ASA Ⅰ级～Ⅱ级,采用完全随机的设计分为2组:瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉组(RP组,n=24)和瑞芬太尼七氟醚维持麻醉组(RP组,n=24).分别记录2组手术期间麻醉用药维持量,麻醉过程各时点的平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)及术毕患者苏醒各时段时间.结果 RP组与RS组血流动力学变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).苏醒时间RS组(7.0±3.4)min比RP组(13.1±7.8)min明显缩短(P<0.01).结论 七氟醚-端芬太尼维持麻醉与丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼靶控输注麻醉对患者术中血流动力学效应相当,然而七氟醚-瑞芬太尼维持麻醉患者苏醒更快,更适合用于快通道麻醉.     

麻醉方式对鼻内镜手术鼻黏膜血流及术野的影响

目的 研究相同麻醉深度下雷米芬太尼-丙泊酚静脉麻醉及异氟醚吸入麻醉对血流动力学、鼻黏膜血流及术野清晰度的影响.方法 择期鼻内镜手术(ESS)患者30例,随机均分为雷米芬太尼-丙泊酚静脉麻醉组(T组)及氧化亚氮-氧-异氟醚吸入麻醉组(Ⅰ组).观察两组麻醉前、麻醉后10 min BP、HR、鼻黏膜血流灌注量(PU)、运动的血细胞浓度(CMBC)、血细胞平均运动速率(Ⅴ)及术野清晰度.结果 T组麻醉后10 min BP低于、HR慢于、PU、Ⅴ低于麻醉前(P<0.05);Ⅰ组麻醉后10 min BP低于麻醉前(P<0.05),但HR快于麻醉前(P<0.05),PU及Ⅴ麻醉前后差异无统计学意义.T组术野清晰度优于Ⅰ组(P<0.05).结论 与异氟醚吸入麻醉相比,雷米芬太尼-丙泊酚静脉麻醉可降低鼻黏膜血流,提高术野清晰度,适于ESS.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.